"Dreams to Eliza bend thy airy flight, Go, tell my charmer all my tender fears, How love"s fond woes alarm the silent night, And steep my pillow in unpitied tears."
Unwilling as I am to extend this memoir, I must give Miss Seward"s criticism on the foregoing.
"The second verse of this charming elegy affords an instance of Dr.
Darwin"s too exclusive devotion to distinct picture in poetry; that it sometimes betrayed him into bringing objects so precisely to the eye as to lose in such precision their power of striking forcibly on the heart.
The pathos in the second verse is much injured by the words "mimic lace," which allude to the perforated borders on the shroud. The expression is too minute for the solemnity of the subject. Certainly it cannot be natural for a shocked and agitated mind to observe, or to describe with such petty accuracy. Besides, the allusion is not sufficiently obvious. The reader pauses to consider what the poet means by "mimic lace." Such pauses deaden sensation and break the course of attention. A friend of the doctor"s pleaded greatly that the line might run thus:--
"On her wan brow the _shadowy c.r.a.pe_ was tied;"
but the alteration was rejected. Inattention to the rules of grammar in the first verse was also pointed out to him at the same time. The dream is addressed:
"Dread dream, that clasped my aching head,"
but nothing is said to it, and therefore the sense is left unfinished, while the elegy proceeds to give a picture of the lifeless beauty. The same friend suggested a change which would have remedied the defect.
Thus:--
"Dread _was the dream_ that in the midnight air Clasped with its dusky wing my aching head, While to" &c., &c.
"Hence not only the grammatic error would have been done away, but the grating sound produced by the near alliteration of the harsh _dr_ in "_dr_ead _dr_eam" removed, by placing those words at a greater distance from each other.
"This alteration was, for the same reason, rejected. The doctor would not spare the word _hovering_, which he said strengthened the picture; but surely the image ought not to be elaborately precise, by which a dream is transformed into an animal with black wings."[150]
Then Mrs. Pole got well, and the doctor wrote more verses and Miss Seward more criticism. It was not for nothing that Dr. Johnson came down to Lichfield.
In 1780 Colonel Pole died, and his widow, still young, handsome, witty, and--for those days--rich, was in no want of suitors.
"Colonel Pole," says Miss Seward, "had numbered twice the years of his fair wife. His temper was said to have been peevish and suspicious; yet not beneath those circ.u.mstances had her kind and cheerful attentions to him grown cold or remiss. He left her a jointure of 600_l._ per annum, a son to inherit his estate, and two female children amply portioned.
"Mrs. Pole, it has already been remarked, had much vivacity and sportive humour, with very engaging frankness of temper and manners. Early in her widowhood she was rallied in a large company upon Dr. Darwin"s pa.s.sion for her, and was asked what she would do with her captive philosopher.
"He is not very fond of churches, I believe," said she, "and even if he would go there for my sake, I shall scarcely follow him. He is too old for me." "Nay, Madam," was the answer, "what are fifteen years on the right side?" She replied, with an arch smile, "I have had so _much_ of that right side."
"This confession was thought inauspicious for the doctor"s hopes, but it did not prove so. The triumph of intellect was complete."[151]
Mrs. Pole had taken a strong dislike to Lichfield, and had made it a condition of her marriage that Dr. Darwin should not reside there after he had married her. In 1781, therefore, immediately after his marriage, he removed to Derby, and continued to live there till a fortnight before his death.
Here he wrote "The Botanic Garden" and a great part of the "Zoonomia."
Those who wish for a detailed a.n.a.lysis of "The Botanic Garden" can hardly do better than turn to Miss Seward"s pages. Opening them at random, I find the following:--
"The mention of Brindley, the father of commercial ca.n.a.ls, has propriety as well as happiness. Similitude for their course to the sinuous track of a serpent, produces a fine picture of a gliding animal of that species, and it is succeeded by these supremely happy lines:--
""So with strong arms immortal Brindley leads His long ca.n.a.ls, and parts the velvet meads; Winding in lucid lines, the watery ma.s.s Mines the firm rock, or loads the deep mora.s.s;"[152]
&c. &c. &c.
"The mechanism of the pump is next described with curious ingenuity.
Common as is the machine, it is not unworthy a place in this splendid composition, as being, after the sinking of wells, the earliest of those inventions, which in situations of exterior aridness gave ready accession to water. This familiar object is ill.u.s.trated by a picture of Maternal Beauty administering sustenance to her infant."[153]
Here we will leave the poetical part of the "Botanic Garden." The notes, however, to which are "still," as Dr. Dowson says, "instructive and amusing," and contain matter which, at the time they were written, was for the most part new.
Of the "Zoonomia" there is no occasion to speak here, as a sufficient number of extracts from those parts that concern us as bearing upon evolution will be given presently.
On the 18th of April, 1802, Dr. Darwin had written "one page of a very sprightly letter to Mr. Edgeworth, describing the Priory and his purposed alterations there, when the fatal signal was given. He rang the bell and ordered the servant to send Mrs. Darwin to him. She came immediately, with his daughter, Miss Emma Darwin. They saw him shivering and pale. He desired them to send to Derby for his surgeon, Mr. Hadley.
They did so, but all was over before he could arrive.
"It was reported at Lichfield that, perceiving himself growing rapidly worse, he said to Mrs. Darwin, "My dear, you must bleed me instantly."
"Alas! I dare not, lest--" "Emma, will you? There is no time to be lost." "Yes, my dear father, if you will direct me." At that moment he sank into his chair and expired."[154]
Dr. Dowson gives the letter to Mr. Edgeworth, which is as follows:--
"Dear Edgeworth,
"I am glad to find that you still amuse yourself with mechanism, in spite of the troubles of Ireland.
"The _use_ of turning aside or downwards the claw of a table, I don"t see; as it must then be reared against a wall, for it will not stand alone. If the use be for carriage, the feet may shut up, like the usual bra.s.s feet of a reflecting telescope.
"We have all been now removed from Derby about a fortnight, to the Priory, and all of us like our change of situation. We have a pleasant house, a good garden, ponds full of fish, and a pleasing valley, somewhat like Shenstone"s--deep, umbrageous, and with a talkative stream running down it. Our house is near the top of the valley, well screened by hills from the east and north, and open to the south, where at four miles distance we see Derby tower.
"Four or more strong springs rise near the house, and have formed the valley which, like that of Petrarch, may be called Val Chiusa, as it begins, or is shut at the situation of the house. I hope you like the description, and hope farther that yourself and any part of your family will sometimes do us the pleasure of a visit.
"Pray tell the auth.o.r.ess" (Miss Maria Edgeworth) "that the water-nymphs of our valley will be happy to a.s.sist her next novel.
"My bookseller, Mr. Johnson, will not begin to print the "Temple of Nature" till the price of paper is fixed by Parliament. I suppose the present duty is paid...."
At these words Dr. Darwin"s pen stopped. What followed was written on the opposite side of the paper by another hand.
FOOTNOTES:
[137] "Sketch, &c., of Erasmus Darwin," pp. 3, 4.
[138] Miss Seward"s "Memoirs of Dr. Darwin," p. 3.
[139] Ibid.
[140] Dr. Dowson"s "Sketch of Dr. Erasmus Darwin," p. 50.
[141] Dr. Dowson"s "Sketch of Dr. Darwin," p. 53.
[142] Miss Seward"s "Memoirs," &c., p. 6.
[143] "Memoirs," &c., p. 14.
[144] "Memoirs," &c., p. 21.
[145] "Memoirs," &c., p. 62.