NARCISSUS LUTTRELL, 1657-1732
Narcissus Luttrell, who was born in 1657, was the son of Francis Luttrell of London, a descendant of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle, in the county of Somerset. He received his early education under Mr.
Aldrich at Sheen in Surrey, and in 1674 was admitted a fellow-commoner of St. John"s College, Cambridge. In the succeeding year he was created M.A. by royal mandate.[54] While at the University he presented a silver tankard to his college, which was lost, together with a quant.i.ty of other plate, on the 9th of October 1693, for the recovery of which a reward of ten pounds was offered.[55] Luttrell, who, Dibdin says, was "ever ardent in his love of past learning, and not less voracious in his bibliomaniacal appet.i.tes," formed an extensive library at Shaftesbury House, Little Chelsea, where he resided for many years in seclusion.
Hearne speaks of it "as a very extraordinary collection," and adds that "in it are many ma.n.u.scripts, which, however, he had not the spirit to communicate to the world, and "twas a mortification to him to see the world gratified without his a.s.sistance." A special feature of the library was the large and interesting collection of fugitive pieces issued during the reigns of Charles II., James II., William III., and Anne, which Luttrell purchased day by day as they appeared. Sir Walter Scott found this collection, which in his time was chiefly in the possession of the collectors Mr. Heber and Mr. Bindley, very useful when editing the _Works_ of Dryden, published in eighteen volumes at London in 1808. In the preface he remarks that "the industrious collector seems to have bought every poetical tract, of whatever merit, which was hawked through the streets in his time, marking carefully the price and date of purchase. His collection contains the earliest editions of many of our most excellent poems, bound up, according to the order of time, with the lowest trash of Grub Street." On Luttrell"s death, which took place at his residence in Chelsea on the 27th of June 1732, the collection became the property of Francis Luttrell (presumed to be his son), who died in 1740. It afterwards pa.s.sed into the possession of Mr. Serjeant Wynne, and from him descended to Edward Wynne, his eldest son, the author of _Eunomus, or Dialogues concerning the Law and Const.i.tution of England; and a Miscellany containing several law tracts_, published at London in 1765. He died a bachelor in 1784, and the library, which had been considerably enlarged by its later possessors, was inherited by his brother, the Rev. Luttrell Wynne, of All Souls" College, Oxford, by whose direction it was sold by auction by Leigh and Sotheby in 1786. The sale, which consisted of two thousand seven hundred and fifty-six lots, commenced on March 6th, and lasted twelve days. It is stated in the catalogue that "great part of the library was formed by an Eminent and Curious Collector in the last Century, and comprehends a fine Suite of Historical, Cla.s.sical, Mathematical, Natural History, Poetical and Miscellaneous Books, in all Arts and Sciences ... by the most Eminent Printers, Rob. Steph., Morell, Aldus, Elzevir, Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde, &c. &c. Also a very curious Collection of old English Romances, and old Poetry; with a great number of scarce Pamphlets during the Great Rebellion and the Protectorate." Various portions of the Luttrell collections were bought by Messrs. Heber and Bindley. The greater part of those purchased by Mr. Bindley were eventually acquired by the British Museum at the Duke of Buckingham"s sale in 1849, while those which belonged to Mr. Heber are now to be found on the shelves of the Britwell library. Dibdin informs us that "a great number of poetical tracts was disposed of, previous to the sale, to Dr. Farmer, who gave not more than forty guineas for them." Two Caxtons in the sale--the _Mirrour of the World_ and _Caton_--fetched respectively five guineas and four guineas, and a collection of plays, in twenty-one volumes, by Gascoigne, Dekker, etc., sold for thirty-eight pounds, seventeen shillings.
[Ill.u.s.tration: SIR HANS SLOANE, BART.]
Luttrell compiled a chronicle of contemporary events, which was frequently quoted by Lord Macaulay in his _History of England_. This remained in ma.n.u.script for many years in the library of All Souls"
College, Oxford, but in 1857 it was printed in six volumes by the Delegates of the University Press under the t.i.tle of _A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April 1714_. He also left a personal diary in English, but whimsically written in Greek characters, consisting princ.i.p.ally of entries recording the hours of his rising and going to bed, the manner in which he spent his time, what friends called to see him, the sermons he heard, where and how he dined, and the occasions, which were not infrequent, when he took too much wine. This ma.n.u.script is preserved in the British Museum (Add. MS.
10447).
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 54: _Notes and Queries._ Second Series. Vol. xii., page 78.]
[Footnote 55: See _London Gazette_, October 16-19, 1693.]
SIR HANS SLOANE, BART., 1660-1753
Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., was born on the 16th of April 1660 at Killileagh, County Down, Ireland. His father, Alexander Sloane, was a Scotchman, who had settled in Ireland on his appointment to the post of receiver-general of the estates of Lord Claneboy, afterwards Earl of Clanricarde.[56] Hans Sloane gave early indications of unusual ability, and as soon as his health, which was delicate, would permit, he came to London, and devoted himself to the study of medicine, and the kindred sciences of chemistry and botany. In 1683 he went to Paris, which at that time possessed greater facilities for medical education than could be found in London. Having taken the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of Orange in July 1683, he made a tour in France, and towards the close of the year 1684 he returned to England and settled in London. In 1685 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1687 he was admitted a Fellow of the College of Physicians. His love for scientific research led him to accept the offer of the post of physician to the Duke of Albemarle, who had been recently appointed Governor-General of the West India Colonies. He was also appointed physician to the West Indian fleet. He set sail for Jamaica on the 12th of September 1687, and reached Port Royal on the 19th of December; but in consequence of the death of the Duke, which took place towards the end of the following year, Sloane returned to England in May 1689, bringing with him large collections in all branches of natural history, which he had obtained in Madeira, as well as in Jamaica and other West Indian islands. In 1693 Sloane was appointed to the Secretaryship of the Royal Society, and in 1727 he had the honour of succeeding Sir Isaac Newton as President. His professional career was a very successful one.
In 1712 he was made Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Anne, whom he attended during her last illness; and in 1716 he was created a baronet by King George I., who also bestowed on him the post of Physician-General to the Forces. On the accession of King George II. in 1727 he was appointed First Physician to the King. He was elected President of the College of Physicians in 1719, and held the office till 1735. In 1741 he removed his museum and library from his residence in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, to the fine old manor-house of Chelsea, which he had purchased from the family of Cheyne. Here he spent his time in the society of his friends, and in enriching and arranging the treasures he had collected. He died after a short illness on the 11th of January 1753, in the ninety-third year of his age, and was buried in Chelsea church, where a monument was erected to his memory by his daughters. Sir Hans Sloane married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Alderman Langley, and widow of Fulk Rose of Jamaica, by whom he had four children, two of whom died young. Sarah, the elder of the two daughters who survived their father, married George Stanley of Poultons, Hampshire; the younger, Elizabeth, married Colonel Charles Cadogan, afterwards second Baron Cadogan.
A table drawn up by Sloane"s trustees immediately after his death shows that, in addition to his splendid natural history museum, his collections comprised between forty and fifty thousand printed books, three thousand five hundred and sixteen ma.n.u.scripts,[57] and six hundred and fifty-seven pictures and drawings. The coins and medals amounted to thirty-two thousand, and other antiquities to two thousand six hundred and thirty-five. Sir Hans Sloane expressed a desire in his will that his collection in all its branches might be kept and preserved together after his decease, and that an application should be made by his trustees to Parliament for its purchase for twenty thousand pounds, a sum which did not represent more than a fourth of its real value. This application was favourably received, and in June 1753 an Act was pa.s.sed, "For the purchase of the Museum, or Collection of Sir Hans Sloane, and of the Harleian Collection of Ma.n.u.scripts; and for providing one general repository for the better reception and more convenient use of the said Collections; and of the Cottonian Library, and of the additions thereto." The Act further enacted that a board, consisting of forty-two trustees, be appointed for putting the same into execution; and at a general meeting of this body, held at the c.o.c.kpit, at Whitehall, on the 3rd of April 1754, it was resolved to accept of a proposal which had been made to them, of the "Capital Mansion House, called Montague House, and the freehold ground thereto belonging, for the general repository of the British Museum, on the terms of ten thousand pounds."[58] Although the Act had been pa.s.sed, considerable difficulty was experienced in finding the purchase-money. When the matter was brought before George II. he dismissed it with the remark, "I don"t think there are twenty thousand pounds in the Treasury"; and eventually it was proposed that the needful sum should be raised by a public lottery, which should consist of "a hundred thousand shares, at three pounds a share; that two hundred thousand pounds should be allotted as prizes, and that the remaining hundred thousand--less the expenses of the lottery itself--should be applied to the threefold purposes of the Act, namely, the purchase of the Sloane and Harleian Collections; the providing of a Repository; and the creation of an annual income for future maintenance."[59] Sir Hans Sloane"s princ.i.p.al work was the _Natural History of Jamaica_, 2 vols., London, 1707-25, which occupied him for no less than thirty-eight years.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 56: Edwards, _Lives of Founders of the British Museum_, p.
274.]
[Footnote 57: There are 4100 volumes of Sloane MSS. in the British Museum. A catalogue of them, compiled by the Rev. S. Ayscough, was printed in 1782.]
[Footnote 58: Sims, _Handbook to the Library of the British Museum_, p.
2.]
PETER LE NEVE, 1661-1729
Peter Le Neve was the son of Francis Neve (the _Le_ had been dropped for several generations, when Peter resumed the ancient form of his name), a citizen and draper of London. He was born in London in 1661, and was educated at Merchant Taylors" School. From an early age he displayed a great love of antiquarian pursuits, and in 1707, when the Society of Antiquaries was reconst.i.tuted, he was chosen the first President, which office he held until 1724. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society. On the 17th of January 1690, Le Neve was appointed Rouge-Croix Pursuivant; on April the 5th 1704, Richmond Herald; and on the 25th of the succeeding month Norroy King-at-Arms. He died on the 24th of September 1729, and was buried in the chancel of Great Witchingham Church, Norfolk. Oldys states that Le Neve had "a vast treasure of Historical Antiquities, consisting of about 2000 printed books and above 1200 MSS., interspersed with many notes of his own." Oldys also mentions that "it is said that he had some pique with the Heralds" Office a little before his death, so cut them off with a single book, otherwise he had left them the whole of his library."[60]
"Honest Tom Martin of Palgrave," the antiquary, who was Le Neve"s executor, and who married his widow, appears to have succeeded to the bulk of Le Neve"s collections. They were sold by auction in 1731. The t.i.tle-page of the sale catalogue reads:--"A Catalogue of the valuable library collected by that truly Laborious Antiquary, Peter Le Neve, Esq.; Norroy King of Arms (lately deceas"d), containing most of the Books relating to the History and Antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland, and many other nations. With more than a thousand Ma.n.u.scripts of Abstracts of Records, etc., Heraldry, and other Sciences, several of which are very antient, and written on Vellum. Also, a great number of Pedigrees of n.o.ble Families, etc. With many other Curiosities. Which will be Sold by Auction the 22nd Day of February 1730-1 at the Bedford Coffee-house, in the Great Piazza, Covent Garden. Beginning every Evening at Five a-Clock. By John Wilc.o.x, Bookseller in Little Britain."
The sale appears to have lasted about a fortnight, and was followed by a small supplementary one on March the 19th, of "Some Curiosities and Ma.n.u.scripts omitted in the previous Catalogue." A copy of the sale catalogue, with the prices and the names of some of the purchasers in ma.n.u.script, is to be found in the British Museum.
Although Le Neve was an ardent collector and compiled a considerable number of works on heraldry and topography, many of which are preserved in the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, Heralds" College, and the Record Office, he does not appear to have printed anything. His list of _Pedigrees of Knights made by King Charles II., King James II., King William III. and Queen Mary, King William alone, and Queen Anne_, was edited by Dr. G.W. Marshall for the Harleian Society in 1873.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 59: Edwards, _Lives of the Founders of the British Museum_, p.
308.]
[Footnote 60: _Memoir of Oldys_, etc. London, 1862, p. 76.]
ROBERT HARLEY, FIRST EARL OF OXFORD, 1661-1724
AND
EDWARD HARLEY, SECOND EARL OF OXFORD, 1689-1741
Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, who was born in Bow Street, Covent Garden, on the 5th of December 1661, was the eldest son of Sir Edward Harley, K.B., who was Governor of Dunkirk after the Restoration.
Entering Parliament in 1689, in 1701 he was elected Speaker of the House of Commons; in 1710 he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, and in 1711 he was created Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, and made Lord High Treasurer, from which post he was dismissed in 1714. In 1713 he received the Order of the Garter. He was impeached by the House of Commons in 1715; acquitted without being brought to a trial in 1717, and died at his house in Albemarle Street, London, on the 21st of May 1724.
[Ill.u.s.tration: ONE OF THE BOOK-PLATES OF ROBERT HARLEY AS A COMMONER.]
Harley was the greatest collector of his time, and formed a splendid library, which, at the time of his death, besides the printed books, contained more than six thousand volumes of ma.n.u.scripts, and an immense number of charters, rolls, and deeds. This n.o.ble collection was inherited by Lord Oxford"s son Edward, second Earl, by whom it was very considerably augmented in every department; and when he died in June 1741, the volumes of ma.n.u.scripts amounted to seven thousand six hundred and thirty-nine volumes, exclusive of fourteen thousand two hundred and thirty-six original rolls, deeds, charters, and other legal doc.u.ments.
The printed books were estimated at about fifty thousand volumes, the pamphlets at about three hundred and fifty thousand, and the prints at forty-one thousand. In the _Account of London Libraries_, by Bagford and Oldys, it is stated:--
[Ill.u.s.tration: ROBERT HARLEY"S BOOK-STAMP.]
"For libraries in more expressly particular hands, the first and most universal in England, must be reckoned the Harleian, or Earl of Oxford"s library, begun by his father and continued by himself. He has the rarest books of all countries, languages, and sciences, and the greatest number of any collector we ever had, in ma.n.u.script as well as in print, thousands of fragments, some a thousand years old; vellum books, some written over; all things especially respecting English History, personal as well as local, particular as well as general. He has a great collection of Bibles, etc., in all versions, and editions of all the first printed books, cla.s.sics, and others of our own country, ecclesiastical as well as civil, by Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde, Pynson, Berthelet, Rastall, Grafton, and the greatest number of pamphlets and prints of English heads of any other person. Abundance of ledgers, chartularies, old deeds, charters, patents, grants, covenants, pedigrees, inscriptions, etc., and original letters of eminent persons, as many as would fill two hundred volumes; all the collections of his librarian Humphrey Wanley, of Stow, Sir Symonds D"Ewes, Prynne, Bishop Stillingfleet, John Bagford, Le Neve, and the flower of a hundred other libraries."
The library was remarkably rich in early editions of the Greek and Latin cla.s.sics (there were as many as one hundred and fifteen volumes of various works by Cicero printed in the fifteenth century), English early poetry and romances, and books of prints, sculpture and drawings. The collection of Caxtons was both large and fine, and it comprised the only perfect copy known of the _Book of the n.o.ble Histories of King Arthur_, which, nearly a century and a half after the dispersion of the Harleian library, was purchased for nineteen hundred and fifty pounds, at the sale of the Earl of Jersey"s books in 1885, by Mr. Quaritch for a New York collector.
The volumes in the library were all handsomely bound; mostly in red morocco, and tooled with a distinctive kind of ornamentation, which has since been known as the Harleian Style. This commonly consisted of a centrepiece, generally of a lozenge form, surrounded by a broad and elegant border. Eliot and Chapman were the binders of the greater portion of the books, at a cost, it is said, of upwards of eighteen thousand pounds.
Humphrey Wanley was for several years librarian to both the first and the second Earls, and he commenced the compilation of the catalogue of the ma.n.u.scripts, which was finally completed by the Rev. Thomas Hartwell Horne in 1812. Among the Lansdowne ma.n.u.scripts in the British Museum is a diary,[61] kept by Wanley, which contains much interesting information respecting the library. Some time after Wanley"s decease, William Oldys was appointed librarian at a salary of two hundred pounds per annum.
The second Earl of Oxford had a pa.s.sion for building and landscape gardening, as well as for collecting books, paintings and curiosities, and some years before his death these expensive tastes involved him in pecuniary difficulties. George Vertue, the eminent engraver, in one of his commonplace-books, now preserved in the British Museum,[62] thus feelingly refers to the embarra.s.sed circ.u.mstances of the Earl:--"My good Lord, lately growing heavy and pensive in his affairs, which for some late years have mortify"d his mind.... This lately manifestly appeared in his change of complexion; his face fallen less; his colour and eyes turned yellow to a great degree; his stomach wasted and gone; and a dead weight presses continually, without sign of relief, on his mind."
A fortnight after this was written Vertue had to lament his loss.
Lord Oxford died in Dover Street, London, on the 16th of June 1741, and on his decease the library became the property of Margaret, d.u.c.h.ess of Portland, the only daughter and heiress of the Earl, who sold the printed books to Mr. Thomas...o...b..rne, the bookseller of Gray"s Inn, for about thirteen thousand pounds. The ma.n.u.scripts were purchased by Parliament in 1753 for the sum of ten thousand pounds, and were placed in the library of the British Museum four years later. The portraits, coins, and miscellaneous curiosities were sold by auction in March 1742.
Osborne bought Lord Oxford"s books with a view of disposing of them by sale, and engaged Dr. Johnson and Oldys to compile a catalogue of them, which was printed in four volumes octavo in the years 1743-44. A fifth volume was issued in 1745, but this is nothing more than an enumeration of Osborne"s unsold stock. Osborne also published in eight volumes quarto, "_The Harleian Miscellany: or, a Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Entertaining Pamphlets and Tracts_, as well as in Ma.n.u.script as in Print, found in the late Earl of Oxford"s library, interspersed with Historical, Political and Critical notes. London 1744-46." This work, which was edited by Oldys, was republished by Thomas Park in 1808-12, with two supplemental volumes. A catalogue of the pamphlets contained in the _Harleian Miscellany_ was also prepared by Oldys, and printed in a quarto volume, which appeared in 1746; and a _Collection of Voyages and Travels_, compiled from the _Miscellany_, was published in two volumes folio in 1745.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 61: Lansdowne MSS. 771, 772.]