[Footnote 436: Poland. This kingdom of Europe was, in the eighteenth century, taken possession of and divided among its powerful neighbors, Russia, Prussia, and Austria.]
[Footnote 437: Philh.e.l.lene. Friend of Greece.]
[Footnote 438: As Heaven and Earth are fairer far, etc. This pa.s.sage is quoted from Book II. of Keats" _Hyperion_.]
[Footnote 439: Waverley. The Waverley novels, a name applied to all of Scott"s novels from _Waverley_, the t.i.tle of the first one.]
[Footnote 440: Robin Hood. An English outlaw and popular hero, the subject of many ballads.]
[Footnote 441: Minerva. In Roman mythology, the G.o.ddess of wisdom corresponding to the Greek Pallas-Athene.]
[Footnote 442: Juno. In Roman mythology, the wife of the supreme G.o.d Jupiter.]
[Footnote 443: Polymnia. In Greek mythology, one of the nine muses who presided over sacred poetry; the name is more usually written Polyhymia.]
[Footnote 444: Delphic Sibyl. In ancient mythology, the Sibyls were certain women who possessed the power of prophecy. One of these who made her abode at Delphi in Greece was called the Delphian, or Delphic, sibyl.]
[Footnote 445: Hafiz. A Persian poet of the fourteenth century.]
[Footnote 446: Firdousi. A Persian poet of the tenth century.]
[Footnote 447: She was an elemental force, etc. Of this pa.s.sage Oliver Wendell Holmes said that Emerson "speaks of woman in language that seems to pant for rhythm and rhyme."]
[Footnote 448: Byzantine. An ornate style of architecture developed in the fourth and fifth centuries, marked especially by its use of gold and color.]
[Footnote 449: Golden Book. In a book, called "the Golden Book," were recorded the names of all the children of Venetian n.o.blemen.]
[Footnote 450: Schiraz. A province of Persia famous especially for its roses, wine, and nightingales, and described by the poets as a place of ideal beauty.]
[Footnote 451: Osman. The name given by Emerson in his journal and essays to his ideal man, one subject to the same conditions as himself.]
[Footnote 452: Koran. The sacred book of the Mohammedans.]
[Footnote 453: Jove. Jupiter, the supreme G.o.d of Roman mythology.]
[Footnote 454: Silenus. In Greek mythology, the leader of the satyrs.
This fable, which Emerson credits to tradition, was original.]
[Footnote 455: Her owl. The owl was the bird sacred to Minerva, the G.o.ddess of wisdom.]
GIFTS
[Footnote 456: This essay was first printed in the periodical called _The Dial_.
It was a part of Emerson"s philosophic faith that there is no such thing as giving,--everything that belongs to a man or that he ought to have, will come to him. But in the ordinarily accepted sense of the word, Emerson was a gracious giver and receiver. In his family the old New England custom of New Year"s presents was kept up to his last days. His presents were accompanied with verses to be read before the gift was opened.]
[Footnote 457: Into chancery. The phrase "in chancery," means in litigation, as an estate, in a court of equity.]
[Footnote 458: c.o.c.ker. Spoil, indulge,--a word now little used.]
[Footnote 459: Fruits are acceptable gifts. Emerson took especial pleasure in the beauty of fruits and the thought of how they had been evolved from useless, insipid seed cases.]
[Footnote 460: To let the pet.i.tioner, etc. We can hardly imagine Emerson"s asking a gift or favor. He often quoted the words of Landor, an English writer: "The highest price you can pay for a thing is to ask for it."]
[Footnote 461: Furies. In Roman mythology, three G.o.ddesses who sought out and punished evil-doers.]
[Footnote 462: A man"s biography, etc. Emerson wrote in his journal: "Long ago I wrote of _gifts_ and neglected a capital example. John Th.o.r.eau, Jr. [who, like his brother Henry, was a lover of nature] one day put a bluebird"s box on my barn,--fifteen years ago it must be,--and there it still is, with every summer a melodious family in it adorning the place and singing its praises. There"s a gift for you which cost the giver no money, but nothing which he bought could have been as good."]
[Footnote 463: Sin offering. Under the Hebrew law, a sacrifice or offering for sin. See Leviticus xxiii. 19. Explain what Emerson means here by the word.]
[Footnote 464: Blackmail. What is "blackmail"? How may Christmas gifts, for instance, become a species of blackmail?]
[Footnote 465: Brother, if Jove, etc. In the Greek legend, Epimetheus gives this advice to his brother Prometheus. The lines are taken from a translation of _Works and Days_, by the Greek poet, Hesiod.]
[Footnote 466: Timons. Here used in the sense of wealthy givers.
Timon, the hero of Shakespeare"s play, _Timon of Athens_, wasted his fortune in lavish gifts and entertainments, and in his poverty was exposed to the ingrat.i.tude of those whom he had served. He became morose and died in miserable retirement.]
[Footnote 467: It is a very onerous business, etc. One of Emerson"s favorite pa.s.sages in the essays of Montaigne, a French writer, was this: "Oh, how am I obliged to Almighty G.o.d, who has been pleased that I should immediately receive all I have from his bounty, and particularly reserved all my obligation to himself! How instantly do I beg of his holy compa.s.sion that I may never owe a real thanks to anyone. O happy liberty in which I have thus far lived! May it continue with me to the last. I endeavor to have no need of any one."
When Emerson, in his old age, had his house injured by fire, his friends contributed funds to repair it and to send him to England. The gift was proffered graciously and accepted gratefully.]
[Footnote 468: Buddhist. A follower of Buddha, a Hindoo religious teacher of the fifth century before Christ.]
NATURE
[Footnote 469: Nature. Emerson"s first published volume was a little book of essays, ent.i.tled _Nature_, which appeared in 1836. In the years which followed, he thought more deeply on the subject and, according to his custom, made notes about it and entries in his journals. In the winter of 1843 he delivered a lecture on _Relation to Nature_, and it is probable that this essay is built up from that. The plan of it, however, had been long in his mind: In 1840 he wrote in his journal: "I think I must do these eyes of mine the justice to write a new chapter on Nature. This delight we all take in every show of night or day or field or forest or sea or city, down to the lowest particulars, is not without sequel, though we be as yet only wishers and gazers, not at all knowing what we want. We are predominated here as elsewhere by an upper wisdom, and resemble those great discoverers who are haunted for years, sometimes from infancy, with a pa.s.sion for the fact, or cla.s.s of facts in which the secret lies which they are destined to unlock, and they let it not go until the blessing is won.
So these sunsets and starlights, these swamps and rocks, these bird notes and animal forms off which we cannot get our eyes and ears, but hover still, as moths round a lamp, are no doubt a Sanscrit cipher covering the whole religious history of the universe, and presently we shall read it off into action and character. The pastures are full of ghosts for me, the morning woods full of angels."]
[Footnote 470: There are days, etc. The pa.s.sage in Emerson"s journal is hardly less beautiful. Under date of October 30, 1841, he wrote: "On this wonderful day when heaven and earth seem to glow with magnificence, and all the wealth of all the elements is put under contribution to make the world fine, as if Nature would indulge her offspring, it seemed ungrateful to hide in the house. Are there not dull days enough in the year for you to write and read in, that you should waste this glittering season when Florida and Cuba seem to have left their glittering seats and come to visit us with all their shining hours, and almost we expect to see the jasmine and cactus burst from the ground instead of these last gentians and asters which have loitered to attend this latter glory of the year? All insects are out, all birds come forth, the very cattle that lie on the ground seem to have great thoughts, and Egypt and India look from their eyes."]
[Footnote 471: Halcyons. Halcyon days, ones of peace and tranquillity; anciently, days of calm weather in mid-winter, when the halcyon, or kingfisher, was supposed to brood. It was fabled that this bird laid its eggs in a nest that floated on the sea, and that it charmed the winds and waves to make them calm while it brooded.]
[Footnote 472: Indian Summer. Calm, dry, hazy weather which comes in the autumn in America. The Century Dictionary says it was called Indian Summer because the season was most marked in the sections of the upper eastern Mississippi valley inhabited by Indians about the time the term became current.]
[Footnote 473: Gabriel. One of the seven archangels. The Hebrew name means "G.o.d is my strong one."]
[Footnote 474: Uriel. Another of the seven archangels; the name means "Light of G.o.d."]
[Footnote 475: Converts all trees to wind-harps. Compare with this pa.s.sage the lines in Emerson"s poem, _Woodnotes_:
"And the countless leaves of the pines are strings Tuned to the lay the wood-G.o.d sings."
[Footnote 476: The village. Concord, Ma.s.sachusetts. Emerson"s home the greater part of the time from 1832 till his death.]