[Footnote 422: Montaigne. A French essayist of the sixteenth century.]
[Footnote 423: The hint of tranquillity and self-poise. It is suggested that Emerson had here in mind a favorite pa.s.sage of the German author, Richter, in which Richter says of the Greek statues: "The repose not of weariness but of perfection looks from their eyes and rests upon their lips."]
[Footnote 424: A Chinese etiquette. What does Emerson mean by this expression?]
[Footnote 425: Recall. In the first edition, Emerson had here the word "signify." Which is the better word and why?]
[Footnote 426: Measure. What meaning has this word here? Is this the sense in which we generally use it?]
[Footnote 427: Creole natures. What is a creole? What does Emerson mean by "Creole natures"?]
[Footnote 428: Mr. Fox. Charles James Fox, an English statesman and orator of the eighteenth century.]
[Footnote 429: Burke. Both Fox and Burke opposed the taxation of the American colonies and sympathized with their resistance; it was on the subject of the French Revolution that the two friends clashed.]
[Footnote 430: Sheridan. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, an Irish dramatist, member of the famous Literary Club to which both Fox and Burke belonged.]
[Footnote 431: Circe. According to Greek legend, Circe was a beautiful enchantress. Men who partook of the draught she offered, were turned to swine.]
[Footnote 432: Captain Symmes. The only real personage of this group. He a.s.serted that there was an opening to the interior of the earth which was stocked with plants and animals.]
[Footnote 433: Clerisy. What word would we be more apt to use here?]
[Footnote 434: St. Michael"s (Square). St. Michael"s was an order inst.i.tuted by Louis XI. of France.]
[Footnote 435: Cologne water. A perfumed water first made at the city of Cologne in Germany, from which it took its name.]
[Footnote 436: Poland. This kingdom of Europe was, in the eighteenth century, taken possession of and divided among its powerful neighbors, Russia, Prussia, and Austria.]
[Footnote 437: Philh.e.l.lene. Friend of Greece.]
[Footnote 438: As Heaven and Earth are fairer far, etc. This pa.s.sage is quoted from Book II. of Keats" Hyperion.]
[Footnote 439: Waverley. The Waverley novels, a name applied to all of Scott"s novels from Waverley, the t.i.tle of the first one.]
[Footnote 440: Robin Hood. An English outlaw and popular hero, the subject of many ballads.]
[Footnote 441: Minerva. In Roman mythology, the G.o.ddess of wisdom corresponding to the Greek Pallas-Athene.]
[Footnote 442: Juno. In Roman mythology, the wife of the supreme G.o.d Jupiter.]
[Footnote 443: Polymnia. In Greek mythology, one of the nine muses who presided over sacred poetry; the name is more usually written Polyhymia.]
[Footnote 444: Delphic Sibyl. In ancient mythology, the Sibyls were certain women who possessed the power of prophecy. One of these who made her abode at Delphi in Greece was called the Delphian, or Delphic, sibyl.]
[Footnote 445: Hafiz. A Persian poet of the fourteenth century.]
[Footnote 446: Firdousi. A Persian poet of the tenth century.]
[Footnote 447: She was an elemental force, etc. Of this pa.s.sage Oliver Wendell Holmes said that Emerson "speaks of woman in language that seems to pant for rhythm and rhyme."]
[Footnote 448: Byzantine. An ornate style of architecture developed in the fourth and fifth centuries, marked especially by its use of gold and color.]
[Footnote 449: Golden Book. In a book, called "the Golden Book," were recorded the names of all the children of Venetian n.o.blemen.]
[Footnote 450: Schiraz. A province of Persia famous especially for its roses, wine, and nightingales, and described by the poets as a place of ideal beauty.]
[Footnote 451: Osman. The name given by Emerson in his journal and essays to his ideal man, one subject to the same conditions as himself.]
[Footnote 452: Koran. The sacred book of the Mohammedans.]
[Footnote 453: Jove. Jupiter, the supreme G.o.d of Roman mythology.]
[Footnote 454: Silenus. In Greek mythology, the leader of the satyrs. This fable, which Emerson credits to tradition, was original.]
[Footnote 455: Her owl. The owl was the bird sacred to Minerva, the G.o.ddess of wisdom.]
GIFTS.
[Footnote 456: This essay was first printed in the periodical called The Dial.
It was a part of Emerson"s philosophic faith that there is no such thing as giving,--everything that belongs to a man or that he ought to have, will come to him. But in the ordinarily accepted sense of the word, Emerson was a gracious giver and receiver. In his family the old New England custom of New Year"s presents was kept up to his last days. His presents were accompanied with verses to be read before the gift was opened.]
[Footnote 457: Into chancery. The phrase "in chancery," means in litigation, as an estate, in a court of equity.]
[Footnote 458: c.o.c.ker. Spoil, indulge,--a word now little used.]
[Footnote 459: Fruits are acceptable gifts. Emerson took especial pleasure in the beauty of fruits and the thought of how they had been evolved from useless, insipid seed cases.]
[Footnote 460: To let the pet.i.tioner, etc. We can hardly imagine Emerson"s asking a gift or favor. He often quoted the words of Landor, an English writer: "The highest price you can pay for a thing is to ask for it."]
[Footnote 461: Furies. In Roman mythology, three G.o.ddesses who sought out and punished evil-doers.]
[Footnote 462: A man"s biography, etc. Emerson wrote in his journal: "Long ago I wrote of gifts and neglected a capital example. John Th.o.r.eau, Jr. [who, like his brother Henry, was a lover of nature] one day put a bluebird"s box on my barn,--fifteen years ago it must be,--and there it still is, with every summer a melodious family in it adorning the place and singing its praises. There"s a gift for you which cost the giver no money, but nothing which he bought could have been as good."]
[Footnote 463: Sin offering. Under the Hebrew law, a sacrifice or offering for sin. See Leviticus xxiii. 19. Explain what Emerson means here by the word.]
[Footnote 464: Blackmail. What is "blackmail"? How may Christmas gifts, for instance, become a species of blackmail?]
[Footnote 465: Brother, if Jove, etc. In the Greek legend, Epimetheus gives this advice to his brother Prometheus. The lines are taken from a translation of Works and Days, by the Greek poet, Hesiod.]
[Footnote 466: Timons. Here used in the sense of wealthy givers. Timon, the hero of Shakespeare"s play, Timon of Athens, wasted his fortune in lavish gifts and entertainments, and in his poverty was exposed to the ingrat.i.tude of those whom he had served. He became morose and died in miserable retirement.]
[Footnote 467: It is a very onerous business, etc. One of Emerson"s favorite pa.s.sages in the essays of Montaigne, a French writer, was this: "Oh, how am I obliged to Almighty G.o.d, who has been pleased that I should immediately receive all I have from his bounty, and particularly reserved all my obligation to himself! How instantly do I beg of his holy compa.s.sion that I may never owe a real thanks to anyone. O happy liberty in which I have thus far lived! May it continue with me to the last. I endeavor to have no need of any one."
When Emerson, in his old age, had his house injured by fire, his friends contributed funds to repair it and to send him to England. The gift was proffered graciously and accepted gratefully.]
[Footnote 468: Buddhist. A follower of Buddha, a Hindoo religious teacher of the fifth century before Christ.]
NATURE.
[Footnote 469: Nature. Emerson"s first published volume was a little book of essays, ent.i.tled Nature, which appeared in 1836. In the years which followed, he thought more deeply on the subject and, according to his custom, made notes about it and entries in his journals. In the winter of 1843 he delivered a lecture on _Relation to Nature_, and it is probable that this essay is built up from that. The plan of it, however, had been long in his mind: In 1840 he wrote in his journal: "I think I must do these eyes of mine the justice to write a new chapter on Nature. This delight we all take in every show of night or day or field or forest or sea or city, down to the lowest particulars, is not without sequel, though we be as yet only wishers and gazers, not at all knowing what we want. We are predominated here as elsewhere by an upper wisdom, and resemble those great discoverers who are haunted for years, sometimes from infancy, with a pa.s.sion for the fact, or cla.s.s of facts in which the secret lies which they are destined to unlock, and they let it not go until the blessing is won. So these sunsets and starlights, these swamps and rocks, these bird notes and animal forms off which we cannot get our eyes and ears, but hover still, as moths round a lamp, are no doubt a Sanscrit cipher covering the whole religious history of the universe, and presently we shall read it off into action and character. The pastures are full of ghosts for me, the morning woods full of angels."]
[Footnote 470: There are days, etc. The pa.s.sage in Emerson"s journal is hardly less beautiful. Under date of October 30, 1841, he wrote: "On this wonderful day when heaven and earth seem to glow with magnificence, and all the wealth of all the elements is put under contribution to make the world fine, as if Nature would indulge her offspring, it seemed ungrateful to hide in the house. Are there not dull days enough in the year for you to write and read in, that you should waste this glittering season when Florida and Cuba seem to have left their glittering seats and come to visit us with all their shining hours, and almost we expect to see the jasmine and cactus burst from the ground instead of these last gentians and asters which have loitered to attend this latter glory of the year? All insects are out, all birds come forth, the very cattle that lie on the ground seem to have great thoughts, and Egypt and India look from their eyes."]
[Footnote 471: Halcyons. Halcyon days, ones of peace and tranquillity; anciently, days of calm weather in mid-winter, when the halcyon, or kingfisher, was supposed to brood. It was fabled that this bird laid its eggs in a nest that floated on the sea, and that it charmed the winds and waves to make them calm while it brooded.]
[Footnote 472: Indian Summer. Calm, dry, hazy weather which comes in the autumn in America. The Century Dictionary says it was called Indian Summer because the season was most marked in the sections of the upper eastern Mississippi valley inhabited by Indians about the time the term became current.]
[Footnote 473: Gabriel. One of the seven archangels. The Hebrew name means "G.o.d is my strong one."]
[Footnote 474: Uriel. Another of the seven archangels; the name means "Light of G.o.d."]
[Footnote 475: Converts all trees to wind-harps. Compare with this pa.s.sage the lines in Emerson"s poem, Woodnotes: "And the countless leaves of the pines are strings Tuned to the lay the wood-G.o.d sings."
[Footnote 476: The village. Concord, Ma.s.sachusetts. Emerson"s home the greater part of the time from 1832 till his death.]
[Footnote 477: I go with my friend, etc. With Henry Th.o.r.eau, the lover of Nature.]
[Footnote 478: Our little river. The Concord river.]
[Footnote 479: Novitiate and probation. Explain the meaning of these words, in the Roman Catholic Church. What does Emerson mean by them here?]
[Footnote 480: Villegiatura. The Italian name for a season spent in country pleasures.]
[Footnote 481: Hanging gardens. The hanging gardens of Babylon were one of the seven wonders of the world.]
[Footnote 482: Versailles. A royal residence near Paris, with beautiful formal gardens.]
[Footnote 483: Paphos. A beautiful city on the island of Cyprus, where was situated a temple of Astarte, or Venus.]
[Footnote 484: Ctesiphon. One of the chief cities of ancient Persia, the site of a magnificent royal palace.]
[Footnote 485: Notch Mountains. Probably the White Mountains near Crawford Notch, a deep, narrow valley which is often called "The Notch."]
[Footnote 486: aeolian harp. A stringed instrument from which sound is drawn by the pa.s.sing of the wind over its strings. It was named for aeolus, the G.o.d of the winds, in Greek mythology.]
[Footnote 487: Dorian. Dorus was one of the four divisions of Greece: the word is here used in a general sense for Grecian.]
[Footnote 488: Apollo. In Greek and Roman mythology, the sun G.o.d, who presided over music, poetry, and healing.]
[Footnote 489: Diana. In Roman mythology, the G.o.ddess of the moon devoted to the chase.]
[Footnote 490: Edens. Beautiful, sinless places,--like the garden of Eden.]
[Footnote 491: Tempes. Places like the lovely valley of Tempe in Thessaly, Greece.]
[Footnote 492: Como Lake. A lake of northern Italy, celebrated for its beauty.]
[Footnote 493: Madeira Islands. Where are these islands, famous for picturesque beauty and balmy atmosphere?]
[Footnote 494: Common. What is a common?]
[Footnote 495: Campagna. The plain near Rome.]
[Footnote 496: Dilettantism. Define this word and explain its use here.]
[Footnote 497: "Wreaths" and "Flora"s Chaplets." About the time that Emerson was writing his essays, volumes of formal, artificial verses were very fashionable, more as parlor ornaments than as literature. Two such volumes were A Wreath of Wild Flowers from New England and The Floral Offering by Mrs. Frances Osgood, a New England writer.]
[Footnote 498: Pan. In Greek mythology, the G.o.d of woods, fields, flocks, and shepherds.]
[Footnote 499: The mult.i.tude of false cherubs, etc. Explain the meaning of this sentence. If true money were valueless, would people make false money?]
[Footnote 500: Proteus. In Greek mythology, a sea G.o.d who had the power of a.s.suming different shapes. If caught and held fast, however, he was forced to a.s.sume his own shape and answer the questions put to him.]
[Footnote 501: Mosaic ... Schemes. The conception of the world as given in Genesis on which the law of Moses, the great Hebrew lawgiver, was founded.]
[Footnote 502: Ptolemaic schemes. The system of geography and astronomy taught in the second century by Ptolemy of Alexandria; it was accepted till the sixteenth century, when the Copernican system was established. Ptolemy believed that the sun, planets, and stars revolve around the earth; Copernicus taught that the planets revolve around the sun.]
[Footnote 503: Flora. In Roman mythology, the G.o.ddess of the spring and of flowers.]
[Footnote 504: Fauna. In Roman mythology, the G.o.ddess of fields and shepherds; she represents the fruitfulness of the earth.]
[Footnote 505: Ceres. The Roman G.o.ddess of grain and harvest, corresponding to the Greek G.o.ddess, Demeter.]
[Footnote 506: Pomona. The Roman G.o.ddess of fruit trees and gardens.]
[Footnote 507: All duly arrive. Emerson deducts from nature the doctrine of evolution. What is its teaching?]
[Footnote 508: Plato. (See note 36.)]
[Footnote 509: Himalaya Mountain chains. (See note 193.)]
[Footnote 510: Franklin. Give an account of Benjamin Franklin, the famous American scientist and patriot. What did he prove about lightening?]
[Footnote 511: Dalton. John Dalton was an English chemist who, about the beginning of the nineteenth century, perfected the atomic theory, that is, the theory that all chemical combinations take place in certain ways between the atoms, or ultimate particles, of bodies.]
[Footnote 512: Davy. (See note 69.)]
[Footnote 513: Black. Joseph Black, a Scotch chemist who made valuable discoveries about latent heat and carbon dioxide, or carbonic acid gas.]
[Footnote 514: The astronomers said, etc. Beginning with this pa.s.sage, several pages of this essay was published in 1844, under the t.i.tle of Tantalus, in the next to the last number of The Dial, which Emerson edited.]
[Footnote 515: Centrifugal, centripetal. Define these words.]
[Footnote 516: Stoics. See "Stoicism," 331.]