[103] Tom. ix. p. 107 and following pages (during which he rails at the new world generally), 1761.
[104] Tom. ix. p. 127, 1761.
[105] Tom. xi. p. 290, 1764 (misprinted on t.i.tle-page 1754).
[106] Ibid. p. 296.
[107] Ibid. p. 363.
[108] Ibid. p. 363.
[109] Tom. xi. p. 370, 1764.
[110] Ibid. xii., preface, iv. 1764.
[111] Tom. xiii., preface, x. 1765.
[112] Tom. xiii., preface, iv. 1765.
[113] Ibid. xiii. p. 37.
[114] See p. 80 of this volume.
[115] Tom. xiv. p. 30, 1766.
[116] Tom. xiv. p. 31, 1766.
[117] Ibid. p. 32, 1766.
[118] Tom. xiv. p. 38, 1766.
[119] Ibid. p. 42, 1766.
[120] Tom. xiv. p. 316, 1766.
[121] Ibid. p. 317.
[122] Tom. xiv. p. 326, 1766.
[123] Ibid. p. 327.
[124] Tom. xiv. p. 333.
[125] Ibid. p. 335, 1766.
[126] See p. 80 of this volume.
[127] Tom. xiv. p. 358, 1766.
[128] Tom. xiv. p. 374, 1766.
[129] "Hist. Nat.," Sup. tom. v. p. 27, 1778.
[130] Sup. tom. v. p. 187, 1778.
[131] Sup. tom. v. p. 250, 1778.
[132] Sup. tom. v. p. 253, 1778.
[133] "Oiseaux," tom. i., preface, v. 1770.
[134] Ibid. pp. 9-11.
[135] "Oiseaux," tom. i. pp. 394, 395.
[136] Ibid. p. 396, 1771.
CHAPTER XII.
SKETCH OF DR. ERASMUS DARWIN"S LIFE.
Proceeding now to the second of the three founders of the theory of evolution, I find, from a memoir by Dr. Dowson, that Dr. Erasmus Darwin was born at Elston, near Newark, in Nottinghamshire, on the 12th of December, 1731, being the seventh child and fourth son of Robert Darwin, "a private gentleman, who had a taste for literature and science, which he endeavoured to impart to his sons. Erasmus received his early education at Chesterfield School, and later on was entered at St. John"s College, Cambridge, where he obtained a scholarship of about 16_l._ a year, and distinguished himself by his poetical exercises, which he composed with uncommon facility. He took the degree of M.B. there in 1755, and afterwards prepared himself for the practice of medicine by attendance on the lectures of Dr. Hunter in London, and a course of studies in Edinburgh.
"He first settled as a physician at Nottingham; but meeting with no success there, he removed in the autumn of 1756, his twenty-fifth year, to Lichfield, where he was more fortunate; for a few weeks after his arrival, to use the words of Miss Seward, "he brilliantly opened his career of fame." A young gentleman of family and fortune lay sick of a dangerous fever. A physician who had for many years possessed the confidence of Lichfield and the neighbourhood attended, but at length p.r.o.nounced the case hopeless, and took his leave. Dr. Darwin was then called in, and by "a reverse and entirely novel kind of treatment" the patient recovered."[137]
Of Dr. Darwin"s personal appearance Miss Seward says:--
"He was somewhat above the middle size; his form athletic, and inclined to corpulence; his limbs were too heavy for exact proportion; the traces of a severe smallpox disfigured features and a countenance which, when they were not animated by social pleasure, were rather saturnine than sprightly; a stoop in the shoulders, and the then professional appendage--a large full-bottomed wig--gave at that early period of life an appearance of nearly twice the years he bore. Florid health and the earnest of good humour, a funny smile on entering a room and on first accosting his friends, rendered in his youth that exterior agreeable, to which beauty and symmetry had not been propitious.
"He stammered extremely, but whatever he said, whether gravely or in jest, was always well worth waiting for, though the inevitable impression it made might not be always pleasant to individual self-love.
Conscious of great native elevation above the general standard of intellect, he became early in life sore upon opposition, whether in argument or conduct, and always resented it by sarcasm of very keen edge. Nor was he less impatient of the sallies of egotism and vanity, even when they were in so slight a degree that strict politeness would rather tolerate than ridicule them. Dr. Darwin seldom failed to present their caricature in jocose but wounding irony. If these ingredients of colloquial despotism were discernible in _unworn_ existence, they increased as it advanced, fed by an ever growing reputation within and without the pale of medicine."[138]
I imagine that this portrait is somewhat too harshly drawn. Dr. Darwin"s taste for English wines is the worst trait which I have been able to discover in his character. On this head Miss Seward tells us that "he despised the prejudice which deems foreign wines more wholesome than the wines of the country. "If you must drink wine," said he, "let it be home-made."" "It is well known," she continues, "that Dr. Darwin"s influence and example have sobered the county of Derby; that intemperance in fermented fluid of every species is almost unknown among its gentlemen,"[139] which, if he limited them to cowslip wine, is hardly to be wondered at.
Dr. Dowson, quoting Miss Edgeworth, says that Dr. Darwin attributed almost all the diseases of the upper cla.s.ses to the too great use of fermented liquors. "This opinion he supported in his writings with the force of his eloquence and reason; and still more in conversation by all those powers of wit, satire, and peculiar humour, which never appeared fully to the public in his works, but which gained him strong ascendancy in private society.... When he heard that my father was bilious, he suspected that this must be the consequence of his having, since his residence in Ireland, and in compliance with the fashion of the country, indulged too freely in drinking. His letter, I remember, concluded with, "Farewell, my dear friend; G.o.d keep you from whisky--if He can.""[140]
On the other hand, Dr. Darwin seems to have been a very large eater.
"Acid fruits with sugar, and all sorts of creams and b.u.t.ter were his luxuries; but he always ate plentifully of animal food. This liberal alimentary regimen he prescribed to people of every age where unvitiated appet.i.te rendered them capable of following it; even to infants."
Dr. Dowson writes:--
"I have mentioned already that he had in his carriage a receptacle for paper and pencils, with which he wrote as he travelled, and in one corner a pile of books; but he had also a receptacle for a knife, fork, and spoon, and in the other corner a hamper, containing fruit and sweetmeats, cream and sugar. He provided also for his horses by having a large pail lashed to his carriage for watering them, as well as hay and oats to be eaten on the road. Mrs. Schimmelpenninck says that when he came on a professional visit to her father"s house they had, as was the custom whenever he came, "a luncheon-table set out with hothouse fruits and West India sweetmeats, clotted cream, stilton cheese, &c. While the conversation went on, the dishes in his vicinity were rapidly emptied, and what," she adds, "was my astonishment when, at the end of the three hours during which the meal had lasted, he expressed his joy at hearing the dressing bell, and hoped dinner would soon be announced." This was not mere gluttony; he thought an abundance, or what most people would consider a superabundance of food, conducive to health. "_Eat or be eaten_" is said to have been often his medical advice. He had especially a very high opinion of the nutritive value of sugar, and said "that if ever our improved chemistry should discover the art of making sugar from fossil or aerial matter without the a.s.sistance of vegetation, food for animals would then become as plentiful as water, and mankind might live upon the earth as thick as blades of gra.s.s, with no restraint to their numbers but want of room."--Botanic Garden, vol. i. p. 470."[141]
"Professional generosity," says Miss Seward, "distinguished Dr. Darwin"s practice. Whilst resident in Lichfield he always cheerfully gave to the priest and lay vicars of its cathedral and their families _his advice_, but never took fees from any of them. Diligently also did he attend the health of the poor in that city, and afterwards at Derby, and supplied their necessities by food, and all sort of charitable a.s.sistance. In each of those towns _his_ was the cheerful board of almost open-housed hospitality, without extravagance or parade; generosity, wit, and science were his household G.o.ds."[142]