The governor of a Crown Colony may attach some importance to colonial opinion, but he reports home; and it is what the people in Downing Street will say that he thinks about. We have to report home; and it is the King whom we serve, to whom we have to give an account. The gladiator, down in the arena, did not much mind whether the thumbs of the populace were up or down, though the one was the signal for his life and the other for his death. He looked to the place where, between the purple curtains and the flashing axes of the lictors, the emperor sate. Our Emperor once was down on the sand Himself, and although we are "compa.s.sed about with a cloud of witnesses," we look to the Christ, the supreme Arbiter, and take acquittal or condemnation, life or death, from Him.
That judgment, persistent all through each of our lives, is preliminary to the future tribunal and sentence. The Apostle employs in this context two distinct words, both of which are translated in our version "judge." The one which is used in these three clauses, on which I have been commenting, means a preliminary examination, and the one which is used in the next verse means a final decisive trial and sentence. So, dear brethren, Christ is gathering materials for His final sentence; and you and I are writing the depositions which will be adduced in evidence. Oh! how little all that the world may have said about a man will matter then! Think of a man standing before that great white throne, and saying, "I held a very high place in the estimation of my neighbours. The newspapers and the reviews blew my trumpet a.s.siduously. My name was carved upon the plinth of a marble statue, that my fellow-citizens set up in honour of my many virtues,"--and the name was illegible centuries before the statue was burned in the last fire!
Brother! seek for the praise from Him, which is praise indeed. If He says, "Well done, good and faithful servant," it matters little what censures men may pa.s.s on us. If He says, "I never knew you," all their praises will not avail. "Wherefore we labour that, whether present or absent, we may be well-pleasing to Him."
THE FESTAL LIFE
"Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven ... but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth."--1 COR. v. 8.
There had been hideous immorality in the Corinthian Church. Paul had struck at it with heat and force, sternly commanding the exclusion of the sinner. He did so on the ground of the diabolical power of infection possessed by evil, and ill.u.s.trated that by the very obvious metaphor of leaven, a morsel of which, as he says, "will leaven the whole lump," or, as we say, "batch." But the word "leaven" drew up from the depths of his memory a host of sacred a.s.sociations connected with the Jewish Pa.s.sover. He remembered the sedulous hunting in every Jewish house for every sc.r.a.p of leavened matter; the slaying of the Paschal Lamb, and the following feast. Carried away by these a.s.sociations, he forgets the sin in the Corinthian Church for a moment, and turns to set forth, in the words of the text, a very deep and penetrating view of what the Christian life is, how it is sustained, and what it demands. "Wherefore," says he, "let us keep the feast ... with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth."
That "wherefore" takes us back to the words before it, And what are these? "Christ our Pa.s.sover is sacrificed for us"; therefore--because of that sacrifice, to us is granted the power, and on us is laid imperatively the obligation, to make life a festival and to purge ourselves. Now, in the notion of a feast, there are two things included--joy and plentiful sustenance. So there are three points here, which I have already indicated--what the Christian life is, a festival; on what it is sustained, the Paschal Sacrifice; what it demands, scrupulous purging out of the old leaven.
I. The Christian life ought to be a continual festival.
The Christian life a feast? It is more usually represented as a fight, a wrestle, a race; and such metaphors correspond, as it would appear, far more closely to the facts of our environment, and to the experiences of our hearts, than does such a metaphor as this. But the metaphor of the festival goes deeper than that of the fight or race, and it does not ignore the strenuous and militant side of the Christian life. No man ever lived a more strenuous life than Paul; no man had heavier tasks, and did them more cheerily; no man had a sterner fight and fought it more bravely. There is nothing soft, Epicurean, or oblivious of the patent sad facts of humanity in the declaration that after all, beneath all, above all, central to all, the Christian life is a glad festival, when it is the life that it ought to be.
But you say, "Ah! it is all very well to call it so; but in the first place, continual joy is impossible in the presence of the difficulties, and often sadnesses, that meet us on our life"s path; and, in the second place, it is folly to tell us to pump up emotions, or to ignore the occasions for much heaviness and sorrow of heart."
True; but, still, it is possible to cultivate such a temper as makes life habitually joyful. We can choose the aspect under which we by preference and habitually regard our lives. All emotion follows upon a preceding thought, or sensible experience, and we can pick the objects of our thoughts, and determine what aspect of our lives to look at most.
The sky is often piled with stormy, heaped-up ma.s.ses of blackness, but between them are lakes of calm blue. We can choose whether we look at the clouds or at the blue. _These_ are in the lower ranges; _that_ fills infinite s.p.a.ces, upwards and out to the horizon. These are transient, eating themselves away even whilst we look, and black and thunderous as they may be, they are there but for a moment--that is perennial. If we are wise, we shall fix our gaze much rather on the blue than on the ugly cloud-rack that hides it, and thus shall minister to ourselves occasions for the n.o.ble kind of joy which is not noisy and boisterous, "like the crackling of thorns under a pot," and does not foam itself away by its very ebullience, but is calm like the grounds of it; still, like the heaven to which it looks; eternal, like the G.o.d on whom it is fastened. If we would only steadfastly remember that the one source of worthy and enduring joy is G.o.d Himself, and listen to the command, "Rejoice in the Lord,"
we should find it possible to "rejoice always." For that thought of Him, His sufficiency, His nearness, His encompa.s.sing presence, His prospering eye, His aiding hand, His gentle consolation, His enabling help will take the sting out of even the bitterest of our sorrows, and will brace us to sustain the heaviest, otherwise crushing burdens, and greatly to "rejoice, though now for a season we are in heaviness through manifold temptations." The Gulf Stream rushes into the northern hemisphere, melts the icebergs and warms the Polar seas, and so the joy of the Lord, if we set it before us as we can and should do, will minister to us a gladness which will make our lives a perpetual feast.
But there is another thing that we can do; that is, we can clearly recognise the occasions for sorrow in our experience, and yet interpret them by the truths of the Christian faith. That is to say, we can think of them, not so much as they tend to make us sad or glad, but as they tend to make us more a.s.sured of our possession of, more ardent in our love towards, and more submissive in our att.i.tude to, the all-ordering Love which is G.o.d. Brethren, if we thought of life, and all its incidents, even when these are darkest and most threatening, as being what it and they indeed are, His training of us into capacity for fuller blessedness, because fuller possession of Himself, we should be less startled at the commandment, "Rejoice in the Lord always," and should feel that it was possible, though the figtree did not blossom, and there was no fruit in the vine, though the flocks were cut off from the pastures, and the herds from the stall, yet to rejoice in the G.o.d of our salvation. Rightly understood and pondered on, all the darkest pa.s.sages of life are but like the cloud whose blackness determines the brightness of the rainbow on its front. Rightly understood and reflected on, these will teach us that the paradoxical commandment, "Count it all joy that ye fall into divers temptations," is, after all, the voice of true wisdom speaking at the dictation of a clear-eyed faith.
This text, since it is a commandment, implies that obedience to it, and therefore the realisation of this continual festal aspect of life, is very largely in our own power. Dispositions differ, some of us are const.i.tutionally inclined to look at the blacker, and some at the brighter, side of our experiences. But our Christianity is worth little unless it can modify, and to some extent change, our natural tendencies. The joy of the Lord being our strength, the cultivation of joy in the Lord is largely our duty. Christian people do not sufficiently recognise that it is as inc.u.mbent on them to seek after this continual fountain of calm and heavenly joy flowing through their lives, as it is to cultivate some of the more recognised virtues and graces of Christian conduct and character.
Secondly, we have here--
II. The Christian life is a continual feeding on a sacrifice.
"Christ our Pa.s.sover is sacrificed for us. Wherefore let us keep the feast." It is very remarkable that this is the only place in Paul"s writings where he articulately p.r.o.nounces that the Paschal Lamb is a type of Jesus Christ. There is only one other instance in the New Testament where that is stated with equal clearness and emphasis, and that is in John"s account of the Crucifixion, where he recognises the fact that Christ died with limbs unbroken, as being a fulfilment, in the New Testament sense of that word, of what was enjoined in regard to the ant.i.type, "a bone of him shall not be broken."
But whilst the definite statement which precedes my text that Christ is "our Pa.s.sover," and "sacrificed for us" as such, is unique in Paul"s writings, the thought to which it gives clear and crystallised expression runs through the whole of the New Testament. It underlies the Lord"s Supper. Did you ever think of how great was the self-a.s.sertion of Jesus Christ when He laid His hand on that sacredest of Jewish rites, which had been established, as the words of the inst.i.tution of it say, to be "a perpetual memorial through all generations," brushed it on one side, and in effect, said: "You do not need to remember the Pa.s.sover any more. I am the true Paschal Lamb, whose blood sprinkled on the doorposts averts the sword of the destroying Angel, whose flesh, partaken of, gives immortal life.
Remember Me, and this do in remembrance of Me." The Lord"s Supper witnesses that Jesus thought Himself to be what Paul tells the Corinthians that He is, even our Pa.s.sover, sacrificed for us. But the point to be observed is this, that just as in that ancient ritual, the lamb slain became the food of the Israelites, so with us the Christ who has died is to be the sustenance of our souls, and of our Christian life. "Therefore let us keep the feast."
Feed upon Him; that is the essential central requirement for all Christian life, and what does feeding on Him mean? "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?" said the Jews, and the answer is plain now, though so obscure then. The flesh which He gave for the life of the world in His death, must by us be taken for the very nourishment of our souls, by the simple act of faith in Him. That is the feeding which brings not only sustenance but life. Christ"s death for us is the basis, but it is only the basis, of Christ"s living in us, and His death for me is of no use at all to me unless He that died for me lives in me. We feed on Him by faith, which not only trusts to the Sacrifice as atoning for sin, but feeds on it as communicating and sustaining eternal life--"Christ our Pa.s.sover is sacrificed for us, wherefore let us keep the Feast."
Again, we keep the feast when our minds feed upon Christ by contemplation of what He is, what He has done, what He is doing, what He will do; when we take Him as "the Master-light of all our seeing,"
and in Him, His words and works, His Pa.s.sion, Resurrection, Ascension, Session as Sovereign at the right hand of G.o.d, find the perfect revelation of what G.o.d is, the perfect discovery of what man is, the perfect disclosure of what sin is, the perfect prophecy of what man may become, the Light of light, the answer to every question that our spirits can put about the loftiest verities of G.o.d and man, the universe and the future. We feed on Christ when, with lowly submission, we habitually subject thoughts, purposes, desires, to His authority, and when we let His will flow into, and make plastic and supple, our wills. We nourish our wills by submitting them to Jesus, and we feed on Him when we not only say "Lord! Lord!" but when we do the things that He says. We feed on Christ, when we let His great, sacred, all-wise, all-giving, all satisfying love flow into our restless hearts and make them still, enter into our vagrant affections and fix them on Himself. Thus when mind and conscience and will and heart all turn to Jesus, and in Him find their sustenance, we shall be filled with the feast of fat things which He has prepared for all people. With that bread we shall be satisfied, and with it only, for the husks of the swine are no food for the Father"s son, and we "spend our money for that which is not bread, and our labour for that which satisfieth not," if we look anywhere else than to the Paschal Lamb slain for us for the food of our souls.
III. The Christian life is a continual purging out of the old leaven.
I need not remind you how vivid and profoundly significant that emblem of leaven, as applied to all manner of evil, is. But let me remind you how, just as in the Jewish Ritual, the cleansing from all that was leavened was the essential pre-requisite to the partic.i.p.ation in the feast, feeding on Jesus Christ, as I have tried to describe it, is absolutely impossible unless our leaven is cleansed away. Children spoil their appet.i.tes for wholesome food by eating sweetmeats. Men destroy their capacity for feeding on Christ by hungry desires, and gluttonous satisfying of those desires with the delusive sweets of this pa.s.sing world. But, my brother, your experience, if you are a Christian man at all, will tell you that in the direct measure in which you have been drawn away into paltering with evil, your appet.i.te for Christ and your capacity for gazing upon Him, contemplating Him, feeding on Him, has died out. There comes a kind of constriction in a man"s throat when he is hungering after lesser good, especially when there is a tinge of evil in the supposed good that he is hungering after, which incapacitates Him from eating the bread of G.o.d, which is Jesus Christ.
But let us remember that absolute cleansing from all sin is not essential, in order to have real partic.i.p.ation in Jesus Christ. The Jew had to take every sc.r.a.p of leaven out of his house before he began the Pa.s.sover. If that were the condition for us, alas! for us all; but the effort after purity, though it has not entirely attained its aim, is enough. Sin abhorred does not prevent a man from partic.i.p.ating in the Bread that came down from heaven.
Then observe, too, that for this power to cleanse ourselves, we must have had some partic.i.p.ation in Christ, by which there is given to us that new life that conquers evil. In the words immediately preceding my text, the Apostle bases his injunction to purge out the old leaven on the fact that "ye are unleavened." Ideally, in so far as the power possessed by them was concerned, these Corinthians were unleavened, even whilst they were bid to purge out the leaven. That is to say, be what you are; realise your ideal, utilise the power you possess, and since by your faith there has been given to you a new life that can conquer all corruption and sin, see that you use the life that is given. Purge out the old leaven because ye are unleavened.
One last word--this stringent exhortation, which makes Christian effort after absolute purity a Christian duty, and the condition of partic.i.p.ation in the Paschal Lamb, is based upon that thought to which I have already referred, of the diabolical power of infection which Evil possesses. Either you must cast it out, or it will choke the better thing in you. It spreads and grows, and propagates itself, and works underground through and through the whole ma.s.s. A water-weed got into some of our ca.n.a.ls years ago, and it has all but choked some of them. The slime on a pond spreads its green mantle over the whole surface with rapidity. If we do not eject Evil it will eject the good from us. Use the implanted power to cast out this creeping, advancing evil. Sometimes a wine-grower has gone into his cellars, and found in a cask no wine, but a monstrous fungus into which all the wine had, in the darkness, pa.s.sed unnoticed. I fear some Christian people, though they do not know it, have something like that going on in them.
It is possible for us all to keep this perpetual festival. To live in, on, for, Jesus Christ will give us victory over enemies, burdens, sorrows, sins. We may, if we will, dwell in a calm zone where no tempests rage, hear a perpetual strain of sweet music persisting through thunder peals of sorrow and suffering, and find a table spread for us in the presence of our enemies, at which we shall renew our strength for conflict, and whence we shall rise to fight the good fight a little longer, till we sit with Him at His table in His Kingdom, and "eat, and live for ever."
FORMS _VERSUS_ CHARACTER
"Circ.u.mcision is nothing, and uncirc.u.mcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of G.o.d."--1 COR. vii. 19.
"For in Jesus Christ neither circ.u.mcision availeth anything, nor uncirc.u.mcision, but faith which worketh by love."--GAL. v. 6.
"For neither is circ.u.mcision anything, nor uncirc.u.mcision, but a new creature."--GAL. vi. 16 (R.V.).
The great controversy which embittered so much of Paul"s life, and marred so much of his activity, turned upon the question whether a heathen man could come into the Church simply by the door of faith, or whether he must also go through the gate of circ.u.mcision. We all know how Paul answered the question. Time, which settles all controversies, has settled that one so thoroughly that it is impossible to revive any kind of interest in it; and it may seem to be a pure waste of time to talk about it. But the principles that fought then are eternal, though the forms in which they manifest themselves vary with every varying age.
The Ritualist--using that word in its broadest sense--on the one hand, and the Puritan on the other, represent permanent tendencies of human nature; and we find to-day the old foes with new faces. These three pa.s.sages, which I have read, are Paul"s deliverance on the question of the comparative value of external rites and spiritual character. They are remarkable both for the ident.i.ty in the former part of each and for the variety in the latter. In all the three cases he affirms, almost in the same language, that "circ.u.mcision is nothing, and uncirc.u.mcision is nothing," that the Ritualist"s rite and the Puritan"s protest are equally insignificant in comparison with higher things. And then he varies the statement of what the higher things are, in a very remarkable and instructive fashion. The "keeping of the commandments of G.o.d," says one of the texts, is the all-important matter. Then, as it were, he pierces deeper, and in another of the texts (I take the liberty of varying their order) p.r.o.nounces that "a new creature" is the all-important thing. And then he pierces still deeper to the bottom of all, in the third text, and says the all-important thing is "faith which worketh by love."
I think I shall best bring out the force of these words by dealing first with that emphatic threefold proclamation of the nullity of all externalism; and then with the singular variations in the triple statement of what is essential, viz. spiritual conduct and character.
I. First, the emphatic proclamation of the nullity of outward rites.
"Circ.u.mcision is nothing, and uncirc.u.mcision is nothing," say two texts. "Circ.u.mcision availeth nothing, and uncirc.u.mcision availeth nothing," says the other. It neither is anything nor does anything.
Did Paul say that because circ.u.mcision was a Jewish rite? No. As I believe, he said it because it was _a rite_; and because he had learned that the one thing needful was spiritual character, and that no external ceremonial of any sort could produce that. I think we are perfectly warranted in taking this principle of my text, and in extending it beyond the limits of the Jewish rite about which Paul was speaking. For if you remember, he speaks about baptism, in the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians, in a precisely similar tone and for precisely the same reason, when he says, in effect, "I baptized Crispus and Gaius and the household of Stephanas, and I think these are all. I am not quite sure. I do not keep any kind of record of such things; G.o.d did not send me to baptize, He sent me to preach the Gospel."
The thing that produced the spiritual result was not the rite, but the truth, and therefore he felt that his function was to preach the truth and leave the rite to be administered by others. Therefore we can extend the principle here to all externalisms of worship, in all forms, in all churches, and say that in comparison with the essentials of an inward Christianity they are nothing and they do nothing.
They have their value. As long as we are here on earth, living in the flesh, we must have outward forms and symbolical rites. It is in Heaven that the seer "saw no temple." Our sense-bound nature requires, and thankfully avails itself of, the help of external rites and ceremonials to lift us up towards the Object of our devotion. A man prays all the better if he bow his head, shut his eyes, and bend his knees. Forms do help us to the realisation of the realities, and the truths which they express and embody. Music may waft our souls to the heavens, and pictures may stir deep thoughts. That is the simple principle on which the value of all external aids to devotion depends. They may be helps towards the appreciation of divine truth, and to the suffusing of the heart with devout emotions which may lead to building up a holy character.
There is a worth, therefore--an auxiliary and subordinate worth--in these things, and in that respect they are _not_ nothing, nor do they "avail nothing." But then all external rites tend to usurp more than belongs to them, and in our weakness we are apt to cleave to them, and instead of using them as means to lift us higher, to stay in them, and as a great many of us do, to mistake the mere gratification of taste and the excitement of the sensibilities for worship. A bit of stained gla.s.s may be glowing with angel-forms and pictured saints, but it always keeps some of the light out, and it always hinders us from seeing through it. And all external worship and form have so strong a tendency to usurp more than belongs to them, and to drag us down to their own level, even whilst we think that we are praying, that I believe the wisest man will try to pare down the externals of his worship to the lowest possible point. If there be as much body as will keep a soul in, as much form as will embody the spirit, that is all that we want. What is more is dangerous.
All form in worship is like fire, it is a good servant but it is a bad master, and it needs to be kept very rigidly in subordination, or else the spirituality of Christian worship vanishes before men know; and they are left with their dead forms which are only evils--crutches that make people limp by the very act of using them.
Now, my dear friends, when that has happened, when men begin to say, as the people in Paul"s time were saying about circ.u.mcision, and as people are saying in this day about Christian rites, that they are necessary, then it is needful to take up Paul"s ground and to say, "No! they are nothing!" They are useful in a certain place, but if you make them obligatory, if you make them essential, if you say that grace is miraculously conveyed through them, then it is needful that we should raise a strong note of protestation, and declare their absolute nullity for the highest purpose, that of making that spiritual character which alone is essential.
And I believe that this strange recrudescence--to use a modern word--of ceremonialism and aesthetic worship which we see all round about us, not only in the ranks of the Episcopal Church, but amongst Nonconformists, who are sighing for a less bare service, and here and there are turning their chapels into concert-rooms, and instead of preaching the Gospel are having "Services of Song" and the like--that all this makes it as needful to-day as ever it was to say to men: "Forms are not worship. Rites may crush the spirit. Men may yield to the sensuous impressions which they produce, and be lapped in an atmosphere of aesthetic emotion, without any real devotion."
Such externals are only worth anything if they make us grasp more firmly with our understandings and feel more profoundly with our hearts, the great truths of the Gospel. If they do that, they help; if they are not doing that, they hinder, and are to be fought against. And so we have again to proclaim to-day, as Paul did, "Circ.u.mcision is nothing," "but the keeping of the commandments of G.o.d."
Then notice with what remarkable fairness and boldness and breadth the Apostle here adds that other clause: "and uncirc.u.mcision is nothing." It is a very hard thing for a man whose life has been spent in fighting against an error, not to exaggerate the value of his protest. It is a very hard thing for a man who has been delivered from the dependence upon forms, not to fancy that his formlessness is what the other people think that their forms are. The Puritan who does not believe that a man can be a good man because he is a Ritualist or a Roman Catholic, is committing the very same error as the Ritualist or the Roman Catholic who does not believe that the Puritan can be a Christian unless he has been "christened." The two people are exactly the same, only the one has hold of the stick at one end, and the other at the other. There may be as much idolatry in superst.i.tious reliance upon the bare worship as in the advocacy of the ornate; and many a Nonconformist who fancies that he has "never bowed the knee to Baal" is as true an idol-worshipper in his superst.i.tious abhorrence of the ritualism that he sees in other communities, as are the men who trust in it the most.
It is a large attainment in Christian character to be able to say with Paul, "Circ.u.mcision is nothing, and my own favourite point of uncirc.u.mcision is nothing either. Neither the one side nor the other touches the essentials."
II. Now let us look at the threefold variety of the designation of these essentials here.