When this kind of electricity was discovered, people began to apply it: they invented a way of gold and silver plating by means of electricity, and electric light, and a way to transmit signs from place to place over a long distance by means of electricity.
For this purpose pieces of different metals are placed in jars, and liquids are poured into them. Electricity is collected in these jars, and is transferred by means of wires to the place where it is wanted, and from that place the wire is put into the ground. The electricity runs through the ground back to the jars, and rises from the earth by means of the other wire; thus the electricity keeps going around and around, as in a ring,--from the wire into the ground, and along the ground, and up the wire, and again through the earth. Electricity can travel in either direction, just as one wants to send it: it can first go along the wire and return through the earth, or first go through the earth, and then return through the wire. Above the wire, in the place where the signs are given, there is attached a magnetic hand, and that hand turns in one direction, when the electricity is allowed to pa.s.s through the wire and back through the earth, and in another direction, when the electricity is sent through the earth and back through the wire. Along this hand there are certain signs, and by means of these signs they write from one place to another on the telegraph.
THE SUN"S HEAT
Go out in the winter on a calm, frosty day into the field, or into the woods, and look about you and listen: all around you is snow, the rivers are frozen, dry gra.s.s blades stick out of the gra.s.s, the trees are bare,--nothing is moving.
Look in the summer: the rivers are running and rippling, in every puddle the frogs croak and plunge in; the birds fly from place to place, and whistle, and sing; the flies and the gnats whirl around and buzz; the trees and the gra.s.s grow and wave to and fro.
Freeze a pot with water, and it will become as hard as a rock. Put the frozen pot on the fire: the ice will begin to break, and melt, and move; the water will begin to stir, and bubbles will rise; then, when it begins to boil, it whirls about and makes a noise. The same happens in the world from the heat. Without heat everything is dead; with the heat everything moves and lives. If there is little heat, there is little motion; with more heat, there is more motion; with much heat, there is much motion; with very much heat, there is also very much motion.
Where does the heat in the world come from? The heat comes from the sun.
In winter the sun travels low, to one side, and its beams do not fall straight upon the earth, and nothing moves. The sun begins to travel higher above our heads, and begins to shine straight down upon the earth, and everything is warmed up in the world, and begins to stir.
The snow settles down; the ice begins to melt on the rivers; the water comes down from the mountains; the vapours rise from the water to the clouds, and rain begins to fall. Who does it all?--The sun. The seeds swell, and let out rootlets; the rootlets take hold of the ground; old roots send up new shoots, and the trees and the gra.s.s begin to grow. Who has done that?--The sun.
The bears and moles get up; the flies and bees awaken; the gnats are hatched, and the fish come out from their eggs, when it is warm. Who has done it all?--The sun.
The air gets warmed up in one place, and rises, and in its place comes colder air,--and there is a wind. Who has done that?--The sun.
The clouds rise and begin to gather and to scatter,--and the lightning flashes. Who has made that fire?--The sun.
The gra.s.s, the grain, the fruits, the trees grow up; animals find their food, men eat their fill, and gather food and fuel for the winter; they build themselves houses, railways, cities. Who has prepared it all?--The sun.
A man has built himself a house. What has he made it of? Of timbers. The timbers were cut out of trees, but the trees are made to grow by the sun.
The stove is heated with wood. Who has made the wood to grow?--The sun.
Man eats bread, or potatoes. Who has made them grow?--The sun. Man eats meat. Who has made the animals, the birds to grow?--The gra.s.s. But the gra.s.s is made to grow by the sun.
A man builds himself a house from brick and lime. The bricks and the lime are burnt by wood. The wood has been prepared by the sun.
Everything that men need, that is for their use,--all that is prepared by the sun, and on all that goes much sun"s heat. The reason that men need bread is because the sun has produced it, and because there is much sun"s heat in it. Bread warms him who eats it.
The reason that wood and logs are needed is because there is much heat in them. He who buys wood for the winter, buys sun"s heat; and in the winter he burns the wood whenever he wants it, and lets the sun"s heat into his room.
When there is heat, there is motion. No matter what motion it may be,--it all comes from heat, either directly from the sun"s heat, or from the heat which the sun has prepared in the coal, the wood, the bread, and the gra.s.s.
Horses and oxen pull, men work,--who moves them?--Heat. Where does the heat come from?--From the food. And the food has been prepared by the sun.
Watermills and windmills turn around and grind. Who moves them?--Wind and water. And who drives the wind?--Heat. And who drives the water?--Again heat. Heat raises the water in the shape of vapour, and without this the water would not be falling down. A machine works,--it is moved by steam. And who makes steam?--Wood. And in the wood is the sun"s heat.
Heat makes motion, and motion makes heat. And both heat and motion are from the sun.
STORIES FROM ZOOLOGY
THE OWL AND THE HARE
It was dusk. The owls began to fly through the forest to find some prey.
A large hare leaped out on a clearing and began to smooth out his fur.
An old owl looked at the hare, and seated himself on a branch; but a young owl said to him:
"Why do you not catch the hare?"
The old owl said:
"He is too much for me: if I get caught in him, he will drag me into the woods."
But the young owl said:
"I will stick one claw into his body, and with the other I will clutch a tree."
The young owl made for the hare, and stuck one claw into his back so that all his talons entered the flesh, and the other claw it got ready to push into the tree. The hare yanked the owl, while the owl held on to the tree, and thought, "He will not get away." The hare darted forward and tore the owl. One claw was left in the tree, and the other in the hare"s back.
The next year a hunter killed that hare, and wondered how the owl"s talons had grown into the hare"s back.
HOW THE WOLVES TEACH THEIR WHELPS
I was walking along the road, and heard a shout behind me. It was the shepherd boy who was shouting. He was running through the field, and pointing to something.
I looked, and saw two wolves running through the field: one was full-grown, and the other a whelp. The whelp was carrying a dead lamb on his shoulders, and holding on to one of its legs with its teeth. The old wolf was running behind. When I saw the wolves, I ran after them with the shepherd, and we began to shout. In response to our cries came peasants with dogs.
The moment the old wolf saw the dogs and the people, he ran up to the whelp, took the lamb away from him, threw it over his back, and both wolves ran as fast as they could, and disappeared from view.
Then the boy told what had happened: the large wolf had leaped out from the ravine, had seized the lamb, killed it, and carried it off.
The whelp ran up to him and grasped the lamb. The old wolf let the whelp carry the lamb, while he himself ran slowly beside him.
Only when there was danger, did the old wolf stop his teaching and himself take the lamb.