Then we come to the other ant.i.thesis. The children of light are so in the measure in which their lives are not dependent exclusively upon, nor directed solely towards, the present order and condition of things. If there be a _this,_ then there is a _that_. If there be an age which is qualified as being present, then that implies that there is an age or epoch which is yet to come. And that coming "age" should regulate the whole of our relations to that age which at present is. For life is continuous, and the coming epoch is the outcome of the present.
As truly as "the child is father of the man," so truly is Eternity the offspring of Time, and that which we are to-day determines that which we shall be through the ages. He that recognises the relations of the present and the future, who sees the small, limited things of the moment running out into the dim eternity beyond, and the track unbroken across the gulfs of death and the broad expanse of countless years, and who therefore orders the little things here so as to secure the great things yonder, he, and only he, who has made time the "lackey to eternity," and in his pursuit of the things seen and temporal, regards them always in the light of things unseen and eternal, is a child of light.
II. The second consideration suggested here is the limited and relative wisdom of the fools.
The children of this world, who are the children of darkness, and who at bottom are thoroughly unwise, considered relatively, "are wiser than the children of light." The steward is the example. "A rogue is always"--as one of our thinkers puts it--"a roundabout fool." He would have been a much wiser man if he had been an honester one; and, instead of tampering with his lord"s goods, had faithfully administered them.
But, shutting out the consideration of the moral quality of his action, look how much there was in it that was wise, prudent, and worthy of praise. There were courage, fertility of resource, a clear insight into what was the right thing to do. There was a wise adaptation of means to an end. There was prompt.i.tude in carrying out the wise means that suggested themselves to him. The design was bad.
Granted. We are not talking about goodness, but about cleverness.
So, very significantly, in the parable the person cheated cannot help saying that the cheat was a clever one. The "lord," although he had suffered by it, "commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely."
Did you never know in Manchester some piece of sharp practice, about which people said, "Ah, well, he is a clever fellow," and all but condoned the immorality for the sake of the smartness? The lord and the steward belong to the same level of character; and vulpine sagacity, astuteness, and qualities which ensure success in material things seem to both of them to be of the highest value. "The children of this world, _in their generation"_--but only in it--are wiser than the children of light."
Now I draw a very simple, practical lesson, and it is just this, that if Christian men, in their Christian lives, would practise the virtues that the world practises, in pursuit of its shabby aims and ends, their whole Christian character would be revolutionised. Why, a boy will spend more pains in learning to whistle than half of you do in trying to cultivate your Christian character. The secret of success religiously is precisely the same as the secret of success in ordinary things. Look at the splendid qualities that go to the making of a successful housebreaker. Audacity, resource, secrecy, prompt.i.tude, persistence, skill of hand, and a hundred others, are put into play before a man can break into your back kitchen and steal your goods. Look at the qualities that go to the making of a successful amuser of people. Men will spend endless time and pains, and devote concentration, persistence, self-denial, diligence, to learning how to play upon some instrument, how to swing upon a trapeze, how to twist themselves into abnormal contortions. Jugglers and fiddlers, and circus-riders and dancers, and people of that sort spend far more time upon efforts to perfect themselves in their profession, than ninety-nine out of every hundred professing Christians do to make themselves true followers of Jesus Christ.
They know that nothing is to be got without working for it, and there is nothing to be got in the Christian life without working for it any more than in any other.
Shut out the end for a moment, and look at the means. From the ranks of criminals, of amusers, and of the purely worldly men of business that we come in contact with every day, we may get lessons that ought to bring a blush to all our cheeks, when we think to ourselves how a wealth of intellectual and moral qualities and virtues, such as we do not bring to bear on our Christian lives, are by these men employed in regard of their infinitely smaller pursuits.
Oh, brethren! we ought to be our own rebukes, for it is not only other people who show forth in other fields of life the virtues that would make so much better Christians of us, if we used them in ours, but that we ourselves carry within ourselves the condemning contrast. Look at your daily life! Do you give anything like the effort to grow in the knowledge of your Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, that you do to make or maintain your position in the world?
When you are working side by side with the children of this world for the same objects, you keep step with them, and are known to be diligent in business as they are. When you pa.s.s into the church, what do you do there? Are we not ice in one half of our lives, and fire in the other? We may well lay to heart these solemn words of our Lord, and take shame when we think that not only do the unwise, who choose the world as their portion, put us to shame in their self-denial, their earnestness, their absorption, their clear insight into facts, their swiftness in availing themselves of every opportunity, their persistence and their perseverance, but that we rebuke ourselves because of the difference between the earnestness with which we follow the things that are of this world, and the languor of our pursuit after the things that are unseen and eternal.
Of course the reasons for the contrast are easy enough to apprehend, and I do not need to spend time upon them. The objects that so have power to stimulate and to lash men into energy, continuously through their lives, lie at hand, and a candle near will dim the sunshine beyond. These objects appeal to sense, and such make a deeper impression than things that are shown to the mind, as every picture-book may prove to us. And we, in regard to the aims of our Christian life, have to make a continual effort to bring and keep them before us, or they are crowded out by the intrusive vulgarities and dazzling brilliances of the present. And so it comes to pa.s.s that the men who hunt after trifles that are to perish set examples to the men who say that they are pursuing eternal realities. "Go to the ant, thou sluggard, consider her ways and be wise." Go to the men of the world, thou Christian, and do not let it be said that the devil"s scholars are more studious and earnest than Christ"s disciples.
III. Lastly, note the conclusive folly of the partially wise.
"In their generation," says Christ; and that is all that can be said, The circle runs round its 360 degrees, and these people take a segment of it, say forty-five degrees, and all the rest is as non-existent. If I am to call a man a wise man out and out, there are two things that I shall have to be satisfied about concerning him. The one is, what is he aiming at? and the other, how does he aim at it? In regard to the means, the men of the world bear the bell, and carry away the supremacy.
Let in the thought of the end, and things change. Two questions reduce all the world"s wisdom to stark, staring insanity. The first question is, "What are you doing it for?" And the second question is, "And suppose you get it, what then?" Nothing that cannot pa.s.s the barrier of these two questions satisfactorily is other than madness, if taken to be the aim of a man"s life. You have to look at the end, and the whole circ.u.mference of the circle of the human being, before you serve out the epithets of "wise" and "foolish."
I need not dwell on the manifest folly of men who give their lives to aims and ends of which I have already said that they are disproportioned to the capacity of the pursuer. Look at yourselves, brothers; these hearts of yours that need an infinite love for their satisfaction, these active spirits of yours that can never be at rest in creatural perfection; these troubled consciences of yours that stir and moan inarticulately over unperceived wounds until they are healed by Christ. How can any man with a heart and a will, and a progressive spirit and intellect, find what he needs in anything beneath the stars? "Whose image and superscription hath it? They say unto Him, Caesar"s"; we say "G.o.d"s." "Render unto G.o.d the things that are G.o.d"s." The man who makes anything but G.o.d his end and aim is relatively wise and absolutely foolish.
Let me remind you too, that the same sentence of folly pa.s.ses, if we consider the disproportion between the duration of the objects and of him who makes them his aim. You live, and if you are a wise man, your treasures will be of the kind that last as long as you. "They call their lands after their own name; they think that their houses shall continue for ever. They go down into the dust. Their glory shall not descend after them," and, therefore, "this, their way, is their folly."
Brethren, all that I would say may be gathered into two words. Let there be a proportion between your aims and your capacity. That signifies, let G.o.d be your end. And let there be a correspondence between your end and your means. That signifies, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy G.o.d with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind." Or else, when everything comes to be squared up and settled, the epitaph on your gravestone will deservedly be; "Thou fool !"
TWO KINDS OF RICHES
"He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much. 11. If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? 12. And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another man"s, who shall give you that which is your own?"--LUKE xvi. 10-12.
That is a very strange parable which precedes my text, in which our Lord takes a piece of crafty dishonesty on the part of a steward who had been embezzling his lord"s money as in some sense an example for us Christian people, There are other instances in which He does the same thing, finding a soul of goodness in things evil, as, for instance, in the parable of the Unjust Judge. Similar is the New Testament treatment of war or slavery, both of which diabolical things are taken as ill.u.s.trations of what in the highest sphere are n.o.ble and heavenly things.
But having delivered the parable, our Lord seems, in the verses that I have read, to antic.i.p.ate the objection that the unfaithfulness of the steward can never be an example for G.o.d"s stewards; and in the words before us, amongst other things, He says substantially this, that whilst the steward"s using his lord"s wealth in order to help his lord"s debtors was a piece of knavery and unfaithfulness, in us it is not unfaithfulness, but the very acme of faithfulness. In the text we have the thought that there are two kinds of valuable things in the world, a lower and a higher; that men may be very rich in regard to the one, and very poor in regard to the other. In respect to these, "There is that maketh himself rich, and yet hath nothing; there is that maketh himself poor, and yet hath great riches." More than that, the n.o.blest use of the lower kind of possessions is to secure the possession of the highest. And so He teaches us the meaning of life, and of all that we have.
Now, there are three things in these words to which I would turn your attention--the two cla.s.ses of treasure, the contrast of qualities between these two, and the n.o.blest use of the lower.
I. The Two Cla.s.ses of Treasure.
Now, we shall make a great mistake if we narrow down the interpretation of that word "mammon" in the context (which is "that which is least," etc., here) to be merely money. It covers the whole ground of all possible external and material possessions, whatsoever things a man can only have in outward seeming, whatsoever things belong only to the region of sense and the present. All that is in the world, in fact, is included in the one name. And you must widen out your thoughts of what is referred to here in this prolonged contrast which our Lord runs between the two sets of treasures, so as to include, not only money, but all sorts of things that belong to this sensuous and temporal scene. And, on the other hand, there stands opposite to it, as included in, and meant by, that which is "most," "that which is the true riches," "that which is your own"; everything that holds of the unseen and spiritual, whether it be treasures of intellect and lofty thought, or whether it be pure and n.o.ble aims, or whether it be ideals of any kind, the ideals of art, the aspirations of science, the lofty aims of the scholar and the student--all these are included. And the very same standard of excellence which declares that the treasures of a cultivated intellect, of a pure mind, of a lofty purpose, are higher than the utmost of material good, and that "wisdom is better than rubies,"
the very same standard, when applied in another direction, declares that above the treasures of the intellect and the taste are to be ranked all the mystical and great blessings which are summoned up in that mighty word salvation. And we must take a step further, for neither the treasures of the intellect, the mind, and the heart, nor the treasures of the spiritual life which salvation implies, can be realised and reached unless a man possesses G.o.d. So in the deepest a.n.a.lysis, and in the truest understanding of these two contrasted cla.s.ses of wealth you have but the old ant.i.thesis: the world--and G.o.d. He that has G.o.d is rich, however poor he may be in reference to the other category; and he that has Him not is poor, however rich he may be. "The lines are fallen to me in pleasant places," says the Psalmist; and "I have a goodly heritage," because he could also say, "G.o.d is the strength of my heart and my portion for ever." So there is the ant.i.thesis, the things of time and sense, the whole ma.s.s of them knit together on the one hand; the single G.o.d alone by Himself on the other. Of these two cla.s.ses of valuable things our Lord goes on next to tell us the relative worth. For we have here
II. The Contrast between the Two.
That contrast is threefold, as you observe, "that which is least."
or, perhaps better, "that which is very little." and "that which is much." That is a contrast in reference to degree. But degree is a shallow word, which does not cover the whole ground, nor go down to the depths. So our Lord comes next to a contrast in regard to essential nature, "the unrighteous mammon" and "the true riches."
But even these contrasts in degree and in kind do not exhaust all the contrasts possible, for there is another, the contrast in reference to the reality of our possession: "that which is another"s"; "that which is your own." Let us, then, take these three things, the contrast in degree, the contrast in kind, the contrast in regard to real possession.
First, then, and briefly, mental and spiritual and inward blessings, salvation, G.o.d, are more than all externals. Our Lord gathers all the conceivable treasures of earth, jewels and gold and dignities, and scenes of sensuous delights, and everything that holds to the visible and the temporal, and piles them into one scale, and then He puts into the other the one name, G.o.d; and the pompous nothings fly up and are nought, and have no weight at all. Is that not true? Does it need any demonstration, any more talk about it? No!
But then comes in sense and appeals to us, and says, "You cannot get beyond my judgment. These things are good." Jesus Christ does not say that they are not, but sense regards them as far better than they are. They are near us, and a very small object near us, by the laws of perspective, shuts out a mightier one beyond us. We in Manchester live in a community which is largely based on, and actuated and motived in its diligence by the lie that material good is better than spiritual good, that it is better to be a rich man and a successful merchant than to be a poor and humble and honest student; that it is better to have a balance at your bankers than to have great and pure and virginal thoughts in a clean heart; that a man has done better for himself when he has made a fortune than when he has G.o.d in his heart. And so we need, and G.o.d knows it was never more needed in Manchester than to-day, that we should preach and preach and preach, over and over again, this old-fashioned threadbare truth, which is so threadbare and certain that it has lost its power over the lives of many of us, that all that, at its mightiest, is very little, and that this, at its least, is very much. Dear brethren, you and I know how hard it is always, especially how hard it is in business lives, to keep this as our practical working faith. We say we believe, and then we go away and live as if we believed the opposite. I beseech you listen to the scale laid down by Him who knew all things in their measure and degree, and let us settle it in our souls, and live as if we had settled it, that it is better to be wise and good than to be rich and prosperous, and that G.o.d is more than a universe of worlds, if we have Him for our own.
But to talk about a contrast in degree degrades the reality, for it is no matter of difference of measurement, but it is a matter of difference of kind. And so our Lord goes on to a deeper phase of the contrast, when He pits against one another "the unrighteous mammon"
and "the true riches." Now, there is some difficulty in that contrast. The two significant terms do not seem to be precise opposites, and possibly they are not intended to be logically accurate counterparts of each other. But what is meant by "the unrighteous mammon"? I do not suppose that the ordinary explanation of that verse is quite adequate. We usually suppose that by so stigmatising the material good, He means to suggest how hard it is to get it--and you all know that--and how hard it is to keep it, and how hard it is to administer it, without in some measure falling into the sin of unrighteousness. But whilst I dare say that may be the signification intended, if we were to require that the word here should be a full and correct ant.i.thesis to the other phrase, "the true riches," we should need to suppose that "unrighteous" here meant that which falsely pretended to be what it was not. And so we come to the contrast between the deceitfulness of earthly good and the substantial reality of the heavenly. Will any fortune, even though it goes into seven figures, save a man from the miseries, the sorrows, the ills that flesh is heir to? Does a great estate make a man feel less desolate when he stands by his wife"s coffin? Will any wealth "minister to a mind diseased"? Will a mountain of material good calm and satisfy a man"s soul? You see faces just as discontented, looking out of carriage windows, as you meet in the street. "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." There is no proportion between abundance of external good of any kind and happy hearts. We all know that the man who is rich is not happier than the poor man. And I, for my part, believe that the raw material of happiness is very equally distributed through the world, and that it is altogether a hallucination by which a poor man thinks, "If I were wealthy like that other man, how different my life would be." No, it would not; you would be the same man. The rich man that fancies that because he is rich he is "better off," as they say, than his poor brother, and the poor man who thinks that he would be "better off"
if he were richer than he is now, are the same man turned inside out, so to speak; and common to both of them is that fallacy, that wealth and material good contribute much to the real blessedness and n.o.bleness of the man who happens to own it.
But then, perhaps, we have rather to regard this unrighteous mammon as so designated from another point of view. You will remember that all through the context our Lord has been insisting on the notion of stewardship. And I take it that what He means here is to remind us that whenever we claim any of our possessions, especially our external ones, as our own, we thereby are guilty of defrauding both G.o.d and man, and are unrighteous, and it is unrighteous thereby.
Stewardship is a word which describes our relation to all that we have. Forget that, and then whatever you have becomes "the unrighteous mammon." There is the point in which Christ"s teaching joins hands with a great deal of unchristian teaching in this present day which is called Socialism and Communism. Christianity is not communistic. It a.s.serts as against other men your right of property, but it limits that right by this, that if you interpret your right of property to mean the right to "do what you like with your own," ignoring your stewardship to G.o.d, and the right of your fellows to share in what you have, then you are an unfaithful steward, and your mammon is unrighteous. And that principle, the true communism of Christianity, has to be worked into modern society in a way that some of us do not dream of, before modern society will be organised on Christian principles. These words of my text are no toothless words which are merely intended to urge Christian people on to a sentimental charity, and to a n.i.g.g.ardly distribution of part of their possessions: but they underlie the whole conception of ownership, as the New Testament sets it forth. Wherever the stewardship that we owe to G.o.d, and the partic.i.p.ation that we owe to men, are neglected in regard to anything that we have, there G.o.d"s good gifts are perverted and have become "unrighteous mammon."
And, then, on the other hand, our Lord sets forth here the contrast in regard to "the true riches", which are such, inasmuch as they really correspond to the idea of wealth being a true good to a man, and making him rich to all the intents of bliss. He that has the treasures of a pure mind, of a lofty aim, of a quiet conscience, of a filled and satisfied and therefore calmed heart; he that has the treasure of salvation; he that has the boundless wealth of G.o.d---he has the bullion, while the poor rich people that have the material good have the scrip of an insolvent company, which is worth no more than the paper on which it is written. There are two currencies--one solid metal, the other worthless paper. The one is "true riches,"
and the other the "unrighteous mammon."
Then there is a last contrast, and that is with regard to the reality of our possession. On the one hand, that which I fondly call my own is by our Lord stamped with the proprietor"s mark, of somebody else, "that which is Another"s." It was His before He gave it, it was His when He gave it, it is His after He has given it. My name is never to be written on my property so as to erase the name of the Owner. I am a steward; I am a trustee; it all belongs to Him.
That is one rendering of this word. But the phrase may perhaps point in another direction. It may suggest how shadowy and unreal, as being merely external, and how transitory is our ownership of wealth and outward possessions. A man says, "It is mine." What does he mean by that? It is not his own in any real sense. I get more good out of a rich man"s pictures, or estate, if I look at them with an eye that loves them, than he does. The world belongs to the man that can enjoy it and rightly use it. And the man that enjoys it and uses it aright is the man who lives in G.o.d. Nothing is really yours except that which has entered into the substance of your soul, and become incorporated with your very being, so that, as in wool dyed in the grain, the colour will never come out. What I am, that I have; what I only have, that, in the deepest sense, I have not. "Shrouds have no pockets," says the Spanish proverb. "His glory will not descend after him," says the psalm. That is a poor possession which only is outward whilst it lasts, and which ends so soon. But there is wealth that comes into me. There are riches that cannot be parted from me.
I can make my own a great inheritance, which is wrought into the very substance of my being, and will continue so inwrought, into whatsoever worlds or states of existence any future may carry me.
So, and only so, is anything my own. Let these contrasts dominate our lives.
I see our s.p.a.ce is gone; I must make this sermon a fragment, and leave what I intended to have made the last part of it for possible future consideration. Only let me press upon you in one closing word this, that the durable riches are only found in G.o.d, and the riches that can be found in G.o.d are brought to every one of us by Him "in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge," of goodness and grace. If we will make ourselves poor, by consciousness of our need, and turn with faith to Jesus, then we shall receive from Him those riches which are greatest, which are true, which are our own in that they pa.s.s into our very being, in that they were destined for us from all eternity by the love of G.o.d; and in having them we shall be rich indeed, and for ever.
THE GAINS OF THE FAITHFUL STEWARD
"If ye have not been faithful in that which is another man"s, who shall give you that which is your own?"
--LUKE xvi. 12.
In a recent sermon on this context I dealt mainly with the threefold comparison which our Lord runs between the higher and the lower kind of riches. The one is stigmatised as "that which is least," the unrighteous mammon," "that which is another"s"; whilst the higher is magnified as being "that which is most," "the true riches," "your own." What are these two cla.s.ses? On the one hand stand all possessions which, in and after possession, remain outside of a man, which may survive whilst he perishes, or perish while he survives.
On the other hand are the riches which pa.s.s into him, and become inseparable from him. n.o.ble aims, high aspirations, pure thoughts, treasures of wisdom, treasures of goodness--these are the real wealth corresponding to man"s nature, destined for his enrichment, and to last with him for ever. But we may gather the whole contrast into two words: the small, the "unrighteous," the wealth which being mine is not mine but remains another"s, and foreign to me, is the world. The great riches, the "true riches," the good destined for me, and for which I am destined, is G.o.d. In these two words you have the ant.i.thesis, the real ant.i.thesis, G.o.d _versus_ the world.
Now let us turn rather to the principle which our Lord here lays down, in reference to these two cla.s.ses of good, or of possessions.
He tells us that the faithful use of the world helps us to the possession of G.o.d; or, to put it into other words, that how we handle money and what money can buy, has a great deal to do with our religious enjoyment and our religious life, and that that is true, both in regard to our partial possession of G.o.d here and now, and to our perfect possession of Him in the world to come.
Now I wish to say one or two very plain things about this matter, and I hope that you will not turn away from them because they are familiar and trite. Considering how much of your lives, especially as regards men of business, is taken up with money, its acquisition, its retention, its distribution, there are few things that have more to do with the vigour or feebleness of your Christian life than the way in which you handle these perishable things.
I wish to say a word or two, first, about
I. What our Lord means by this faithfulness to which He attaches such tremendous issues.