English Histories - The Six Wives of Henry VIII

the period are theCalendar of State Papers and Ma.n.u.scripts existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan: vol. i, 1385-1618(ed. A. B. Hinds, 1912); theMemoiresof Martin and Guillaumc du Bcllay, French amba.s.sadors to the court of Henry VIII (4 vols, eds V. L. Bourrilly and F. Vindry, Paris, 1908-19);Correspondance du Cardinal Jeandu Bellay(ed. R. Scheurer, Paris, 1969);Correspondance Politique de MM. de Castillon et de Marillac, Amba.s.sadeurs de France en Angeleterre, 1537-1542(ed. J. Kaulek, Paris, 1885);Correspondance Politique de Odet de Selve, Amba.s.sadeur de France en Angleterre, 15461549(ed. G. Lefevre-Pontalis, Paris, 1888);Negotiations Diplomatiques entre la France et I"Autriche, 1491-1530(2 vols, ed. A. J. G. Le Glay, Paris, 1845-47);andPapiers d"Etat du Cardinal Granvelle, 1500-1565(9 vols, ed. C. Weiss, 1841-52).

Official records for the period are contained in the Rolls of Parliament,Rotuli Parliamentorum(7 vols, ed. J. Strachey et al., Records Commissioners, 1767-1832), in which are detailed all the Acts and Statutes, as well as parliamentary proceedings;Household Ordinances: A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household(Society of Antiquaries, 1790);Journals of Parliament for the Reign of Henry VIII, 150^-1536(r. 1742);Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIIIfrom November 1529 to December 1532(ed. H. Nicolas, 1827);Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England(ed. H. Nicolas, Records Commissioners, 1834-7);The Statutes, AD 1235-1770(HMSO, 1950);Statutes of the Realm(11 vols, Records Commissioners, 1810-28);State Trials vol. 1, 11631600(ed. D. Thomas, W. Cobbett and T. B. Rowell, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972);English Historical Doc.u.ments, 1485-1558(eds C. H. Williams and D. C. Douglas, 1967); and, for doc.u.mentary sources for the latter period of the book, theCalendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth, 15471580(2 vols, ed. R. Lemon, Longman, Brown, Green, 1856) and theCalendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, Elizabeth/(ed.J. Stevenson et al., 1863-1950).

There are also several invaluable chronicle and narrative sources dealing with the reign of Henry VIII in general. Three are contemporary, or written by contemporaries. The first is Edward Hall"s Chronicle, published in two versions:The Union of the n.o.ble and Ill.u.s.trious Families of Lancaster and York(first published 1542; ed.

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H. Nicolas; G. Woodfall, Printer 1809) andThe Triumphant Reign of King Henry the Eighth(first published 1547; ed. C. Whibley and T. C. and E. C.Jack, 2 vols, 1904). Hall was a lawyer; his chronicles have a strong patriotic bias in favour of Henry VIII, and he tends to gloss over compromising issues. His descriptions of state occasions have not been surpa.s.sed, and his true value is as an annalist. The second contemporary source is George Cavendish"sThe Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey(first published 1557; ed. R. Sylvester, Early English Texts Society, 1959), which is particularly useful for the early career of Anne Boleyn. Cavendish was Wolsey"s secretary and well placed to record contemporary events, yet his admiration for his master makes him a biased observer. The third, and most controversial, source is theCronico del Rey Enrico Otavo de Inglaterra,written before 1552 and sometimes attributed to Antonio de Guaras, who came to England in the train of Eustache Chapuys, the Spanish amba.s.sador. It was printed asThe Chronicle of King Henry VIII(ed. M. A. S. Hume, George Bell and Sons, 1889), but is commonly referred to by Ihistorians as the "Spanish Chronicle". Much of the information in it is Ibased on hearsay and rumour, although many writers have been sfooled by a seeming authenticity of detail which is not always 1corroborated by other sources. This source should therefore be itreated with caution.

John Foxe, in his popularHistory of the Acts and Monuments of the Church(better known as Foxe"s Book of Martyrs) (published in 1563; ed. G. Townshend and S. R. Cattley, 8 vols, Seelcy and Burnside, 1837-41), gives interesting details about Anne Boleyn and Katherine Parr, both of whom he represented as Reformation heroines. Raphael Holinshed"sChronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland(first published 1577; ed. H. Ellis, 6 vols, G. Woodfall, Printer, 1807-8) draws mainly upon Hall"s chronicle. Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald, wrote before 1562 hisChronicle of England in the Reigns of the Tudors from 1485 to 1559(ed. W. D. Hamilton, 2 vols, Camden Society, 2nd series, X and XX, 1875, 1877). Wriothesley was the first cousin of Thomas, Earl of Southampton and Lord Chancellor of England, and may therefore be considered a reliable primary source, especially for 576r the 1540s, although his work was not published until 1581. The antiquarian John Stow wrote two useful books,The Annals of England(1592; ed. E. Howes, London, 163 1) and his celebratedSurvey of London(1598; ed. C. L. Kingsford, 2 vols, Oxford University Press, 1908). Another valuable later work is Lord Herbert of Cherbury"sThe Life and Reign of King Henry the Eighth(published a year after his death in 1649; ed. White Kennett, 1870), which may be considered to be the first "modern" biography of the King. Herbert used original source material, some of which has since been lost or destroyed, and he was less subjective in his approach to his subject than earlier Protestant writers.

The later Catholic sources for Henry VIII"s reign, most of which were printed abroad, are all biased against the King. Nicholas Harpsfield"sA Treatise on the Pretended Divorce between King Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon(ed. N. Poc.o.c.ke, Camden Society, 2nd series, XXI, 1878) was published in 1556 when Katherine"s daughter Mary I was reigning and is consequently imbued with the spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Like most later Catholic sources, Harps- field"s work contains much that is apocryphal. One of the most damaging works ever printed was Nicholas Sanders"De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani(first published in 1585 in Rome; printed asThe Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism,ed. D. Lewis, 1877). Sanders was an English Jesuit, exiled to Rome in the reign of Elizabeth I. He had nothing but contempt for Henry VIII, but the chief object of his venom was Anne Boleyn, whom he portrayed as evil personified, the cause of the English Reformation, and the English Jezebel. Sanders is responsible for many apocryphal anecdotes about Anne - such as the tale that she was the result of an affair between Henry VIII and Elizabeth Howard, or the tale that she was raped at the age of seven - and his treatise was received with scornful scepticism in England, prompting a reply by George Wyatt (see below, under chapter 7). Another Catholic writer working at the end of the sixteenth century was Gregorio Leti, who wrote a life of Elizabeth I which was suppressed by the Catholic authorities in Italy, probably because it was too favourable to its subjects. Nearly all the original copies were destroyed, and the work only survives in a French translation of 1694,La Vie d"Elisabeth, Reine d"Angleterre,from which some of the original material is certainly missing. It is 577.

thought that Lcti made use of contemporary sources now lost to us, and for this reason his narrative may be of some value, although parts have been shown to be apocryphal. Girolamo Pollino, another Italian Catholic, wrote hisIstoria dell" Ecclesiastica della Rivoluzion d"lnghilterrain 1594. Although he was biased against Henry VIII, there is evidence that much of his information was drawn from reliable sources, as many of his statements are corroborated by more contemporary sources. Unfortunately, there is much that has also been shown to be fanciful. The best Catholic source is Henry Clifford"sLife of Jane Dormer, d.u.c.h.ess of Feria(published 1643; ed. E. E. Estcourt andj. Stevenson, Burns and Oates, 1887). Jane Dormer was one of Mary I"s maids of honour and confidantes. When the Duke of Feria came to England in 1554 in the train of Philip of Spain, he fell in love with Jane and took her back to Spain as his wife. Many years later she dictated her memoirs to her English secretary, Henry Clifford, who published them after her death. They remain one of the better late sources, although one must allow for a certain bias and lapses in an old lady"s memory.

There are several collections of primary source material for the period:Archaeologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity(102 vols, Society of Antiquaries, 1773 -1969);The Antiquarian Repertory: A Miscellany intended to Preserve and ill.u.s.trate several valuable Remains of Old Times(4 vols, London, 1775-84, and a later edition by F. Grose and T. Astle, 1808); Thomas Fuller"sThe Church History of Britain(1655) preserves details from sources now lost to us;Records of the Reformation: The Divorce, 1527-1533(2 vols, ed. N. Poc.o.c.ke, Oxford, 1870); Thomas Rymer"sFeodera(ed. T. Hardy, Records Commissioners, 1816-69); John Strype"sEcclesiastical Memorials(3 vols, 1721-33; Oxford edn, 1822); John Weever"sAncient Funeral Monuments within the United Monarchy of Great Britain, Ireland and the Islands adjacent. . . and what Eminent Persons have been in the Same interred(Thomas Harper, 1631); andExcerpta Historica(eds S. Bentley and H. Nicolas, 1831).

Of primary importance to the historian are the printed collections of correspondence. The letters of Henry VIII appear in four compilations: M. St Clair Byrne"sThe Letters of King Henry VIII(Ca.s.sell, 1936);Lettres de Henri VIII(ed. G. A. c.r.a.pelet, 1826); andLove Letters of Henry VIII(two edns: H. Savage, 1949 and Jasper Ridley, 577.

578r 1988). Letters written by Henry"s wives appear inLetters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies(ed. M.A.E. Wood, 1846) and Margaret Sanders"sIntimate Letters of England"s Queens(1957). Also worth consulting are:Lettres de Rois, Reines et autres Personages des Cours de France et d""Angleterre(ed. J.J. Champollion-Figeac, Paris, 1845-7, vol. 2);Original Letters ill.u.s.trative of English History(11 vols, ed. H. Ellis Richard Bentley, 1824-46);Original Letters relative to the English Reformation(ed. H. Robinson, Parker Society, 1846-7);The Lisle Letters(ed. M. St Clair Byrne, 1981), which is particularly useful for the period 1533 to 1540;Miscellaneous Writings and Letters of Thomas Cranmer(ed. J.E. Fox, Parker Society, 1846);The Correspondence of Matthew Parker, 1535-1575(ed. J. Bruce and T. Perowne, Parker Society, 1853; and theEpistlesof Desiderius Erasmus (3 vols, trans. F. M. Nichols Russell and Russell, 1962).

The chief secondary sources for the period in general are as follows:Handbook of British Chronology(ed. F. M. Powicke and E. B. Fryde, Royal Historical Society, 1961), which is invaluable for details of officers of state and the peerage; theDictionary of National Biography(63 vols, eds L. Stephen and S. Lee, Oxford University Press, 1885-1900) gives biographical details of the lives of most of the people in this book;The Complete Peerage(ed. G. H. White et al., St Catherine"s Press, 1910-59) gives a wealth of genealogical data on the aristocracy;Burke"s Guide to the Royal Family(Burke"s Peerage, 1973) gives details of royal genealogy and inst.i.tutions; Alison Weir"sBritain"s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy(The Bodley Head, 1989); andC. R. N. Routh"sThey Saw it Happen, 1485-1688(Black- well, 1956),They Saw it Happen in Europe, 1540-1660(Blackwell, 1965), andWho"s Who in History, 1485-1603(Blackwell, 1964).

For general history of the Tudor period, seej. D. Mackie:The Earlier Tudors, 1485-1588(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1952); G. R. Elton"sEngland under the Tudors(Methuen, 1955) andThe Tudor Const.i.tution(Methuen, 1960); David Harrison"s delightfully ill.u.s.trated study,Tudor England(2 vols, 1953); Christopher Morris"s interesting series of character portraits,The Tudors(Batsford, 1955); M. Roulstone"s lavishThe Royal House of Tudor(Balfour, 1974); G.o.dfrey E. Turton"sThe Dragon"s Breed(1969); G. W. O. Woodward"sReformation and Resurgence, 1485-1603(Blandford, 1963); and P. Williamson"sLife in Tudor England(Batsford, 1964).

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There are several books on the Reformation. J. H. Merle d"Aubigny"sThe Reformation in England(1853) is outdated and inaccurate, but there are several more modern works that are well worth consulting: Sir F. Maurice Powicke"sThe Reformation in England(Oxford University Press, 1951); Philip Hughes"sThe Reformation in England(Macmillan, 1950)-vol. 1 covers Henry VIII"s reign; H. Maynard-Smith"sHenry VIII and the Reformation(Macmillan, 1962); and, for related subjects, see Erwin Doernberg"sHenry VIII and Luther(Stanford University Press, 1961), William A. Clebsch"sEngland"s Earliest Protestants, 1520-1535(Yale University Press, 1964), and James Kelsey McConica"sEnglish Humanists and Reformation Politics under Henry VIII and Edward VI(Oxford University Press, 1965).

Henry VIII has been the subject of many biographies. The most recent and best ones have been Jasper Ridley"sHenry VIII(Constable, 1984), J.J. Scarisbrick"sHenry VIII(Constable, 1968) and Carolly Erickson"s brilliantly detailedGreat Harry(Dent, 1980). Previous biographies consulted includeJ.J. Bagley"sHenry VIII(Batsford, 1962), Lacey Baldwin-Smith"sHenry VIII: The Mask of Royalty(Jonathan Cape, 1971), John Bowie"sHenry VIII(Allen and Unwin, 1964), N. Brysson-Morrison"sThe Private Life of Henry VIII(Robert Hale, 1964), Francis Hackett"sHenry the Eighth(1929; Chivers Edition, 1973); Robert Lacey"sThe Life and Times of Henry VIII(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972), Philip Lindsay"sThe Secret of Henry VIII(Howard Baker, 1953), Kenneth Pickthorn"sEarly Tudor Government: Henry VIII(1951); A. F. Pollard"sHenry VIII(Longmans Green and Co., 1902) and Beatrice Saunders"s rather subjective study,Henry the Eighth(Alvin Redman, 1963). For Henry"s youth, see Frank Arthur Mumby"sThe Youth of Henry VIII(Constable, 1913), which draws heavily on the Spanish Calendar, and Marie Louise Bruce"s enjoyableThe Making of Henry VIII(Collins, 1977).

All six of Henry VIII"s wives are dealt with in the following works: Agnes Strickland"sLives of the Queens of England(8 vols, Henry Colburn, 1851, and the Portway Reprint by Cedric Civers of Bath, 1972), much outdated now but a milestone of historical research in its time; Heather Jenner"sRoyal Wives(1967); and Norah Lofts"sQueens of Britain(Hodder and Stoughton, 1977). The last serious collective biography of the six wives was Martin A. S.

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Hume"sThe Wives of Henry the Eighth(Eveleigh Nash, 1905), long out of print and out of date. Paul Rival"sThe Six Wives of Henry VIII(Heinemann, 1937) is nearer to fiction than fact, and gives no details of sources.

There have been several individual biographies of Henry VIII"s wives. For Katherine of Aragon, see Garrett Mattingley"s excellentCatherine of Aragon(Jonathan Cape, 1942), Mary M. Luke"sCatherine the Queen(Muller, 1967), Francesca Claremont"sCatherine of Aragon(Robert Hale, 1939) and John E. Paul"sCatherine of Aragon and her Friends(Burns and Oates, 1966), a very useful study. (It should be noted that Katherine herself signed her name with a "K", not a "C".) Anne Boleyn has attracted more biographers than any of Henry"s wives: Paul Friedmann"sAnne Boleyn: A Chapter of English History, 1527-1536(2 vols, Macmillan, 1884) was for years the standard biography, but has since been replaced by more recent works: Philip Sergeant"sThe Life of Anne Boleyn(Hutchinson, 1923); Marie Louise Bruce"sAnne Boleyn(Collins, 1972); Hester W. Chapman"sAnne Boleyn(Jonathan Cape, 1974); Norah Lofts"sAnne Boleyn(Orbis Books, 1979), very much popular history, drawing on Strickland; Carolly Erickson"sAnne Boleyn(Dent, 1984); E. W. Ives"s compelling academic study,Anne Boleyn(Blackwell, 1986), to which this author is greatly indebted; and Retha Warnicke"s controversialThe Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII(Cambridge University Press, 1989). There is no separate biography of Jane Seymour, but there is a good account of her life and the fortunes of her family in William Seymour"sOrdeal by Ambition: An English Family in the Shadow of the Tudors(Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972). Anne of Cleves also lacks a biographer, and the major account of her life is still the chapter in Strickland"sLives of the Queens of England.Lacey Baldwin-Smith has written a superb study of the life of Katherine Howard inA Tudor Tragedy(Jonathan Cape, 1961). Anthony Martiensson"sQueen Katherine Parr(Seeker and Warburg, 1973) is another excellent work.

For Henry VIII"s "great matter", see Geoffrey de C. Parmiter"sThe King"s Great Matter(Longmans, 1967) and Marvin H. Albert"sThe Divorce(Harrap, 1965). William Hepworth Dixon"sHistory of Two Queens(4 vols, Bickers and Son, 1873) is now greatly outdated.

There are several good biographies of Henry VIII"s children, all of 581.

which have proved useful for research purposes. Mary I"s early life is related by Milton Waldman inThe Lady Mary(Collins, 1972), and there is an excellent full biography by Carolly Erickson,b.l.o.o.d.y Mary(Dent, 1978). The early life of Elizabeth I is described in several books, viz.: Alison Plowden"sThe Young Elizabeth(Macmillan, 1971), Mary M. Luke"sA Crown for Elizabeth(Muller, 1971), Edith Sitwell"sFanfare for Elizabeth(Macmillan, 1949), and in full biograhies by B. W. Beckinsale,Elizabeth/(Batsford, 1963), John E. Neale,Queen Elizabeth I(Jonathan Cape, 1934), Jasper Ridley,Elizabeth I(Constable, 1987) and Neville Williams,Elizabeth, Queen of England(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967). For the early life of Edward VI see Hester W. Chapman"sThe Last Tudor King(Jonathan Cape, 1958) and W. K. Jordan"sEdward VI: The Young King(Allen and Unwin, 1968).

For the royal palaces of the Tudors see James Dowsing"s fascinatingForgotten Tudor Palaces in the London Area(Sunrise Press, no date, 1980s); Janet Dunbar"sA Prospect of Richmond(Harrap, 1966); Ian Dunlop"sPalaces and Progresses of Elizabeth I(Jonathan Cape, 1962); Benton Fletcher"sRoyal Homes near London(1930); Bruce Graeme"sThe Story of StJames"s Palace(Hutchinson, 1929); and Philip Howard"sThe Royal Palaces(Hamish Hamilton, 1960).

For the Tower of London and its history seej. Bayley"sHistory and Antiquities of the Tower of London(Jennings and Chaplin, 1830); D. C. Bell"sNotices of Historic Persons Buried in the Tower(1877), an account of the bones found in St Peter ad Vincula;The Tower of London: its Buildings and Inst.i.tutions(ed. John Charlton, HMSO, 1978), a book that throws new light upon Anne Boleyn"s imprisonment in the Tower; John E. N. Hea.r.s.ey"sThe Tower(John Murray, 1960); R. J. Minney"sThe Tower of London(Ca.s.sell, 1970); and A. L. Rowse"sThe Tower of London in the History of the Nation(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974).

For details of coronations and burials in Westminster Abbey, see the highly detailedOfficial Guide,Arthur Penrhyn Stanley"sHistorical Memorials of Westminster Abbey(1886) and Edward Carpenter"sA House of Kings(Baker, 1966). For the Archbishops of Canterbury of the period, see Edward Carpenter"sCantuar: The Archbishops in their Office(Baker, 1971). For Scottish affairs, see Caroline Bingham"sJames V, King of Scots (Collins,1971).

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I.

582r For pageantry and ceremonial in the Tudor period, see Sydney Anglo"sSpectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969) and Robert Withington"sEnglish Pageantry: An Historical Outline(1918). For the Tudor court, see Neville Williams"s fascinatingHenry VIII and his Court(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), Christopher Hibbert"sThe Court at Windsor(Longmans, 1964) and Ralph Dutton"sEnglish Court Life from Henry VII to George II(Batsford, 1963). Henry VIII"s courtiers are the subject of an excellent book by David Mathew,The Courtiers of Henry VIII(Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1970). William Edward Mead"sThe English Mediaeval Feast(Allen and Unwin, 1931) gives interesting information about court banquets. The cultural background to the period is described in Elizabeth M. Nugent"sThe Thought and Culture of the English Renaissance(Cambridge University Press, 1966). For Tudor drama, see Frederick Boas"sAn Introduction to Tudor Drama(Oxford University Press, 1933). For poetry, see Maurice Evans"sEnglish Poetry in the Sixteenth Century(Hutchinson, 1967) and Philip Henderson"sThe Complete Poems of fohn Skelton, Laureate(1931; 2nd rev. edn, Dent, 1948). Sir Thomas Wyatt"s poems are dealt with under the heading to chapter 7. Sir Roy Strong"sTudor and Jacobean Portraits (2vols, HMSO, 1969) is the most exhaustive study of Tudor royal portraits so far, but Christopher Lloyd"s and Simon Thurley"sImages of a Tudor King(Phaidon Press, 1990) is useful for its descriptions of Henry VIII"s iconography. Hans Holbein, the greatest painter of the early Tudor period, painted Henry VIII and at least two of his wives; the greatest authority on Holbein is Paul Ganz:The Paintings of Hans Holbein(Phaidon Press, 1956). For Tudor costume, the bestauthority is Herbert Norris"sCostume and Fashion, vol 111, TheTudors, book 1, 1485-1547(Dent, 1928); see also Norman Hartnell"sRoyal Courts of Fashion(Ca.s.sell, 1971).

Introduction.

Contemporary views of the role of women in sixteenth-century society are to be found in the following works: John Colet"sA Right 583.

Fruitful Monition(i 515); Colet was a friend of Sir Thomas More, Dean of St Paul"s and founder of St Paul"s School, and his views were those of a traditional churchman; Miles Coverdale"sThe Christian State of Matrimony(1543); Desiderius Erasmus"sThe Inst.i.tution of Christian Marriage(1526); Henry VIII"s own view on matrimony in hisa.s.sertioScptem Sacramentorum adversus Martinus Lutherus(published 1521; ed.O"Donovan, New York, 1908); the Scots reformer John Knox"sFirstBlast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women(ed.E. Arber, The English Scholar"s Library of Old and Modern Works, 1878), for an extreme view; Sir Thomas More"sUtopia(1516) for an idealistic view; two tracts by Queen Katherine Parr,The Lamentations ofa Sinner(1547) andPrayers and Meditations(1545); and WilliamTyndale"sThe Obedience of a Christian Man(1528). See also Doris Mary Stenton"sThe English Woman in History(Allen and Unwin, 1957).

For enlightened views on education, see Roger Ascham"sThe Schoolmaster(1570), Ascham having been tutor to Queen Elizabeth I and the Lady Jane Grey. Juan Luis Vives"s rigorous plan for the education of the Princess Mary is encapsulated inDe Inst.i.tutionc Foeminae Christianae(Basle, 1538; trans. R. Hyrd, and printed in London by Thomas Berthelet, 1540).

The princess from Spain The negotiations for the marriage of Katherine of Aragon to Arthur, Prince of Wales, during the period 1488 to 1501 are detailed extensively in the Spanish Calendar. Katherine"s presentation to the English amba.s.sadors at the age of two is described by the herald Ruy Machado inMemorials of King Henry VII(ed. J. Gairdner, Rolls Series, Longman, Brown, Green and Roberts, 1858). Accounts of the reigns of Ferdinand and Isabella are given by two Spanish chroniclers, Hernando del Pulgar, in hisCronica de los Scnoras Reyes Catolicas(published 1567; to be found in theBiblioteca de Autores Espanola,vol. LXX, Madrid, 1878) and Andres Bernaldes, in hisHistoria de los Reyes Catolicos D. Fernando y Doha Isabel(Seville, 1870, 584r and a later edition by M. Gomez-Moreno andj. de M. Carriazo, Madrid, 1962). The descriptions of Ferdinand and Isabella are based on those given by Pulgar, who was Queen Isabella"s secretary. An excellent secondary authority on the history of Spain in the late- fifteenth and early-sixteenth century isThe Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451-1555by the English historian Townshend Miller (Gollancz, 1953). The only primary source to mention Katherine of Aragon and her sisters during their childhood is Vives.

Henry VII"s instructions to the City of London for the state reception of Katherine of Aragon are in the Corporation of London Records Office and also in the Harleian MS. and Cotton MS. Vitellius in the British Library. Katherine of Aragon"s departure from Spain andjourney to England is described by Bernaldes.

2 A true and loving husband The Spanish Calendar gives details of the dispute over Katherine"s dowry and Henry VII"s prevarication over her accompanying Arthur to Ludlow. It also describes Katherine"s reception in England, as does Leland inCollectanea.Henry VII"s insistence on seeing Katherine at Dogmersfield is described inProceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of EnglandandCollectanea; Collectaneais the source for Katherine"s first meeting and evening with Prince Arthur.

The description of Henry VII derives from that given by the King"s official historian, Polydore Vergil, in hisAnglica Historia(Basle, 1534; ed. D. Hay, Camden Society, 3rd series, LXXIV, 1950). Vergil is the chief primary authority for the reign of Henry VII. The first "modern" biography of the King was Sir Francis Bacon"sHistory of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh(ed. J. R. Lumby, Cambridge, 1875); today, the definitive life is S. B. Chrimes"sHenry VII(Eyre Methuen, 1972); Eric N. Simons"sHenry VII: The First Tudor King(Barnes and n.o.ble, 1968) is also useful. There is a good biography of Elizabeth of York by N. LenzHarvey,Elizabeth of York, Tudor Queen(Arthur Barker, 1973), which replaces 585.

the memoir by Strickland. Both Vergil, and John Foxe, in hisActs and Monuments,credit Henry and Elizabeth with four sons, as does Dean Stanley. However, the contemporary Windsor altarpiece shows only three, Arthur, Henry and Edmund. Dean Stanley says that an Edward Tudor (1495?-9) was buried in Westminster Abbey; he has perhaps confused him with his brother Edmund. Details of the youth of Henry VIII are to be found inLetters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII(detailed above), hereafter to be referred to asL & P;for his education see Bernard Andre"sVita Henrici VII(1500-8; inMemorials of King Henry VII,detailed above) - Andre was tutor to Henry VII"s two elder sons.

The major events and state occasions of the reign of Henry VII are chronicled by Polydore Vergil, Pietro Carmelia.n.u.s of Brescia, in his"Solomnes Ceremoniae et Triumph?(1508; ed. H. Ellis, Roxburgh Club, 1818), the London merchant Robert Fabyan inThe Concordance of Histories: The New Chronicles of England and France(1512; ed. H. Ellis, Rivington, 1811),The Great Chronicle of London(eds A. H. Thomas and I. D. Thornley, Alan Sutton, 1938),Memorials of King Henry VII,andThe Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources(3 vols, ed. A. F. Pollard, Longmans, 1913-14). The description of Prince Arthur"s manor at Bewdley comes from John Leland"sItinerary(5 vols, ed. L. T. Smith, London, 1906-8). Leland was an antiquary who toured England in the early sixteenth century. His other important work wasDe Rebus Brittanicis Collectanea(published 1612; ed. T. Hearne, Chetham Society, 6 vols, Oxford, 1715), an important source for the period. The best account of Katherine"s state entry into London is in Hall"s Chronicle, and theGreat Chronicle of Londonrecords details of the pageants and verses performed on that occasion. For the wedding of Katherine and Arthur, see Hall"s Chronicle and also William Longman"sA History of the Three Cathedrals dedicated to St Paul in London(Longmans, Green & Co., 1973) and W. S. Simpson"sSt Paul"s Cathedral and Old City Life(Elliot Stock, 1894). The wedding banquet is described in Hall"s Chronicle andCollectanea,and the pageants to celebrate the marriage arc detailed inThe Great Chronicle of London.

Next to nothing is known of Katherine of Aragon"s daily life as Princess of Wales. Accounts of her brief marriage to Prince Arthur appear in Dulcie M. Ashdown"sPrincess of Wales(John Murray, 586r 1979),Lives of the Princesses of Wales byM. B. Fryer, A. Bousfield and G. Toffoli (Dundurn Press, 1983) and Francis Jones"sThe Princes and Princ.i.p.ality of Wales(University of Wales, Cardiff, 1969). Prince Arthur"s death is described by Bernaldes, and the breaking of the news of it to Henry VII by Leland inCollectanea.

3 Our daughter remains as she was here The major source for this chapter is the Spanish Calendar, which recounts the enquiries into Katherine"s virginal status, negotiations for her marriage to Prince Henry, events leading up to the signing of the marriage treaty, negotiations with the Vatican for a dispensation, the text of the dispensations obtained, Queen Isabella"s doubts as to its validity, negotiations for the payment of Katherine"s dowry, her finances, her ill health and depression, her chafing at the restrictions imposed on her by etiquette, and Henry VII"s treatment of her. Pope Julius"s prevarication over the granting of a dispensation is mentioned inL & P.Hall is the source for Prince Henry"s creation as Prince of Wales. The Prince"s repudiation of his betrothal to Katherine is described by Lord Herbert.

4 Pain and annoyance The Spanish Calendar continues to be the major source for this period of Katherine"s life: it describes the secret negotiations to find another bride for Prince Henry, Katherine"s problems with her household and finances, the course of her illness and depression, the dispute over her dowry, her status at court, the visit of King Philip and Queen Juana to England, Henry VII"s plans to marry Juana, Katherine"s appointment as her father"s amba.s.sador to the English court, her relations with Henry VII, with various Spanish diplomats, and with her confessor Fray Diego Fernandez, her correspondence, 587her reconciliation with Fuensalida who replaced her as amba.s.sador, and the reopening of negotiations for her marriage with Henry VIII after his father"s death.

Another account of the visit of Philip andjuana is given in the; Cotton MSS. in the British Library. Prince Henry"s letter is quotedI by Byrne. The account of Henry VII"s death, and the summary of his reign and achievements is based on those given by Bacon and Carmelia.n.u.s. His wealth is referred to in the Venetian Calendar.i Henry VIII"s love for Katherine of Aragon, his desire to marry her,r and his constant reiteration of this desire before their marriage isi vouched for by his cousin, Reginald Pole, inPro Ecclesiastical" Unitatis;, Defensione,1536, (Rome, 1698).I 5Sir Loyal Heart and the Tudor court Hall"s Chronicle mentions the doubts felt by some about the validity of Henry VIII"s proposed marriage to Katherine of Aragon. The wedding ceremony, and the date on which it took place, are recorded by Bernaldes.

Descriptions of Henry VIII"s appearance appear in the Spanish Calendar, the Venetian Calendar, Cavendish"sLife of Cardinal Wolseyand the dispatches of the Venetian amba.s.sador Sebastian Giustinian, ed. L. Rawdon Brown inFour Years at the Court of Henry VIII(2 vols, Smith Elder and Co., 1854). The King"s sporting and musical talents are described in the Spanish and Venetian Calendars,L & P,Hall"s Chronicle, and the Milanese Calendar; his linguistic abilities are related in the Venetian Calendar and inL & P;his other accomplishments in the Venetian Calendar, which also mentions his piety, his genial informality, his popularity, his hatred of the French and the clothes he wore. His reluctance to attend, and boredom at, Council meetings, and his pursuit of frivolous pleasures in his early years are attested to by the Spanish and Milanese Calendars, and John Stow in hisAnnals.

Pageants, tournaments and court festivities are described in detail in Hall"s Chronicle, the Venetian Calendar andFour Years at the 588r y Court of Henry VIII. The royal visit to Coventry is mentioned in the Harleian MSS. in the British Library. Henry and Katherine"s inscriptions on her missal appear in the Kings" MSS. in the British Library. The plague of 1517 is mentioned by Hall. For Katherine of Aragon"s visit to Merton College, Oxford, see The royal visit to Coventry is mentioned in the Harleian MSS. in the British Library. Henry and Katherine"s inscriptions on her missal appear in the Kings" MSS. in the British Library. The plague of 1517 is mentioned by Hall. For Katherine of Aragon"s visit to Merton College, Oxford, see Registum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis Registum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis in the Library of Merton College, Oxford, and for her Chapel of Calvary see Stow"s in the Library of Merton College, Oxford, and for her Chapel of Calvary see Stow"s London. London. Surviving examples of Katherine"s needlework were described by John Taylor in Surviving examples of Katherine"s needlework were described by John Taylor in The Praise of the Needle The Praise of the Needle (1634). The Spanish Calendar records Henry"s correspondence with King Ferdinand, and Katherine"s relations with Maria de Salinas, Fray Diego, and other members of her household. (1634). The Spanish Calendar records Henry"s correspondence with King Ferdinand, and Katherine"s relations with Maria de Salinas, Fray Diego, and other members of her household.

6 A chaste and concordant wedlock The description of Henry VIII"s coronation and the succeeding celebrations is derived from Hall"s Chronicle. The Spanish Calendar records Henry and Katherine"s early love for each other, details of Katherine"s first pregnancy, the birth of a stillborn daughter in 1510, the conduct of Fray Diego and his dismissal, the FitzWalter affair, and the Queen"s fall from favour in 1514. The ordinances for royal confinements are to be found in the State Papers. The Queen"s taking to her chamber in December 1510 and the Christmas festivities at Richmond are described by Hall, who also recounts the birth and death of Prince Henry in 1511, the celebrations to mark the birth, and the grief of the King and Queen at their loss. The funeral of Prince Henry is mentioned in a ma.n.u.script in the Chapter House, Westminster Abbey.

Henry"s farewell to Katherine and his departure for his campaign in France in 1513 are described by Hall. Details of the Flodden campaign are given in a letter from Sir Bryan Tuke to Richard Pace in L & L & P; Katherine"s speech to her troops is reported in Peter Martyr: P; Katherine"s speech to her troops is reported in Peter Martyr:Opus Epistolarum Petri Martyris(published in Alcala de Henares, Spain, 1530); the losses at Flodden are recorded in the State Papers, and the events immediately following the battle are described by Hall. Henry"s conduct on the French campaign is mentioned in 589.

the Milanese Calendar, and his return to England and reunion with Katherine is related by Hall.

Hall"s Chronicle also gives details of Henry"s anger at the perfidy of Ferdinand and Maximilian and the collapse of their triple alliance in 1514. The betrothal of the King"s sister Mary Tudor to Louis XII is related in the Spanish and Venetian Calendars and in Hall"s Chronicle. Hall also tells of the early death of Katherine"s son, born in 1514. Henry VIII"s distrust and jealousy of the new French King, Francis I, is recounted in the Venetian Calendar. For Francis I, see Desmond Seward"sPrince of the Renaissance(Constable, 1973) and R. J. Knecht"sFrancis I(Cambridge University Press, 1982). For Mary Tudor"s marriage to Suffolk and her later life see Walter C. Richardson"sMary Tudor, the White Queen(Peter Owen, 1970) and Hester W. Chapman"sThe Sisters of Henry VIII(Jonathan Cape, 1969). Margaret Tudor"s visit to London is recounted by Hall.

There are numerous references to Wolsey"s growing power in the Venetian Calendar. For modern lives of the Cardinal, see A. F. Pollard"sWolsey(Longmans, Green and Co., 1929), Charles Ferguson"sNaked to mine Enemies: The Life of Cardinal Wolsey(Little, Brown, 1958), Neville Williams"sThe Cardinal and the Secretary(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975) and Jasper Ridley"sThe Statesman and the Fanatic(Constable, 1982). The birth and christening of the Princess Mary are described in Hall"s Chronicle. There are several references to Henry"s growing egotism in the Venetian Calendar. Sir Thomas More"s friendship with the King and Queen and his rise to favour are detailed in the biography written by his son-in-law, William Roper,The Life of Sir Thomas More, Knight(publishedc.1556; ed. E. V. Hitchc.o.c.k, Early English Texts Society, vol. CXCVII, 1935). More"s uprightness is attested to in the Spanish Calendar. Contemporary with Roper"sLifeis that by the Catholic historian Nicholas Harpsfield,The Life and Death of Sir Thomas More(publishedc.1557; ed. E. V. Hitchc.o.c.k and R. W. Chambers, Early English Texts Society, 1932). Selected letters of Sir Thomas More were edited by Elizabeth Frances Rogers (1961). More has attracted several biographers this century: Algernon Cecil,A Portrait of Thomas More, Scholar, Statesman, Saint(John Murray, 1937), Leslie Paul,Sir Thomas More(1953), E. E. Reynolds,The Field is Won(Burns and Oates, 1968), and, for revised and less sympathetic a.s.sessments, Jasper Ridley,The 590.

Statesman and the Fanatic(Constable, 1982) and Richard Marius,Thomas More(Dent, 1984).

Katherine of Aragon"s last pregnancy is detailed inL & Pand the Venetian Calendar, the latter relating the birth of a daughter who died soon afterwards. Descriptions of the Princess Mary in childhood are to be found in the Spanish Calendar, the Venetian Calendar, Pollino, and theDiariiof Marino Sanuto (ed. R. Fulin, F. Stefani et al., 59 vols, Venice, 1879-1903). Hall relates the Princess"s betrothal to the Dauphin, 1518. The birth of Henry FitzRoy is recorded by Hall, and public outrage at the marriage arranged by Wolsey for Elizabeth Blount is attested to in L& P.

For descriptions of the Field of Cloth of Gold, see Hall, Holinshed and the Venetian Calendar. A good modern account is given byj. G. Russell inThe Field of Cloth of Gold(1969). Katherine"s objections are recorded in the Spanish Calendar. Charles V"s visit to England in 1520 is described by Hall, Holinshed and the Venetian Calendar. For Charles V, seeCharles the Fifth, Father of Europeby Gertrude von Schwarzenfeld (1957). The visit of Henry and Katherine to Charles V is noted by Hall. For Thomas Cromwell"s life and career, see Neville Williams"sThe Cardinal and the Secretary(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, !975)> A. G. d.i.c.kens"sThomas Cromwell and the English Reformation(1959), and B. W. Beckingsale"sThomas Cromwell, Tudor Minister(Macmillan, 1978). Henry VIII"s defence of the seven sacraments, published in 1521,a.s.sertio septem Sacramentorum adversus Martinus Lutherus,was edited by O"Donovan (New York, 1908). For his being awarded the t.i.tleFidei Defensor,see Hall. Charles V"s visit to England in 1522 and his betrothal to the Princess Mary is recorded in Hall"s Chronicle and the Spanish Calendar. Mary"s education at Ludlow is described in the Cotton MS., Vitellius in the British Library and by Vives. The Duke of Norfolk"s qualities and abilities are mentioned by Vergil and in the Venetian Calendar; the cruelty of his mistress is described in L& P.

The outward appearance of the marriage of Henry and Katherine is attested to by Erasmus inThe Inst.i.tution of Christian Marriage(1526). The Spanish Calendar and L &Pboth testify to Katherine"s being past the age for childbearing. Henry"s reluctance to send Mary to Spain is noted in Hall"s Chronicle and the Venetian Calendar. Henry FitzRoy"s elevation to the peerage is described in Hall"s 591Chronicle,L & P,and Stow"sAnnals.The Venetian Calendar records how Katherine took offence at it. BothL & Pand Pollino describe Mary taking up residence at Ludlow in 1525.

Henry VIII"s presence at Mary Boleyn"s wedding is recorded inL & P.The arrival of the Spanish amba.s.sador Mendoza is recorded in the Spanish Calendar and by Hall. The Spanish Calendar also records that he found it difficult to see Katherine, and that Katherine was against a new French alliance. The Bishop of Tarbes"s doubts are explained by Hall. For the sack of Rome, see the Spanish Calendar. The King"s doubts of conscience over the validity of his marriage are attested to by many sources, chiefly Hall, Cavendish, Roper, Harpsfield, various amba.s.sadors and William Tynedale inThe Practice of Prelates(1530).

7.

One of the chief primary sources for Anne Boleyn"s life is the biography written by George Wyatt in the late sixteenth century,Extracts from the life of the Virtuous, Christian and Renowned Queen Anne Boleyn(published London, 1817). Wyatt was the grandsonofthe poet Sir Thomas Wyatt, Anne"s Kentish neighbour and admirer, and he drew his information from anecdotes handed down within his own family and the reminiscences of Anne Gainsford, who had been Anne Boleyn"s maid of honour. This is a work strongly biased in favour of its subject, written as it was in answer to Nicholas Sanders"s crushing attack on Anne, published in 1585. See also George Wyatt,Memorial of Queen Anne Boleyn(reproduced inThe Life of Cardinal Wolseyby George Cavendish, ed. S. W. Singer, 1827) andPapers of George Wyatt(ed. D. M. Loades, Camden Society, 4th series, V, 1968). For hostile opinions of Anne Boleyn, see the Spanish Calendar, Reginald Pole"sPro Ecclesiasticae Unitatis Defensione(1536) and Sanders.

The early Boleyns are mentioned several times in the Paston Letters (ed. N. Davis, Oxford University Press, 1971), Stow"sLondon,and theCalendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem for the Reign of 592r Henry VII.For Hever Castle, see the current Official Guide, also the pamphlet by Gavin Astor,The Boleyns of Hever(1971). For the character of Sir Thomas Boleyn, his children and early income, seeL & P.Anne Boleyn"s birthdate has been arrived at after considering evidence in William Camden"sAnnales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum, regnanto Elizabetha, ad annum salutis MDLx.x.xIX(London, 1615),The Life of Jane Dormer,Lord Herbert"s life of Henry VIII, Leti"s suppressed life of Elizabeth I, William Rastell"sLife of Sir Thomas More(fragment in the Arundel MSS. in the British Library) and the Patent of Creation of Anne Boleyn as Marquess of Pembroke (MS. in the Chapter House, Westminster Abbey); see also Ives"sAnne Boleyn.For George Boleyn"s date of birth, see George Cavendish"s "Metrical Visions" (included inThe Life of Cardinal Wolsey,ed. S. W. Singer, 1827).

Anne Boleyn"s virtues and accomplishments are described by Lord Herbert. For the duration of her stay in France, see Herbert, and also Emmanuel von Meteren"sHistoire des Pays Bas: Crispin, Lord of Milherve"s Metrical History(1618);Epistre contenant leproces criminelfait a lencontre de la Royne Boullant d"Angleterreby Lancelot de Carles, Clement Marot, and Crispin de Milherve (1545; included inLa Grande Bretagne devant I"Opinion Francaiseby G. Ascoli, Paris, 1927);Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant(MS. in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; before 1550); and Charles de Bourgueville"sLes Recherches et Antiquites de la Province de Neustrie(1583). Carles, Marot and Milherve were three great French men of letters and a valuable source of information on Anne Boleyn. Milherve was an eyewitness at her trial, and the other two, Marot in particular, knew her in France. Milherve wrote a separate metrical history. For Anne"s stay in France, see the above, and also, for her accomplishments, Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantome,Lives of Gallant Ladies(trans. R. Gibbings, 1924). For Anne"s erotic experiences in France, seeL & Pand Brantome.

Cromwell"s denial of the King"s having been Lady Boleyn"s lover is recorded inL & P.For the Butler marriage negotiations, seeL & Pand theCalendar of Ormonde Deeds, 1172-1603(vols 3 and 4, ed. E. Curtis, 1942-3);L & Pmentions Francis I"s regret at Anne"s leaving France. George Wyatt describes Anne"s arrival at the English court and her success there. For her affair with Percy, see Cavendish, 593L & Pand the Percy MSS. at Alnwick Castle. Anne Boleyn"s appearance is described by Wyatt, Sanders (a surprisingly unbiased account), Carles etc., andL & P.For the poet Wyatt"s interest in her, see George Wyatt. The accounts by Harpsfield and Sanders are farfetched and malicious, owing nothing to contemporary sources. For Sir Thomas Wyatt, see hisCollected Poems(ed. J. Daalder, Oxford, 1975), Kenneth Muir"sLife and Letters of Sir Thomas Wyatt(Liverpool University Press, 1963) and Patricia Thomson"sSir Thomas Wyatt and his Background(Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964). The rise of the Boleyns is charted inL & P.For Anne Boleyn"s early life, see J. H. Round"sThe Early Life of Anne Boleyn(pamphlet published 1885).

There are two good primary sources for Henry VIII"s courtship of Anne Boleyn, those of George Wyatt and Cavendish. Henry"s love letters, now in the Vatican Library, are in the collections edited by Byrne and Ridley. None of Anne"s letters to Henry survives: that quoted by Leti is spurious. A letter headed "To the King from the Lady in the Tower", purported to have been written by Anne Boleyn in 1536, is of dubious authenticity. Cavendish refers to the patience of Queen Katherine with regard to her husband"s affair with Anne, and is also the chief source of evidence for Anne"s deadly hostility towards Wolsey. Her cordial outward relations with the Cardinal are described inL & P.

8.

The King"s pa.s.sion for Anne Boleyn is described in George Wyatt"s Memorial, Cavendish, the Spanish Calendar andAmba.s.sades enAngleterre dejean du Bellay, 1527-1529(ed. V. L. Bourilly and P. deVa.s.siere, Paris, 1905). Jean du Bellay was the French amba.s.sador to the court of Henry VIII and a friend of Anne Boleyn. His dispatches are therefore a good source to balance against the hostile reports in the Spanish Calendar. Jewels given to Anne by Henry in August 1527 are listed in a doc.u.ment in the Public Record Office. For the course of their affair, and the first rumours of a divorce and of the King having found a new mistress, see Cavendish, George Wyatt 594.

and Hall. The secret hearing at Westminster is described by Cavendish, Hall and Holinshed. The Spanish Calendar describes Mendoza"s activities, the Queen"s apprehension and Henry"s confrontation with her. It also contains details of diplomatic relations between Charles V, his amba.s.sadors, and the Vatican, and correspondence between the Emperor, his ministers, Katherine of Aragon, Mendoza and his successor Eustache Chapuys, and the Vatican.

Bishop Fisher"s opinion on the King"s case is given inL & P.Roper is the source for the decision to refer the case to Rome; doubts about the wisdom of this arc referred to inL & P.Wolsey"s mission to France is described inL & P,Cavendish and Harpsfield. The Venetian Calendar includes several references to Katherine"s popularity. The Felipez affair is recorded inL & P.Rumours of Henry"s intention of marrying Anne are first mentioned in the Spanish Calendar. George Wyatt alone speaks of Anne"s reluctance to marry Henry. Wolsey"s resistance to the match is referred to by Cavendish and Holinshed. The emba.s.sies to Rome are described inL & Pand in Foxe"s Book of Martyrs; the Spanish Calendar includes Henry"s dispensation to marry Anne. Anne"s enmity towards Wolsey is attested to by Cavendish, du Bellay, the Spanish Calendar and Harpsfield. Hall is, as usual, the source for festivities at court. The Pope"s appointment of Cardinal Campeggio as legate to try the case with Wolsey in England is recorded by Hall, Cavendish, Roper and Foxe. Wolsey"s solution to the Boleyn/Butler feud is found in the Ormonde Deeds. Hall and du Bellay describe Henry"s treatment of Katherine. Du Bellay is the chief source for the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528; he mentions Henry"s fear of catching the disease and constant moves to escape it, as docs Hall"s Chronicle andL & P.Du Bellay was the first to record that Anne Boleyn was stricken with the sweat. The Spanish Calendar reports public outrage at the King"s nullity suit. Du Bellay speaks of Henry"s growing disillusionment with Wolsey. William Carey"s death is noted in the (Spanish Calendar, and the wardship of his heir inL & P.The Spanish iCalendar is also the source for the view that Wolsey was doing his best to prevent an annulment. Anne"s letter to the Cardinal of July 1528 is in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Henry"s staunch belief that his case was righteous is attested to in the Spanish 595.

Calendar. Katharine"s retort to Anne while playing cards comes from George Wyatt.

Campeggio"s delayed arrival, and his coming to London are related by Hall and Cavendish, who both describe the legate"s discussions with Henry, Wolsey and Katherinc. The brief produced by Queen Katherine is discussed inL & P,the Spanish Calendar and the State Papers, and the Council"s advice to her is contained in a doc.u.ment in the Public Record Office. William Tynedale, inThe Practice of Prelates(1530), avers that Katherine"s women were made to spy on her. Henry"s address to the Londoners at Bridewell Palace is recorded by Hall, du Bellay and Foxe. Du Bellay refers to Anne Boleyn"s unpopularity. For the Nun of Kent, seeRotuli Parliamentorum, L& P,and Alan Neame"sThe Holy Maid of Kent(Hodder and Stoughton, 1971). Anne"s growing power is doc.u.mented by du Bellay, Cavendish and the Venetian Calendar. Her reformist sympathies, and her reading of forbidden books are described by George Wyatt and Foxe. For Henry"s piety seeL & P.

Both Hall and du Bellay describe the preparations for the legatine hearing. Henry"s gifts to Anne Boleyn are listed inL & P.The account of the proceedings of the legatine court is drawn from those given by Cavendish, Hall, du Bellay, Foxe, Stow"sLondon,Holinshed and Herbert. Du Bellay reports rumours of Anne Boleyn"s pregnancy. Wolsey"s fall from favour is related by Cavendish, Hall and Roper. Campeggio"s return to Rome is recorded by Foxe. Roper records Henry"s sounding out of Sir Thomas More"s views. For the arrival of Chapuys and his early dispatches, see the Spanish Calendar. For Thomas Cranmer, see Foxe, Cranmer"s Miscellaneous Writings (see above), and the following modern works: A. F. Pollard,Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation, 1489-1556(2nd edn, Ca.s.sell, 1965), Jasper Ridley,Thomas Cranmer(Oxford University Press, 1962) and Edward Carpenter,Cantuar: The Archbishops in their Office(Baker,1971).

596.

The Spanish Calendar is a major source as before for relations between England and the Emperor, the fortunes of Queen Katherine, and correspondence with the Vatican. The dispatches of Eustache Chapuys are one of the major sources for this period of Henry VIII"s reign. For the fall and death of Wolsey, see Cavendish, Hall,L & P,the Milanese Calendar, du Bellay and Holinshed. Anne Boleyn"s growing power is charted in the dispatches of du Bellay, the Milanese Calendar andL & P;for York Place see the Spanish Calendar and Stow"sLondon.For the Reformation Parliament, seeRotuli Parliamentorum,Hall, and Stow"sAnnals.The Venetian Calendar describes relations between Henry and Katherine and Katherine"s appearance and demeanour. The enn.o.blement of the Boleyns is noted by Hall, who is again the chief source for court festivities for this period.

The English emba.s.sy to Bologna is related by Hall and Foxe. For the Vatican"s stand on the nullity suit, seeAda Curiae Romana in cause matrimoniale Regis c.u.m Katherina Regina(1531). In the same year John Stokesley, Bishop of London, Edward Foxe and Nicholas de Burgo publishedThe Determination of the most Famous and most Excellent Universities of Italy and France that it is unlawful for a man to marry his brother"s wife, that the Pope hath no power to dispense therewith;Hall gives details of each individual determination. For the pet.i.tion of the n.o.bility of England to the Pope, see Cavendish; Lord Herbert provides the transcript. Foxe describes Cromwell"s role in the origins of the English Reformation. For Anne Boleyn"s books, see William Latimer"sTreatise on Anne Boleyn(MS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford), a contemporary reformist source of great value.

For Katherine"s confrontation with the lords of the Council in 15 31, see the Spanish Calendar, Hall andL & P.The Princess Mary"s appearance and accomplishments are described in the Venetian Calendar. Thomas Abell"s book,Invicta Veritas: an answer that by no manner of law it may be lawful for King Henry the Eight to be divorced(Luneberg, 1532) is referred to by Hall and Foxe. Katherine"s life in exile from the court is described by Hall and the Venetian Calendar.

597.

The Venetian Calendar gives details of the banquet at Ely Place, as does Stow"sLondon.The near lynching of Anne Boleyn is recorded only in the Venetian Calendar, which, withL&P,gives details of opposition to the King. The resignation of More from the office of Lord Chancellor is related by Roper. For the Calais trip, see Hall, theMemoiresof Guillaume du Bellay (see above), and the Milanese Calendar. Descriptions of Anne Boleyn"s appearance are to be found in the Venetian Calendar and Marino Sanuto"sDiarii.Her creation as Marquess of Pembroke is described by Hall and Milles"sCatalogue of HonourL&P.

10.

The dispatches of Chapuys are again one of the chief sources consulted. The Spanish Calendar records Anne Boleyn"s first appearance as queen, as does Hall. Anne"s coronation is described by several authorities, viz. the Spanish Calendar, Hall,L&P,Holinshed, Stow"sLondonandAnnals,Wriothesley"s Chronicle, and Wynkyn de Worde"sThe n.o.ble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne, wife upon the most n.o.ble King Henry the VIII(printed 1533). Evidence of Anne"s unpopularity manifested on the day is given only in the Spanish Chronicle, but is hinted at by Chapuys. For Norfolk"s row with Anne, see the Spanish Calendar. For Katherine of Aragon"s effects, seeInventories of the Wardrobes of Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond, and of the Wardrobe Stuff at Baynard"s Castle of Katherine, Princess Dowager(ed. J. G. Nichols, Camden Society, old series, LXI, 1854). See also W. Loke"sAn Account of Materials furnished for the use of Queen Anne Boleyn(Miscellanies of the Philibiblon Society, vol. VII, 1862-3). Public opposition to the King"s second marriage is detailed inL & P.

Cranmer"s ecclesiastical court and its proceedings are described inL&P,Hall"s Chronicle, Harpsfield"sPretended Divorce,and 598r Holinshed"s Chronicle. See alsoArticles devised by the whole consent of the King"s most honourable Council, His Grace"s license obtained thereto, not only to exhort, but also to inform his loving subjects of the Truth(1533).The Lady Mary"s obstinacy is described in the State Papers. Anne"s befriending of Protestants and her reformist literature are detailed by William Latimer and Foxe. The help she gave Thomas Winter is mentioned inL & P;Nicholas de Bourbon records his debt to her inNugarum Libri Octo(Lyons, 1538).

For Katherine"s confrontation with the Council, July 1533, see the report of her chamberlain, Lord Mountjoy, in the State Papers. The King"s progress is recounted by Hall; the Lisle Letters refer to the good health and high spirits of the King and Queen. Henry"s adultery with an unknown mistress, with Margaret Shelton, and later his affair with Jane Seymour, are all mentioned in the Spanish Calendar. Harpsfield records that Katherine pitied Anne. Letters announcing the birth of a prince, and their alteration, are referred to inL & P.The birth of Elizabeth is recorded in the Spanish Calendar and Hall"s Chronicle. The comment of John Erley and other disparaging remarks about Anne"s child are inL & P.The Milanese Calendar records foreign reaction to the birth. For Elizabeth"s christening, seeL & P,Hall and Holinshed. The Spanish Chronicle mentions Anne"s intense love for her child. The dispatches of Jean de Dinteville, the French amba.s.sador, give details of Anne"s unpopularity and her diminishing power. Elizabeth"s household at Hatfield is described in the State Papers.

Katherine"s defiance of Suffolk is recounted in the Spanish Calendar,L & Pand Hall. Henry"s New Year"s gifts to Anne"s ladies, including Jane Seymour, are listed inL & P.The order to Hugh Latimer to keep his sermons short also appears inL &P; for Hugh Latimer, see Harold S. Darby"sHugh Latimer(1953). The Lisle Letters record Lady Lisle"s gifts to Anne Boleyn, details of Katherine"s jointure conferred upon Anne, the execution of the Nun of Kent, and Little Purkoy"s death. The involvement of Fisher and Katherine with the Nun is referred to inL & P.For Katherine"s life at Kimbolton, seeThe Kimbolton Papers in the Collection of the Duke of Manchester(1864).

The text of the Act of Succession 1534 is given inThe StatutesandRotuli Parliamentorum.Anne"s second pregnancy is doc.u.mented in 599.

the Spanish Calendar andL & P.The oath of succession is printed in Wriothesley"s Chronicle, and Fisher"s and More"s refusal to take it is related by Hall, Roper, and Chapuys in the Spanish Calendar. For Reginald Pole"s views on the King"s marriages, seePro Ecclesiasticae Unitatis Defensione(1536). Katherine"s defiance of Tunstall is recorded in the State Papers and the Spanish Calendar. The gifts of a peac.o.c.k and a pelican are noted inL & P.

The Spanish Caendar, the Venetian Calendar, George Wyatt and William Roper all describe Henry"s growing disillusionment with Anne. His stable of girls at Farnham and Webbe"s tale are noted inL & P.Lancelot de Carles et al. mention Anne being blamed for the executions of 1535. Roper is the best source for More"s sojourn in the Tower. Hall records the executions of the monks of the Charterhouse and Bishop Fisher. The bad harvest is mentioned inL & P,where there is also the sole reference to Anne"s third pregnancy. Katherine"s letter to Forrest, and the search of her house for incriminating evidence are related by Pollino; Hall gives a grim description of Forrest"s ultimate fate. The allegation (unauthenticated) that Henry blamed Anne for More"s death comes fromThe Life of Jane Dormer.

Anne"s visit to Syon Abbey is described by William Latimer. Her charities, needlework, and interest in education are recorded by George Wyatt and Foxe. Her fear of being cast off as Katherine had been is noted inL & P.The Spanish Calendar is the chief source for Katherine"s death. Pollino records Anne"s jealousy of public interest in Katherine"s "good end".

11.