Besides the books sent to the Bodleian Library, those relating to law were given to Lincoln"s Inn, and some medical works were bequeathed by Selden to the College of Physicians. "Eight chests full of registers of abbeys, and other ma.n.u.scripts relating to the history of England," were unfortunately destroyed in a fire at the Temple; and many volumes also were lost during the interval between Selden"s death and their arrival at Oxford.
THOMAS HOWARD, EARL OF NORFOLK, 1586-1646
One of the most zealous and successful collectors of the early part of the seventeenth century was Thomas Howard, only son of Philip, Earl of Arundel, and grandson of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, who was beheaded in 1572. He was born on the 7th of July 1586. In 1595 his father died in the Tower, and by his attainder his son was deprived of his t.i.tles and lands. On the accession of James I. the former were restored to him, but the King retained the property. Lord Arundel was created Earl of Norfolk in 1644, and died at Padua on the 4th of October 1646.
[Ill.u.s.tration: ARMS OF THOMAS HOWARD, EARL OF NORFOLK.]
After his death his collections were partially dispersed; and in 1666 his printed books were presented, at the instigation of John Evelyn, to the Royal Society by Henry Howard, afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk, a grandson of the Earl, while the ma.n.u.scripts were divided between that Society and the College of Arms. In 1831 the princ.i.p.al portion of the ma.n.u.scripts in possession of the Royal Society were transferred to the British Museum, and the remainder, consisting of Oriental ma.n.u.scripts, in 1835. They were valued at three thousand five hundred and fifty-nine pounds, and were paid for partly in money, and partly with duplicates of printed books in the Museum collection. A large portion of the Earl"s library consisted of the books of Bilibaldus Pirckheimer of Nuremberg, which he acquired during a diplomatic mission into Germany in 1636. Some of the ma.n.u.scripts, Oldys states, once formed part of the library of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary. The Earl of Norfolk"s collections also comprised a very large number of antique marbles, paintings, vases, and gems.
RICHARD SMITH, 1590-1675
Richard Smith or Smyth, who was born in 1590 at Lillingston Dayrell, Buckinghamshire, was the son of the Rev. Richard Smith of Abingdon, Berkshire. He was sent to the University of Oxford, but did not matriculate, and after a short stay there was removed by his parents, and articled to a solicitor of the city of London. In 1644 he became Secondary of the Poultry Compter, which was worth about seven hundred pounds a year. This office he held until the death of his eldest son John in 1655, when he sold it, and "betook himself," says Anthony a Wood, "wholly to a private life, two-thirds of which he at least spent in his library." He died on the 26th of March 1675, and was buried in the Church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, where a monument was erected to his memory.
Smith was an indefatigable collector, and ama.s.sed a library of very fine and rare books, many of which had belonged to an earlier collector, Humphrey Dyson. These books came to Smith by marriage.[36] Wood informs us that "he was constantly known every day to walk his rounds among the booksellers" shops (especially in Little Britain) in London, and by his great skill and experience he made choice of such books that were not obvious to every man"s eye." "He lived in times," Wood adds, "which ministred peculiar opportunities of meeting with books that were not every day brought into public light: and few eminent libraries were bought where he had not the liberty to pick and choose.... He was also a great collector of MSS., whether ancient or modern that were not extant, and delighted much to be poring on them." Wood also states that after Smith"s death, "there was a design to buy his choice library for a public use, by a collection of moneys to be raised among generous persons, but the work being public, and therefore but little forwarded, it came into the hands of Richard Chiswell, a bookseller living in S.
Paul"s Ch.-yard, London: who printing a catalogue of, with others added to, them, which came out after Mr. Smith"s death, they were exposed to sale by way of auction, to the great reluctancy of public-spirited men, in May and June 1682." The sale, which commenced on the 15th of May, and was continued day by day the first five days of every week until all the books were sold, took place at "the Auction House known by the name of the Swan in Great Bartholomew"s Close." It realised one thousand four hundred and fourteen pounds, twelve shillings and eleven pence.[37] A copy of the catalogue, with the prices in ma.n.u.script, is preserved in the British Museum. The sums obtained for the Caxtons, of which there were about a dozen, will be interesting to bibliographers. A copy of _G.o.dfrey of Bulloyn_, which it is stated had belonged to King Edward IV., fetched the highest price--eighteen shillings; and the _Game of the Chesse_, the _History of Jason_, and the _Eneydos of Virgil_ sold respectively for thirteen shillings, five shillings and a penny, and three shillings; while no more than two shillings could be got for the _Book of Good Manners_. A fine copy of the Coverdale Bible realised only twenty shillings and sixpence, and Captain John Smith"s _History of Virginia_ went for seven shillings and twopence. The ma.n.u.scripts also, even for those days, sold at exceedingly low prices.
A very interesting account of the library will be found in an article on English Book-Sales, 1681-86, by Mr. A.W. Pollard, in vol. ii. of _Bibliographica_. Mr. Smith wrote some learned works which he left in ma.n.u.script. _A Letter to Dr. Henry Hammond, concerning the Sense of that Article in the Creed, He descended into h.e.l.l_, written by Smith in 1659, was printed in 1684; and his _Obituary, being a catalogue of all such persons as he knew in their life; extending from A.D. 1627 to A.D.
1674_, was edited for the Camden Society by Sir H. Ellis, K.H., in 1849.
The ma.n.u.script of the _Obituary_, together with the ma.n.u.scripts of two or three other works by Smith are preserved among the Sloane Ma.n.u.scripts in the British Museum. A portrait of him was engraved by William Sherwin.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 36: Hearne in his _Diary_ (Oct. 4, 1714) states: "That Mr.
Rich. Smith"s rare and curious collection of books was began first by Mr. Humphrey Dyson, a public notary, living in the Poultry. They came to Mr. Smith by marriage. This is the same Humphrey Dyson that a.s.sisted Howes in his continuation of _Stowe"s Survey of London_, ed. folio;" and in his preface to Peter Langtoft"s _Chronicle_ (vol. i. p. xiii.) Hearne describes Dyson as "a person of a very strange, prying, and inquisitive genius in the matter of books, as may appear from many Libraries; there being Books (chiefly in old English) almost in every Library, that have belong"d to him, with his name upon them." Some of his books are preserved in the British Museum.]
[Footnote 37: In an entry in his _Diary_ (Sep. 4, 1715) Hearne says:--"Mr. Richard Smith"s Catalogue that is printed contains a very n.o.ble and very extraordinary collection of books. It was begun first in the time of King Hen. VIII., and comeing to Mr. Smith, he was so very diligent and exact in continueing and improving, that hardly anything curious escaped him."]
GEORGE THOMASON, _died_ 1666
George Thomason, who formed the wonderful collection of Civil War tracts, which was given to the British Museum by King George III., was born at the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century. Nothing appears to be known of his parents. He took up his freedom as a member of the Stationers" Company on the 5th of June 1626.[38] His first publication was a new edition of Martyn"s _History of the Kings of England_, which he produced in conjunction with James Boler and Robert Young in 1628, and he continued to publish books until 1660. He carried on business at the Rose and Crown, St. Paul"s Churchyard, and we learn from the _Obituary_ of Richard Smith that he died on April 10, 1666, and was "buried out of Stationers" Hall (a poore man)." The Rev. George Thomason, who was Canon of Lincoln from 1683 to 1712, is stated to have been his eldest son.
The number of separate printed tracts in the collection which Thomason formed with such unwearied perseverance for twenty years is stated in an Account of it,[39] printed about 1680, to consist of "near Thirty Thousand several sorts," together with "near one hundred several MS.
pieces that were never printed, all, or most of them on the King"s behalf, which no man durst then venture to publish without endangering his Ruine," and it is said that these were contained in "above Two Thousand bound Volumes." Mr. Falconer Madan, however, in his admirable paper on the Thomason Tracts in _Bibliographica_,[40] informs us that after going carefully through the collection, and looking at every t.i.tle-page, he has come to the conclusion that the present number of separate pieces is twenty-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-one in print, and seventy-three in ma.n.u.script, comprised in about one thousand nine hundred and eighty-three volumes.
All the tracts are arranged in chronological order, and from July 1642 to the end of the collection Thomason has placed the date of issue on every piece when it is not printed on it, and has also endeavoured to supply the place of printing when not given. These notes are sometimes supplemented by others commenting on the opinions of the authors of the tracts. There is a ma.n.u.script catalogue in twelve folio volumes, compiled by Marmaduke Foster, and annotated and corrected by Thomason himself.
The collection is not confined to tracts relating to the Civil War and the Commonwealth; it also contains many works on other subjects. Among these is a fine copy of the first edition of Walton"s _Compleat Angler_, which at the present time would realise nearly, if not quite, as large a sum as the amount (three hundred pounds) given by King George III. for the entire series.
The collection, which was commenced by Thomason in 1640, and continued until 1661, was made by him under great difficulties. He was a staunch Royalist, and the books appear to have been in constant danger of falling into the hands of the Parliamentary army. We read in the Account to which we have already referred that "to prevent the Discovery of them, when the Army was Northwards, he pack"d them up in several Trunks, and by one or two in a week sent them to a trusty Friend in Surry, who safely preserv"d them; and when the Army was Westward, and fearing their Return that way, they were sent to London again; but the Collector durst not keep them, but sent them into Ess.e.x, and so according as they lay near Danger, still, by timely removing them, at a great charge, secur"d them, but continu"d perfecting the Work.
"And for a further Security to them, there was a Bargain pretended to be made with the University of Oxford and a Receipt of a Thousand Pounds given and acknowledg"d to be in part for them, that if the Usurper had found them out, the University should claim them, who had greater Power to struggle for them than a private Man.
"All these Shifts have been made, and Difficulties encounter"d to keep the Collection from being embezel"d and destroy"d; which with the great Charges of collecting and binding them, cost the Undertaker so much that he refused Four Thousand Pounds for them in his Life time, supposing that Sum not sufficient to reimburse him."
And in another account, at one time prefixed to the catalogue of the collection, it is stated that "not thinking them safe anywhere in England, he at last took a resolution to send them into Holland for their more safe preservation. But considering with himself what a treasure it was, upon second thoughts, he durst not venture them at sea, but resolved to place them in his warehouses in form of tables round about the rooms covered over with canvas, continuing still without any intermission his going on; nay, even then, when by the Usurper"s power and command he was taken out of his bed, and clapt up close prisoner at Whitehall for seven weeks" s.p.a.ce and above,[41] he still hoping and looking for that day, which, thanks be to G.o.d, is now come, and there is put a period to that unparallelled labour, charge and pains he had been at.
"Oxford"s Library Keeper[42] (that then was) was in hand with them, about them a long time, and did hope the Publick Library might compa.s.s them; but that could not be then effected, it rising to so great a sum as had been expended on them for so long a time together."
After Thomason"s death a trust was appointed under his will to take charge of the tracts, and one of the trustees, Dr. Thomas Barlow, Bodley"s librarian from 1652 to 1660, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, had them for a long time in his custody, as appears from a letter addressed by him to the Rev. George Thomason, the son of the collector, dated Oxon, February 6, 1676. He mentions in the letter that he had endeavoured to secure them for the Bodleian Library, and that although he had hitherto failed, he still did not despair of finding a way to do so. He was not, however, successful in his efforts, and King Charles II.
appears to have directed Samuel Mearn, the royal stationer and bookbinder, to buy them on his account; it is not known for what sum. It is to be presumed, however, that the King did not find the money for them, for on May 15, 1684, the Privy Council considered and granted a pet.i.tion from Anne Mearn, widow of Samuel Mearn, that she might dispose of the tracts by sale. She does not seem to have succeeded in doing this, and they appear to have been returned to the Thomason family, for in the year 1745 we find them in possession of Mr. Henry Sisson, a druggist in Ludgate Street, London, who, Richard Gough, the antiquary, was informed, was a descendant of the collector.[43] After some negotiations with the Duke of Chandos for their purchase, they were brought by Thomas Hollis[44] to the notice of King George III., who, through the Earl of Bute, bought them of Miss Sisson in 1761 for the sum of three hundred pounds, and in the following year they were presented by him to the British Museum.
On one of the volumes of the collection are some mud stains, which have an interesting history. The volume was borrowed from Thomason by King Charles I., who was anxious to read one of the tracts in it, and while journeying to the Isle of Wight let it fall in the dirt. Thomason made a memorandum of the circ.u.mstance on a fly-leaf of the book, adding the "volume hath the marke of honor upon it, which noe other volume in my collection hath."
In 1647 Thomason published a trade catalogue in quarto, consisting of fifty-eight closely printed pages, ent.i.tled _Catalogus Librorum diversis Italiae locis emptorum Anno Dom. 1647, a Georgio Thomasono Bibliopola Londinensi apud quem in Caemiterio D. Pauli ad insigne Rosae Coronatae prostant venales. Londini, Typis Johannis Legatt_, 1647, and in 1648 a selection of works in oriental languages from this catalogue was purchased by order of the House of Commons,[45] who directed that the sum of five hundred pounds out of the receipts at Goldsmiths" Hall should be paid for the books, in order that they might be bestowed upon the Public Library at Cambridge.
Mr. A.W. Pollard, in a note to Mr. Madan"s article in _Bibliographica_, states that Thomason had great difficulty in getting the money for these books: "On March 28th, 1648," he tells us, "the five hundred pounds was ordered to be paid from the arrears of the two months"
a.s.sessments for the Scots army before Newark; on Sep. 25th it was charged on the composition of Colonel Humphrey Matthews; and on Nov.
16th, Thomason, being still unpaid, was consoled by interest at the rate of eight per cent.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 38: Arber, _Transcript of the Register_, vol. iii. p. 686.]
[Footnote 39: Copies are preserved in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library, and it is reprinted in Beloe"s _Anecdotes_ vol. ii. p.
248.]
[Footnote 40: Vol. iii. p. 304.]
[Footnote 41: Thomason was implicated in Christopher Love"s plot against the Commonwealth. There are several entries in the _Calendar of State Papers_ which refer to his imprisonment. Mr. A.W. Pollard, the editor of _Bibliographica_, has given a list of them in a note (vol. iii. p. 298) to Mr. Madan"s paper on the Thomason Collection in that publication.]
[Footnote 42: Probably Dr. Thomas Barlow, librarian of the Bodleian Library.]
[Footnote 43: Gough, _Anecdotes of British Typography_, second edition, p. 699, note.]
[Footnote 44: _Memoirs of Hollis_, vol. i. pp. 121, 192; vol. ii. p.
717.]
[Footnote 45: _Journals of the House of Commons_, 24th March 1648.]
SIR SYMONDS D"EWES, BART., 1602-1650
Sir Symonds D"Ewes, one of the most eminent of the antiquaries and collectors of the first half of the seventeenth century, was born in 1602. He was the son of Paul D"Ewes of Milden, Suffolk, and Cecilia, daughter and heiress of Richard Simonds of c.o.xden, Chardstock, Dorsetshire. In 1618 he was sent to St. John"s College, Cambridge, but left in 1620, and entered at the Middle Temple, being called to the Bar in 1623. He soon, however, gave up his legal practice, and devoted himself to the study of history and antiquities. D"Ewes was made a knight in 1626, and created a baronet in 1641. He was twice married, and died in 1650. The baronetcy became extinct in 1731.