The Bogomils spread westwards, and settled first in Servia; but at the end of the 12th century Stephen Nemanya, king of Servia, persecuted them and expelled them from the country. Large numbers took refuge in Bosnia, where they were known under the name of Patarenes (q.v.) or Patareni.
From Bosnia their influence extended into Italy (Piedmont). The Hungarians undertook many crusades against the heretics in Bosnia, but towards the close of the 15th century the conquest of that country by the Turks put an end to their persecution. It is alleged that a large number of the Bosnian Paterenes, and especially the n.o.bles, embraced Islam (see BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: _History_). Few or no remnants of Bogomilism have survived in Bosnia. The Ritual in Slavonic written by the Bosnian Radoslavov, and published in vol. xv. of the _Starine_ of the South Slavonic Academy at Agram, shows great resemblance to the Cathar ritual published by Cunitz, 1853. See F. Racki, "Bogomili i Paternai" in _Rad_, vols. vii., viii. and x. (Agram, 1870); Dollinger, _Beitrage zur Ketzergeschichte d. Mittelalters_, 2 vols. (Munich, 1890).
Under Turkish rule the Bogomils lived unmolested as _Pavlikeni_ in their ancient stronghold near Philippopolis, and farther northward. In 1650 the Roman Catholic Church gathered them into its fold. No less than fourteen villages near Nicopolis embraced Catholicism, and a colony of _Pavlikeni_ in the village of Cioplea near Bucharest followed the example of their brethren across the Danube.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Euthymius Zygadenus, _Narratio de Bogomilis_, ed.
Gieseler (Gottingen, 1842); J.C. Wolf, _Historia Bogomilorum_ (Wittenberg, 1712); "Slovo svyatago Kozmyi na eretiki," in Kukuljevic Sakcinski, _Arkiv zapovyestnicu jugoslavensku_, vol. iv. pp. 69-97 (Agram, 1859); C.J. Jirecek, _Geschichte d. Bulgaren_, pp. 155, 174-175 (Prague, 1876); Korolev, "Dogmatichesko-to uchenie na Bogomil-tie," in _Periodichesko spisanie_, vols. vii.-viii. pp. 75-106 (Braila, 1873); A. Lombard, _Pauliciens, Bulgares et Bons-hommes_ (Geneva, 1879); Episcopul Melchisedek, _Lipovenismul_, pp. 265 sqq.
(Bucharest, 1871); B.P. Hasdeu, _Cuvente den batrani_, vol. ii. pp.
247 sqq. (Bucharest, 1879); F.C. Conybeare, _The Key of Truth_, pp. 73 sqq. and specially pp. 138 sqq. (Oxford, 1898); M. Gaster, _Greeko-Slavonic Literature_, pp. 17 sqq. (London, 1887); O.
Dahnhardt, _Natursagen_, vol. i. pp. 38 sqq. (Leipzig and Berlin, 1907). (M. G.)
FOOTNOTE:
[1] These betray their Gnostic (Marcianite) spirit by the anti-Jewish tone of the oldest MSS. extant, though this prejudice tends to decrease in later MSS.
BOGORODSK, a town of central Russia, in the government of Moscow, and 38 m. by rail E.N.E. of the city of Moscow, on the Klyazma. It has woollen, cotton and silk mills, chemical factories and dye-works, and is famous for its gold brocade. Pop. (1897) 11,210.
BOGOS (BILENS), a pastoral race of mixed Hamitic descent, occupying the highlands immediately north of Abyssinia, now part of the Italian colony of Eritrea. They were formerly a self-governing community, though subject to Abyssinia. The community is divided into two cla.s.ses, the _Shumaglieh_ or "elders" and _Tigre_ or "clients." The latter are serfs of the former, who, however, cannot sell them. The Tigre goes with the land, and his master must protect him. In blood-money he is worth another Tigre or ninety-three cows, while an elder"s life is valued at one hundred and fifty-eight cattle or one of his own caste. The eldest son of a Shumaglieh inherits his father"s two-edged sword, white cows, lands and slaves, but the house goes to the youngest son. Female chast.i.ty is much valued, but women have no rights, inherit nothing, and are cla.s.sed with the hyaena, the most despised animal throughout Abyssinia. The Bogo husband never sees the face or p.r.o.nounces the name of his mother-in-law, while it is a crime for a wife to utter her husband"s or father-in-law"s name.
BOGOTa, or SANTA Fe DE BOGOTa, the capital of the republic of Colombia, and of the interior department of Cundinamarca, in 4 6" N. lat. and 78 30" W. long. Pop. about 125,000. The city is on the eastern margin of a large elevated plateau 8563 ft. above sea-level. The plateau may be described as a great bench or shelf on the western slope of the oriental Cordilleras, about 70 m. long and 30 m. wide, with a low rim on its western margin and backed by a high ridge on the east. The plain forming the plateau is well watered with numerous small lakes and streams. These several small streams, one of which, the San Francisco, pa.s.ses through the city, unite near the south-western extremity of the plateau and form the Rio Funza, or Bogota, which finally plunges over the edge at Tequendama in a beautiful, perpendicular fall of about 475 ft. The city is built upon a sloping plain at the base of two high mountains La Gaudalupe and Monserrate, upon whose crests stand two imposing churches.
From a broad avenue on the upper side downward to the west slope the streets, through which run streams of cool, fresh water from the mountains above. The north and south streets cross these at right angles, and the blocks thus formed are like great terraces. A number of handsomely-laid-out plazas, or squares, ornamented with gardens and statuary, have been preserved; on these face the princ.i.p.al public buildings and churches. In Plaza Bolivar is a statue of Bolivar by Pietro Tenerani (1789-1869), a pupil of Canova, and in Plaza Santander is one of General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). Facing on Plaza de la Const.i.tucion are the capitol and cathedral. The streets are narrow and straight, but as a rule they are clean and well paved. Owing to the prevalence of earthquakes, private houses are usually of one storey only, and are built of sun-dried bricks, white-washed. But few of the public buildings are imposing in appearance, though good taste in style and decoration are often shown.
The city occupies an area of about 2 1 m. It has street cars, electric light and telephones. Short lines of railway connect it with Facatativa (24 m.) on the road to Honda, and with Zipaquira, where extensive salt mines are worked. A line of railway was also under construction in 1906 to Jirardot, at the head of navigation on the upper Magdalena. Bogota is an archiepiscopal see, founded in 1561, and is one of the strongholds of medieval clericalism in South America. It has a cathedral, rebuilt in 1814, and some 30 other churches, together with many old conventual buildings now used for secular purposes, their religious communities having been dissolved by Mosquera and their revenues devoted in great measure to education. The capitol, which is occupied by the executive and legislative departments, is an elegant and s.p.a.cious building, erected since 1875. The interest which Bogota has always taken in education, and because of which she has been called the "Athens of South America," is shown in the number and character of her inst.i.tutions of learning--a university, three endowed colleges, a school of chemistry and mineralogy, a national academy, a military school, a public library with some 50,000 volumes, a national observatory, a natural history museum and a botanic garden. The city also possesses a well-equipped mint, little used in recent years. The plain surrounding the city is very fertile, and pastures cattle and produces cereals, vegetables and fruit in abundance. It was the centre of Chibcha civilization before the Spanish conquest and sustained a large population. The climate is mild and temperate, the average annual temperature being about 58 and the rainfall about 43 in. The geographical location of the city is unfavourable to any great development in commerce and manufactures beyond local needs.
Bogota was founded in 1538 by Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada and was named Santa Fe de Bogota after his birthplace Santa Fe, and after the southern capital of the Chibchas, Bacata (or Funza). It was made the capital of the viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, and soon became one of the centres of Spanish colonial power and civilization on the South American continent.
In 1811 its citizens revolted against Spanish rule and set up a government of their own, but in 1816 the city was occupied by Pablo Morillo (1777-1838), the Spanish general, who subjected it to a ruthless military government until 1819, when Bolivar"s victory at Boyaca compelled its evacuation. On the creation of the republic of Colombia, Bogota became its capital, and when that republic was dissolved into its three const.i.tuent parts it remained the capital of Nueva Granada. It has been the scene of many important events in the chequered history of Colombia. (A. J. L.)
BOGRA, or BAGURA, a town and district of British India, in the Rajshahi division of eastern Bengal and a.s.sam. The town is situated on the right bank of the river Karatoya. Pop. (1901) 7094. The DISTRICT OF BOGRA, which was first formed in 1821, lies west of the main channel of the Brahmaputra. It contains an area of 1359 sq. m. In 1901 the population (on a reduced area) was 854,533, showing an increase of 11% in the decade. The district stretches out in a level plain, intersected by numerous streams and dotted with patches of jungle. The Karatoya river flows from north to south, dividing it into two portions, possessing very distinct characteristics. The eastern tract consists of rich alluvial soil, well watered, and subject to fertilizing inundations, yielding heavy crops of coa.r.s.e rice, oil-seeds and jute. The western portion of the district is high-lying and produces the finer qualities of rice. The princ.i.p.al rivers are formed by the different channels of the Brahmaputra, which river here bears the local names of the Konai, the Daokoba and the Jamuna, the last forming a portion of the eastern boundary of the district. Its bed is studded with alluvial islands. The Brahmaputra and its channels, together with three minor streams, the Bangali, Karatoya and Atrai, afford admirable facilities for commerce, and render every part of the district accessible to native cargo boats of large burden. The rivers swarm with fish. The former production of indigo is extinct, and the industry of silk-spinning is decaying. There is no town with as many as 10,000 inhabitants, trade being conducted at riverside marts. Nor are there any metalled roads. Several lines of railway (the Eastern Bengal, &c.), however, serve the district.
BOGUE, DAVID (1750-1825), British nonconformist divine, was born in the parish of Coldingham, Berwickshire. After a course of study in Edinburgh, he was licensed to preach by the Church of Scotland, but made his way to London (1721), where he taught in schools at Edmonton, Hampstead and Camberwell. He then settled as minister of the Congregational church at Gosport in Hampshire (1777), and to his pastoral duties added the charge of an inst.i.tution for preparing men for the ministry. It was the age of the new-born missionary enterprise, and Bogue"s academy was in a very large measure the seed from which the London Missionary Society took its growth. Bogue himself would have gone to India in 1796 but for the opposition of the East India Company. He also had much to do with founding the British and Foreign Bible Society and the Religious Tract Society, and in conjunction with James Bennet, minister at Romsey, wrote a well-known _History of Dissenters_ (3 vols., 1809). Another of his writings was an _Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament_. He died at Brighton on the 25th of October 1825.
BOGUS (of uncertain origin, possibly connected with the Fr. _baga.s.se_, sugar-cane refuse), a slang word, originally used in America of the apparatus employed in counterfeiting coins, and now generally of any sham or spurious transaction.
BOHEA (a word derived from the Wu-i hills in the Fuhkien province of China, b being subst.i.tuted for W or V), a kind of black tea (q.v.), or, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, tea generally, as in Pope"s line, "So past her time "twixt reading and bohea." Later the name "bohea" has been applied to an inferior quality of tea grown late in the season.