MASCARINUS LESSON.
_Mascarinus_ Lesson, Traite d"Orn. p. 188 (1831--A mixture of forms. By elimination the name _Mascarinus_ has been restricted to the Mascarine Parrot).
The generic affinities of this bird have been discussed by various authors.
Wagler, Gray, Pelzeln, Hartlaub (1877) and Messrs. A. and E. Newton united it with the Vaza Parrots in the genus _Coracopsis_, Finsch included it, together with the Vazas and the Grey Parrot (_Psittacus erithacus_), in the genus _Psittacus_. Recent authors--Oustalet 1893, W. A. Forbes 1879, and Salvadori (Cat. B. XX, p. 421, 1891)--have admitted a separate genus, _Mascarinus_. This is evidently the proper course, and I agree with W. A.
Forbes, Oustalet and Salvadori that its nearest affinities appear to be the genus _Tanygnathus_ rather than _Coracopsis_, and that the place of _Mascarinus_ is among the _Palaeornithinae_ of Salvadori.
The large red bill, with distinctly ridged gonys, concealed nostrils and moderately long, strongly rounded tail, are peculiar characters. The colouration is unique. Only one species is known. {64}
MASCARINUS MASCARINUS (L.)
MASCARINE PARROT.
(PLATE 9.)
"_Perroquets un peu plus gros que pigeons, ayant le plumage de couleur de pet.i.t gris, un chaperon noir sur la teste, le becq fort gros, & couleur de feu_" Le Sieur D.B, (Dubois), Voyages aux Iles Dauphine ou Madagascar, et Bourbon ou Mascarenne. p. 172 (1674--"Bourbon ou Mascarenne").
_Psittacus Mascarinus_ Brisson, Orn. IV., p. 315 (1760); Hahn, Orn.
Atlas, Papageien p. 54, pl. 39 (1835).
_Psittacus mascarin._ Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum, regni animalis appendix p. 524 (1771--"Habitat in Mascarina." Ex Brisson).
_Perroquet Mascarin_ Levaillant, Perroquets II, p. 171, pl. 189 (1805--"Madagascar," errore).
_Mascarinus madagascariensis_ Lesson, Traite d"Orn, p. 189 (1831--"Madagascar," ex Levaillant).
_Coracopsis mascarina_ Wagler, Mon. Psittac. p. 679 (1832); Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 1863, p. 934.
_Mascarinus obscurus_ (non _Psittacus obscurus_ L.) Bonaparte, Rev. & Mag. de Zool. 1854 p. 154 (Linnaeus, _Psittacus obscurus_--Syst. Nat.
Ed. X, p. 97, 1758, ex Ha.s.selquist M.S.--though identified by himself with the Mascarine Parrot in 1766--Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, I, p.
140--cannot be the same as _P. mascarinus_; the description disagrees entirely, and the bird was described from a specimen probably seen alive by Ha.s.selquist, with uncertain locality. What Linnaeus" _P.
obscurus_ was, is difficult to say; if it was not for the long tail, one might consider it a variety of the Grey Parrot).
_Psittacus madagascarensis_ Finsch, Papageien II pp. 306, 955 (1868--Finsch was not acquainted with the history of this Parrot, as he still considered Madagascar to be its home, and wondered why it had not been found there by recent collectors).
_Psittacus madagascariensis_ Pelzeln, Ibis 1873, p. 32.
_Mascarinus duboisi_ W. A. Forbes, Ibis 1879, pp. 304, 305 (figures), 306; Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, Centenaire Mus. d"Hist. Nat. pp.
191-205, pl. I (1893--excellent lengthy account).
_Mascarinus mascarinus_ Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XX, p. 421 (1891--Reunion).
It has been mentioned above that "Le Sieur D.B." (Dubois) described this Parrot clearly in 1674, and that it lived on Reunion, and not on Madagascar. Linnaeus in 1771 (see above) was the first to bestow a scientific name on it, though Brisson had already again described it in 1760. Linnaeus" diagnosis is, as usual, rather poor, and not quite correct[1], but his reference to Brisson leaves no doubt as to what he meant.
This parrot is one of the rarest of extinct birds, only two stuffed specimens being known. One normally coloured specimen is preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Paris, and it is evidently this which has been figured by Daubenton and Levaillant, and in the "Centenaire du Museum d"Historie Naturelle." From the latter plate my figure has been taken.
The example in Vienna is unfortunately semi-albinistic, there being some white feathers on the back, wings and tail. Another normal individual, however, lived formerly in the Menagerie of the King of Bavaria, where it was depicted by Hahn in 1835. Unfortunately this specimen has not been preserved.
{65}
PALAEORNIS EXSUL NEWTON.
(PLATE 19.)
_Palaeornis exsul_ A. Newton, Ibis 1872, p. 33.
Leguat was the first to mention these parrots as "Perroquets verds et bleus," and that they were wonderfully good to eat and also delightful pets.
Professor Newton"s description is as follows: "Female: Of moderate size.
General appearance greyish-glaucous, darker above than beneath. From the corner of the mouth proceeds an ill-defined dull black chin stripe, which becomes broader as it pa.s.ses backward and upward, ceasing somewhat abruptly on reaching the level of the ears. Head, nape and shoulders, upper wing-coverts, and rectrices above dull greyish-glaucous, the blue tinge in which predominates when the bird is seen against the light, and the green when seen in the contrary aspect; the outer rectrices paler. Rump verditer blue. Primaries with their outer, and most part of their inner, webs deep greenish blue, the former with narrow, lighter edges, and the latter broadly bordered with pitch black; shafts and lower surfaces greyish black.
Secondaries much the same as the primaries, but of a still deeper shade.
Breast dull greyish-glaucous, but lighter than the upper parts and pa.s.sing on the belly into verditer, which becomes lighter and greener on the vent.
Rectrices beneath yellowish grey, darker toward the tips of the longer feathers. Bill black."
The specimen was sent in spirits to Sir Edward Newton in 1871 by Mr.
Jenner, the Magistrate of Rodriguez.
The male differs from the female in having the upper mandible crimson, fading into horn at the tip. Top of head more glaucous. Black stripe from nostril to eye. Black chin stripe prolonged almost to meet on nape of neck.
Most of primaries with dull black patch on inner webs. Middle secondaries dusky black.
The male was sent to Sir Edward Newton in 1875 by Mr. J. Caldwell.
Total length 16 inches.
Wing 7.5 "
Tail 8.5 "
Probably almost if not quite extinct. Recent investigations about its status are very desirable.
Habitat: Rodriguez Island. {66}
PALAEORNIS WARDI E. NEWTON.
(PLATE 20.)
_Palaeornis wardi_ E. Newton, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 346 (Seych.e.l.les).
The translation of Sir Edward Newton"s diagnosis is as follows: "Similar to _P. alexandri_, but with a stouter bill, purple red shoulder patches, and the hind neck without a red band.
"_Adult Male._ Crown of head and throat bluish, cheeks ochraceous green, chin and line round base of mandible black, continued in a stripe from the gape to the hind neck; back and wings gra.s.s green; rump brighter; a single wide band (or patch) on the shoulders purplish red; remiges and rectrices deep green washed with blue, the latter yellowish, the former dusky below; belly yellowish green; bill vivid scarlet with paler tip; feet dusky. Total length 16 inches, wings 7.75, tail 9."