Lamarck makes no exception in man"s favour to the rule of descent with modification. He supposes that a race of quadrumanous apes gradually acquired the upright position in walking, with a corresponding modification of the feet and facial angle. Such a race having become master of all the other animals, spread itself over all parts of the world that suited it. It hunted out the other higher races which were in a condition to dispute with it for enjoyment of the world"s productions, and drove them to take refuge in such places as it did not desire to occupy. It checked the increase of the races nearest itself, and kept them exiled in woods and desert places, so that their further development was arrested, while itself, able to spread in all directions, to multiply without opposition, and to lead a social life, it developed new requirements one after another, which urged it to industrial pursuits, and gradually perfected its capabilities.
Eventually this pre-eminent race, having acquired absolute supremacy, came to be widely different from even the most perfect of the lower animals.
"Certain apes approach man more nearly than any other animal approaches him; nevertheless, they are far inferior to him, both in bodily and mental capacity. Some of them frequently stand upright, but as they do not habitually maintain this att.i.tude, their organization has not been sufficiently modified to prevent it from being irksome to them to stand for long together. They fall on all fours immediately at the approach of danger. This reveals their true origin.[317]
"But is the upright position altogether natural, even to man? He uses it in moving from place to place, but still standing is a fatiguing position, and one which can only be maintained for a limited time, and by the aid of muscular contraction. The vertebrate column does not pa.s.s through the axis of the head so as to maintain it in like equilibrium with other limbs. The head, chest, stomach, and intestines weigh almost entirely on the anterior part of the vertebrate column, and this column itself is placed obliquely, so that, as M. Richerand has observed, continual watchfulness and muscular exertion are necessary to avoid the falls towards which the weight and disposition of our parts are continually inclining us. "Children," he remarks, "have a constant tendency to a.s.sume the position of quadrupeds.""[318]
"Surely these facts should reveal man"s origin as a.n.a.logous to that of the other mammals, if his organization only be looked to. But the following consideration must be added. New wants, developed in societies which had become numerous, must have correspondingly multiplied the ideas of this dominant race, whose individuals must have therefore gradually felt the need of fuller communication with each other. Hence the necessity for increasing and varying the number of the signs suitable for mutual understanding. It is plain therefore that incessant efforts would be made in this direction.[319]
"The lower animals, though often social, have been kept in too great subjection for any such development of power. They continue, therefore, stationary as regards their wants and ideas, very few of which need be communicated from one individual to another. A few movements of the body, a few simple cries and whistles, or inflexions of voice, would suffice for their purpose. With the dominant race, on the other hand, the continued multiplication of ideas which it was desirable to communicate rapidly, would exhaust the power of pantomimic gesture and of all possible inflexions of the voice--therefore by a succession of efforts this race arrived at the utterance of articulate sounds. A few only would be at first made use of, and these would be supplemented by inflexions of the voice: presently they would increase in number, variety, and appropriateness, with the increase of needs and of the efforts made to speak. Habitual exercise would increase the power of the lips and tongue to articulate distinctly.
"The diversity of language is due to geographical distribution, with consequent greater or less isolation of certain races, and corruption of the signs originally agreed upon for each idea. Man"s own wants, therefore, will have achieved the whole result. They will have given rise to endeavour, and habitual use will have developed the organs of articulation."[320]
How, let me ask again, is "the case of neuter insects" "demonstrative"
against the "well-known" theory put forward in the foregoing chapter?
FOOTNOTES:
[208] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i., edited by M. Martins, 1873, pp. 25, 26.
[209] "Phil. Zool." tom. i. pp. 26, 27.
[210] Page 28.
[211] Pages 28-31.
[212] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. pp. 34, 35.
[213] Page 42.
[214] Page 46.
[215] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 50.
[216] Pages 50, 51.
[217] "Origin of Species," p. 395, ed. 1876.
[218] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 61.
[219] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 62.
[220] Page 63.
[221] Page 64.
[222] Page 65.
[223] Page 67.
[224] Chap. iii.
[225] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 72.
[226] Pages 71-73.
[227] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 74, 75.
[228] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. pp. 75-77.
[229] "Origin of Species," p. 104, ed. 1876.
[230] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 79.
[231] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. pp. 79, 80.
[232] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 80.
[233] Page 80.
[234] Ed. 1876.
[235] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 81.
[236] "Origin of Species," p. 241.
[237] "Phil. Zool.," p. 82.
[238] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 83.
[239] Pages 349-351.
[240] Page 84.
[241] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 88.
[242] Page 90.
[243] "Origin of Species," p. 3.
[244] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 94.
[245] Pages 95-96.
[246] Page 97.
[247] Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 98.
[248] "Phil. Zool.," tom. i. p. 111.