The shallow character of the governor"s awe and interest is clearly seen from the immediate change of tone to arrogant reminder of his absolute authority. "To me dost Thou not speak?" The pride of offended dignity peeps out there. He has forgotten that a moment since he half suspected that the prisoner, whom he now seeks to terrify with the cross, and to allure with deliverance, was perhaps come from some misty heaven. Was that a temper which would have received Christ"s answer to his question?
But one thing he might be made to perceive, and therefore Jesus broke silence for the only time in this section, and almost the only time before Pilate. He reads the arrogant Roman the lesson which he and all his tribe in all lands and ages need--that their power is derived from G.o.d, therefore in its foundation legitimate, and in its exercise to be guided by His will and used for His purposes. It was G.o.d who had brought the Roman eagles, with their ravening beaks and strong claws, to the Holy City. Pilate was right in exercising jurisdiction over Jesus. Let him see that he exercised justice, and let him remember that the power which he boasted that he "had" was "given." The truth as to the source of power made the guilt of Caiaphas or of the rulers the greater, inasmuch as they had neglected the duties to which they had been appointed, and by handing over Jesus on a charge which they themselves should have searched out, had been guilty of "theocratic felony." This sudden flash of bold rebuke, reminding Pilate of his dependence, and charging him with the lesser but yet real "sin," went deeper than any answer to his question would have done, and spurred him to more earnest effort, as John points out. He "sought to release Him,"
as if formerly he had been rather simply unwilling to condemn than anxious to deliver.
IV. So the scene changes again to outside. Pilate went out alone, leaving Jesus within, and was met before he had time, as would appear, to speak, by the final irresistible weapon which the rulers had kept in reserve. An accusation of treason was only too certain to be listened to by the suspicious tyrant who was then Emperor, especially if brought by the authorities of a subject nation. Many a provincial governor had had but a short shrift in such a case, and Pilate knew that he was a ruined man if these implacable zealots howling before him went to Tiberius with such a charge. So the die was cast. With rage in his heart, no doubt, and knowing that he was sacrificing "innocent blood"
to save himself, he turned away from the victorious mob, apparently in silence, and brought Jesus out once more. He had no more words to say to his prisoner. Nothing remained but the formal act of sentence, for which he seated himself, with a poor a.s.sumption of dignity, yet feeling all the while, no doubt, what a contemptible surrender he was making.
Judgment-seats and mosaic pavements do not go far to secure reverence for a judge who is no better than an a.s.sa.s.sin, killing an innocent man to secure his own ends. Pilate"s sentence fell most heavily on himself.
If "the judge is condemned when the guilty is acquitted," he is tenfold condemned when the innocent is sentenced.
Pilate returned to his sarcastic mood when he returned to his injustice, and found some satisfaction in his old jeer, "your King."
But the pa.s.sion of hatred was too much in earnest to be turned or even affected by such poor scoffs, and the only answer was the renewed roar of the mob, which had murder in its tone. The repet.i.tion of the governor"s taunt, "Shall I crucify your King?" brought out the answer in which the rulers of the nation in their fury blindly flung away their prerogative. It is no accident that it was "the chief priests"
who answered, "We have no king but Caesar." Driven by hate, they deliberately disown their Messianic hope, and repudiate their national glory. They who will not have Christ have to bow to a tyrant. Rebellion against Him brings slavery.
AN EYE-WITNESS"S ACCOUNT OF THE CRUCIFIXION
"And He bearing His cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: Where they crucified Him, and two other with Him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst. And Pilate wrote a t.i.tle, and put it on the cross. And the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. This t.i.tle then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that He said, I am King of the Jews. Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took His garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also His coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. They said therefore among themselves, Let us not rend it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be fulfilled, which saith, They parted My raiment among them, and for My vesture they did cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did. Now there stood by the cross of Jesus His mother, and his mother"s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. When Jesus therefore saw His mother, and the disciple standing by, whom He loved, He saith unto His mother, Woman, behold Thy Son! Then saith He to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home. After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the Scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst. Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to His mouth.
When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, He said, It is finished: and He bowed His head, and gave up the ghost."--JOHN xix. 17-30.
In great and small matters John"s account adds much to the narrative of the crucifixion. He alone tells of the attempt to have the t.i.tle on the Cross altered, of the tender entrusting of the Virgin to his care, and of the two "words" "I thirst" and "It is finished." He gives details which had been burned into his memory, such as Christ"s position "in the midst" of the two robbers, and the jar of "vinegar" standing by the crosses. He says little about the act of fixing Jesus to the Cross, but enlarges what the other Evangelists tell as to the soldiers "casting lots." He had heard what they said to one another. He alone distinctly tells that when He went forth, Jesus was bearing the Cross which afterwards Simon of Cyrene had to carry, probably because our Lord"s strength failed.
Who appointed the two robbers to be crucified at the same time? Not the rulers, who had no such power but probably Pilate, as one more shaft of sarcasm which was all the sharper both because it seemed to put Jesus in the same cla.s.s as they, and because they were of the same cla.s.s as the man of the Jews" choice, Barabbas, and possibly were two of his gang. Jesus was "in the midst," where He always is, completely identified with the transgressors, but central to all things and all men. As He was in the midst on the Cross, with a penitent on one hand and a rejecter on the other, He is still in the midst of humanity, and His judgment-seat will be as central as His Cross was.
All the Evangelists give the t.i.tle written over the Cross, but John alone tells that it was Pilate"s malicious invention. He thought that he was having a final fling at the priests, and little knew how truly his t.i.tle, which was meant as a bitter jest, was a fact. He had it put into the three tongues in use--"Hebrew," the national tongue; "Greek,"
the common medium of intercourse between varying nationalities; and "Latin" the official language. He did not know that he was proclaiming the universal dominion of Jesus, and prophesying that wisdom as represented by Greece, law and imperial power as represented by Rome, and all previous revelation as represented by Israel, would yet bow before the Crucified, and recognise that His Cross was His throne.
The "high-priests" winced, and would fain have had the t.i.tle altered.
Their wish once more denied Jesus, and added to their condemnation, but it did not move Pilate. It would have been well for him if he had been as firm in carrying out his convictions of justice as in abiding by his bitter jest. He was obstinate in the wrong place, partly because he was angry with the rulers, and partly to recover his self-respect, which had been damaged by his vacillation. But his stiff-necked speech had a more tragic meaning than he knew, for "what he had written" on his own life-page on that day could never be erased, and will confront him. We are all writing an imperishable record, and we shall have to read it out hereafter, and acknowledge our handwriting.
John next sets in strong contrast the two groups round the Cross--the stolid soldiers and the sad friends. The four legionaries went through their work as a very ordinary piece of military duty. They were well accustomed to crucify rebel Jews, and saw no difference between these three and former prisoners. They watched the pangs without a touch of pity, and only wished that death might come soon, and let them get back to their barracks. How blind men may be to what they are gazing at! If knowledge measures guilt, how slight the culpability of the soldiers!
They were scarcely more guilty than the mallet and nails which they used. The Sufferer"s clothes were their perquisite, and their division was conducted on cool business principles, and with utter disregard of the solemn nearness of death. Could callous indifference go further than to cast lots for the robe at the very foot of the Cross?
But the thing that most concerns us here is that Jesus submitted to that extremity of shame and humiliation, and hung there naked for all these hours, gazed on, while the light lasted, by a mocking crowd. He had set the perfect Pattern of lowly self-abnegation when, amid the disciples in the upper room, He had "laid aside His garments," but now He humbles Himself yet more, being clothed only "with shame." Therefore should we clothe Him with hearts" love. Therefore G.o.d has clothed Him with the robes of imperial majesty.
Another point emphasised by John is the fulfilment of prophecy in this act. The seamless robe, probably woven by loving hands, perhaps by some of the weeping women who stood there, was too valuable to divide, and it would be a moment"s pastime to cast lots for it. John saw, in the expedient naturally suggested to four rough men, who all wanted the robe but did not want to quarrel over it, a fulfilment of the cry of the ancient sufferer, who had lamented that his enemies made so sure of his death that they divided his garments and cast lots for his vesture.
But he was "wiser than he knew," and, while his words were to his own apprehension but a vivid metaphor expressing his desperate condition, "the Spirit which was in" him "did signify" by them "the sufferings of Christ." Theories of prophecy or sacrifice which deny the correctness of John"s interpretation have the New Testament against them, and a.s.sume to know more about the workings of inspiration than is either modest or scientific.
What a contrast the other group presents! John"s enumeration of the women may be read so as to mention four or three, according as "His mother"s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas," is taken to mean one woman or two. The latter is the more probable supposition, and it is also probable that the unnamed sister of our Lord"s mother was no other than Salome, John"s own mother. If so, entrusting Mary to John"s care would be the more natural. Tender care, joined with consciousness that henceforth the relation of son and mother was to be supplanted, not merely by Death"s separating fingers, but by faith"s uniting bond, breathed through the word, so loving yet so removing, "Woman, behold thy son!" Dying trust in the humble friend, which would go far to make the friend worthy of it, breathed in the charge, to which no form of address corresponding to "Woman" is prefixed. Jesus had nothing else to give as a parting gift, but He gave these two to each other, and enriched both. He showed His own loving heart, and implied His faithful discharge of all filial duties. .h.i.therto. And He taught us the lesson, which many of us have proved to be true, that losses are best made up when we hear Him pointing us by them to new offices of help to others, and that, if we will let Him, He will point us too to what will fill empty places in our hearts and homes.
The second of the words on the Cross which we owe to John is that pathetic expression, "I thirst." Most significant is the insight into our Lord"s consciousness which John, here as elsewhere, ventures to give. Not till He knew "that all things were accomplished" did He give heed to the pangs of thirst, which made so terrible a part of the torture of crucifixion. The strong will kept back the bodily cravings so long as any unfulfilled duty remained. Now Jesus had nothing to do but to die, and before He died He let flesh have one little alleviation. He had refused the stupefying draught which would have lessened suffering by dulling consciousness, but He asked for the draught which would momentarily slake the agony of parched lips and burning throat.
The words of verse 28 are not to be taken as meaning that Jesus said "I thirst" with the mere intention of fulfilling the Scripture. His utterance was the plaint of a real need, not a performance to fill a part. But it is John who sees in that wholly natural cry the fulfilment of the psalm (Ps. lxix. 21). All Christ"s bodily sufferings may be said to be summed up in this one word, the only one in which they found utterance. The same lips that said, "If any man thirst, let him come unto Me, and drink," said this. Infinitely pathetic in itself, that cry becomes almost awful in its appeal to us when we remember who uttered it, and why He bore these pangs. The very "Fountain of living water"
knew the pang of thirst that every one that thirsteth might come to the waters, and might drink, not water only, but "wine and milk, without money or price."
John"s last contribution to our knowledge of our Lord"s words on the Cross is that triumphant "It is finished," wherein there spoke, not only the common dying consciousness of life being ended, but the cert.i.tude, which He alone of all who have died, or will die, had the right to feel and utter, that every task was completed, that all G.o.d"s will was accomplished, all Messiah"s work done, all prophecy fulfilled, redemption secured, G.o.d and man reconciled. He looked back over all His life and saw no failure, no falling below the demands of the occasion, nothing that could have been bettered, nothing that should not have been there. He looked upwards, and even at that moment He heard in His soul the voice of the Father saying, "This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased!"
Christ"s work is finished. It needs no supplement. It can never be repeated or imitated while the world lasts, and will not lose its power through the ages. Let us trust to it as complete for all our needs, and not seek to strengthen "the sure foundation" which it has laid by any shifting, uncertain additions of our own. But we may remember, too, that while Christ"s work is, in one aspect, finished, when He bowed His head, and by His own will "gave up the ghost," in another aspect His work is not finished, nor will be, until the whole benefits of His incarnation and death are diffused through, and appropriated by, the world. He is working to-day, and long ages have yet to pa.s.s, in all probability, before the voice of Him that sitteth on the throne shall say "It is done!"
THE t.i.tLE ON THE CROSS
"Pilate wrote a t.i.tle also, and put it on the cross."--JOHN xix. 19.
This t.i.tle is recorded by all four Evangelists, in words varying in form but alike in substance. It strikes them all as significant that, meaning only to fling a jeer at his unruly subjects, Pilate should have written it, and proclaimed this Nazarene visionary to be He for whom Israel had longed through weary ages. John"s account is the fullest, as indeed his narrative of all Pilate"s shufflings is the most complete.
He alone records that the t.i.tle was tri-lingual (for the similar statement in the Authorised Version of Luke is not part of the original text). He alone gives the Jews" request for an alteration of the t.i.tle, and Pilate"s bitter answer. That angry reply betrays his motive in setting up such words over a crucified prisoner"s head. They were meant as a savage taunt of the Jews, not as an insult to Jesus, which would have been welcome to them. He seems to have regarded our Lord as a harmless enthusiast, to have had a certain liking for Him, and a languid curiosity as to Him, which came by degrees to be just tinged with awe as he felt that he could not quite make Him out. Throughout, he was convinced that His claim to be a king contained no menace for Caesar, and he would have let Jesus go but for fear of being misrepresented at Rome. He felt that the sacrifice of one more Jew was a small price to pay to avert his accusation to Caesar; he would have sacrificed a dozen such to keep his place. But he felt that he was being coerced to do injustice, and his anger and sense of humiliation find vent in that written taunt. It was a spurt of bad temper and a measure of his reluctance.
Besides the interest attaching to it as Pilate"s work, it seems to John significant of much that it should have been fastened on the Cross, and that it should have been in the three languages, Hebrew (Aramaic), Greek, and Latin.
Let us deal with three points in succession.
I. The t.i.tle as throwing light on the actors in the tragedy.
We may consider it, first, in its bearing on Jesus" claims. He was condemned by the priests on the theocratic charge of blasphemy, because He made Himself the Son of G.o.d. He was sentenced by Pilate on the civil charge of rebellion, which the priests brought against Him as an inference necessarily resulting from His claim to be the Son of G.o.d.
They drew the same conclusion as Nathanael did long before: "Rabbi, Thou art the Son of G.o.d," and therefore "Thou art the King of Israel."
And they were so far right that if the former designation is correct, the latter inevitably follows.
Both charges, then, turned on His personal claims. To Pilate He explained the nature of His kingdom, so as to remove any suspicion that it would bring Him and His subjects into collision with Rome, but He a.s.serted His kingship, and it was His own claim that gave Pilate the material for His gibe. It is worth notice, then, that these two claims from His own lips, made to the authorities who respectively took cognisance of the theocratic and of the civic life of the nation, and at the time when His life hung on the decision of the two, were the causes of His judicial sentence. The people who allege that Jesus never made the preposterous claims for Himself which Christians have made for Him, but was a simple Teacher of morality and lofty religion, have never fairly faced the simple question: "For what, then, was He crucified?" It is easy for them to dilate on the hatred of the Jewish officials and the gross earthliness of the ma.s.ses, as explaining the att.i.tude of both, but it is not so easy to explain how material was found for judicial process. One can understand how Jesus was detested by rulers, and how they succeeded in stirring up popular feeling against Him, but not how an indictment that would hold water was framed against Him. Nor would even Pilate"s complaisance have gone so far as to have condemned a prisoner against whom all that could be said was that he was disliked because he taught wisely and well and was too good for his critics. The question is, not what made Jesus disliked, but what set the Law in motion against Him? And no plausible answer has ever been given except the one that was nailed above His head on the Cross. It was not His virtues or the sublimity of His teaching, but His twofold claim to be Son of G.o.d and King of Israel that haled Him to His death.
We may further ask why Jesus did not clear up the mistakes, if they were mistakes, that led to His condemnation. Surely He owed it to the two tribunals before which He stood, no less than to Himself and His followers, to disown the erroneous interpretations on which the charges against Him were based. Even a Caiaphas was ent.i.tled to be told, if it were so, that He meant no blasphemy and was not claiming anything too high for a reverent Israelite, when He claimed to be the Son of G.o.d. If Jesus let the Sanhedrim sentence Him under a mistake of what His words meant, He was guilty of His own death.
We note, further, the light thrown by the t.i.tle on Pilate"s action. It shows his sense of the unreality of the charge which he basely allowed himself to be forced into entertaining as a ground of condemning Jesus.
If this enigmatical prisoner had had a sword, there would have been some substance in the charge against Him, but He was plainly an idea-monger, and therefore quite harmless, and His kingship only fit to be made a jest of and a means of girding at the rulers. "Practical men"
always under-estimate the power of ideas. The t.i.tle shows the same contempt for "mere theorisers" as animated his question, "What is truth?" How little he knew that this "King," at whom he thought that he could launch clumsy jests, had lodged in the heart of the Empire a power which would shatter and remould it!
In his blindness to the radiant truth that stood before him, in the tragedy of his condemnation of that to which he should have yielded himself, Pilate stands out as a beacon for all time, warning the world against looking for the forces that move the world among the powers that the world recognises and honours. If we would not commit Pilate"s fault over again, we must turn to "the base things of this world" and the "things that are not" and find in them the transforming powers destined to "bring to nought things that are."
Pilate"s gibe was an unconscious prophecy. He thought it an exquisite jest, for it hurt. He was an instance of that strange irony that runs through history, and makes, at some crisis, men utter fateful words that seem put into their lips by some higher power. Caiaphas and he, the Jewish chief of the Sanhedrim and the Roman procurator, were foremost in Christ"s condemnation, and each of them spoke such words, profoundly true and far beyond the speaker"s thoughts. Was the Evangelist wrong in saying: "This spake he not of himself?"
II. The t.i.tle on the Cross as unveiling the ground of Christ"s dominion.
It seemed a ludicrous travesty of royalty that a criminal dying there, with a crowd of his "subjects" gloating on his agonies and shooting arrowy words of scorn at him, should be a King. But His cross _is_ His throne. It is so because His death is His great work for the world. It is so because in it we see, with melted hearts, the sublimest revelation of His love. Absolute authority belongs to utter self-sacrifice. He, and only He, who gives Himself wholly to and for me, thereby acquires the right of absolute command over me. He is the "Prince of all the kings of the earth," because He has died and become the "First-begotten from the dead." From the hour when He said, "I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto Me," down to the hour when the seer heard the storm of praise from "ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands" breaking round the throne, every New Testament reference to Christ"s dominion is accompanied with a reference to His cross, and every reference to His cross merges in a reference to His throne. The crown of thorns was a revelation of the inmost nature of Christ"s rule. The famous Iron Crown of Milan is a hard, cold circlet within a golden covering blazing with jewels.
Christ"s right to sway men, like His power to do so, rests on His sacrifice for men. A Christianity without a Cross is a Christianity without authority, as has been seen over and over again in the history of the Church, and as is being seen again today, if men would only look. A Christ without a Cross is a Christ without a Kingdom. The dominion of the world belongs to Him who can sway men"s inmost motives.
Hearts are His who has bought them with His own.
III. The t.i.tle as prophesying Christ"s universal dominion.
The three tongues in which it was written were chosen simply to make it easy to read by the crowd from every part of the Empire a.s.sembled at the Pa.s.sover. There were Palestinian Jews there who probably read Aramaic only, and representatives from the widely diffused Jewish emigration in Greek-speaking lands, as well as Roman officials and Jews from Italy who would be most familiar with Latin. Pilate wanted his shaft to reach them all. It was, in its tri-lingual character, a sign of Israel"s degradation and a flourishing of the whip in their faces, as a government order in English placarded in a Bengalee village might be, or a Russian ukase in Warsaw. Its very wording betrayed a foreign hand, for a Jew would have written "King of Israel," not "of the Jews."
But John divined a deeper meaning in this t.i.tle, just as he found a similar prophecy of the universality of Christ"s death in the a.n.a.logous word of Caiaphas. As in that saying he heard a faint prediction that Jesus should die "not for that people only, but that He might also gather into one the scattered children of G.o.d," so he feels that Pilate was wiser than he knew, and that his written words in their threefold garb symbolised the relation of Christ and His work to the three great types of civilisation which it found possessed of the field. It bent them all to its own purposes, absorbed them into itself, used their witness and was propagated by means of them, and finally sucked the life out of them and disintegrated them. The Jew contributed the morality and monotheism of the Old Testament; the Greek, culture and the perfected language that should contain the treasure, the fresh wine-skin for the new wine; the Roman made the diffusion of the kingdom possible by the _pax Romana_, and at first sheltered the young plant.
All three, no doubt, marred as well as helped the development of Christianity, and infused into it deleterious elements, which cling to it to-day, but the prophecy of the t.i.tle was fulfilled and these three tongues became heralds of the Cross and with "loud, uplifted trumpets blew" glad tidings to the ends of the world.
That t.i.tle thus became an unconscious prophecy of Christ"s universal dominion. The Psalmist that sang of Messiah"s world-wide rule was sure that "all nations shall serve Him," and the reason why he was certain of it was "_for_ He shall deliver the needy when he crieth." We may be certain of it for the same reason. He who can deal with man"s primal needs, and is ready and able to meet every cry of the heart, will never want suppliants and subjects. He who can respond to our consciousness of sin and weakness, and can satisfy hungry hearts, will build His sway over the hearts whom He satisfies on foundations deep as life itself.
The history of the past becomes a prophecy of the future. Jesus has drawn men of all sorts, of every stage of culture and layer of civilisation, and of every type of character to Him, and the power which has carried a peasant of Nazareth to be the acknowledged King of the civilised world is not exhausted, and will not be till He is throned as Saviour and Ruler of the whole earth. There is only one religion in the world that is obviously growing. The G.o.ds of Greece and Rome are only subjects for studies in Comparative Mythology, the labyrinthine pantheon of India makes no conquests, Buddhism is moribund. All other religions than Christianity are shut up within definite and comparatively narrow geographical and chronological limits. But in spite of premature jubilations of enemies and much hasty talk about the need for a re-statement (which generally means a negation) of Christian truth, we have a clear right to look forward with quiet confidence. Often in the past has the religion of Jesus seemed to be wearing or worn out, but it has a strange recuperative power, and is wont to startle its enemies" paeans over its grave by rising again and winning renewed victories. The t.i.tle on the Cross is for ever true, and is written again in n.o.bler fashion "on the vesture and on the thigh" of Him who rides forth at last to rule the nations, "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS."