218. ABIGAIL ADAMS.
20 October, 1777.
"T is true, my dearest friend, that I have spent an anxious three weeks, and the sight of a letter from you gave me joy beyond expression. I had sent every post day, and every post was disappointed. I could not learn one word with certainty. Nor can I now determine whether you are eighty-eight miles nearer to me, or farther off than you were before.
I was greatly surprised when I heard that the enemy was in possession of Philadelphia, without any engagement on our part. If men will not fight and defend their own particular spot, if they will not drive the enemy from their doors, they deserve the slavery and subjection which awaits them. There is much, I think, comprised in that short sentence, "I shall avoid all history and make no reflections." I think I can construe a volume from it. I will follow the example, lest a miscarriage of this should give triumph to an enemy.
Our affairs at the northward wear a more pleasing aspect. The sunshine from the north gilds the dark clouds of the south, or the storm would look dismal indeed.
It is a New England observation that in some late general orders, when many motives and stimulatives were set before the men to excite them to action, they were a.s.sured of conquest without once acknowledging the superintendence of Divine Providence.
Our favorite Dr. Tillotson observes that "in all our concernments we ought to have a particular regard to the Supreme Disposer of all things, and earnestly to seek his favor and blessing upon all our undertakings, but more especially in the affairs of war, in which the providence of G.o.d is pleased many times in a very peculiar manner to interpose and interest itself, because all war is as it were an appeal to G.o.d, and a reference of those causes to the decision of His providence which through pride and injustice and perverse pa.s.sions of men can receive no other determination."
"T is not more than three weeks since I thought our affairs looked in a more prosperous train than they had done since the commencement of the war. Though they have not taken the turn I hoped for, yet I doubt not they will finally terminate in our favor. Providence for wise purpose has oftentimes since the commencement of this war brought about our deliverance by ways and means which have appeared to us the most improbable and unlikely; has given into our hands those things which we were dest.i.tute of, and in the greatest necessity for. So true it is, Acknowledge Him in all thy ways and He shall direct thy paths.
To you, my dear friend, I need not excuse these moral reflections. I have ever considered it as a happiness to be united to one whose sentiments in religion were not only agreeable to my own, but to what I have ever esteemed the truth.
22 October.
I believe I may venture to congratulate my love upon the completion of his wishes with regard to Burgoyne. "T is reported to-day from many ways that he has with his whole army fallen into our hands, and "t is said the post brings the same intelligence. If true, as I most sincerely hope, let us with grat.i.tude acknowledge the interposition of Heaven in our favor.
We have, too, accounts of an engagement at the southward. I am glad to hear of fighting, even though we come off second-best; not because, Heaven is my witness, I delight in the effusion of human blood, but because I believe by delay we should lose more lives than by the sword.
It sinks our spirits, disheartens our soldiers, makes them both idle and wicked. How great would be my joy could I see peace and quietness once more restored to this distressed land,--
"Peace o"er this land her olive branch extend, And white rob"d innocence from heaven descend."
It gave me great pleasure to hear of your health and spirits. Did you save your clothes, or have they fallen into the hands of the enemy? We are all very well in the family.
"T is very cold for the season. We had snow yesterday and ice in the streets this morning. When shall I see my friend? "T is more than nine long months since we parted. Shall I send[182] in the beginning of December? Heaven grant us a joyful meeting.
Ever yours.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 182: Horses. There seems to have been no other mode of transport at this time.]
219. JOHN ADAMS.
Yorktown, 24 October, 1777.
It is with shame that I recollect that I have not written you more than two or three letters these five weeks, and those very short. News I am afraid to write, because I never know, until it is too late, what is true. From last Sunday to this moment, Friday afternoon, four o"clock, we have been in a state of tormenting uncertainty concerning our affairs at the northward. On Sunday we had news from the committee of Albany, through Governor Clinton and General Washington, of a capitulation of Burgoyne and his whole army. To this moment we have no express from Gates nor any authentic confirmation.
Howe has drawn his army into the city, and Washington is at Germantown.
Supplies will be cut off from the British army in a great measure.
I am, etc., yours forever.
We shall finish a plan of Confederation in a few days.
220. JOHN ADAMS.
Yorktown, 25 October, 1777.
This town is a small one, not larger than Plymouth. There are in it two German Churches, the one Lutheran, the other Calvinistical. The congregations are pretty numerous and their attendance upon public worship is decent. It is remarkable that the Germans, wherever they are found, are careful to maintain the public worship, which is more than can be said of the other denominations of Christians, this way. There is one Church here, erected by the joint contributions of Episcopalians and Presbyterians, but the minister, who is a missionary, is confined for Toryism, so that they have had for a long time no public worship.
Congress have appointed two chaplains, Mr. White and Mr. Duffield, the former of whom, an Episcopalian, is arrived, and opens Congress with prayers every day. The latter is expected every hour. Mr. d.u.c.h.e, I am sorry to inform you, has turned out an apostate and a traitor. Poor man!
I pity his weakness and detest his wickedness.
As to news, we are yet in a painful suspense about affairs at the northward, but from Philadelphia we have accounts that are very pleasing. Commodore Hazelwood with his galleys and Lieutenant-colonel Smith in the garrison of Fort Mifflin have behaved in a manner the most gallant and glorious. They have defended the river and the fort with a firmness and perseverance which does honor to human nature. If the news from the northward is true, Mr. Howe will scarcely venture upon winter-quarters in Philadelphia. We are waiting for news from Rhode Island.
I am wearied with the life I lead, and long for the joys of my family.
G.o.d grant I may enjoy it in peace. Peace is my dear delight. War has no charms for me. If I live much longer in banishment I shall scarcely know my own children. Tell my little ones that if they will be very good, papa will come home.
221. ABIGAIL ADAMS.
Boston, 25 October, 1777.
The joyful news of the surrender of General Burgoyne and all his army, to our victorious troops, prompted me to take a ride this afternoon with my daughter to town, to join, to-morrow, with my friends in thanksgiving and praise to the Supreme Being who hath so remarkably delivered our enemies into our hands. And, hearing that an express is to go off to-morrow morning, I have retired to write you a few lines. I have received no letters from you since you left Philadelphia, by the post, and but one by any private hand. I have written you once before this. Do not fail of writing by the return of this express, and direct your letters to the care of my uncle, who has been a kind and faithful hand to me through the whole season, and a constant attendant upon the post-office.
Burgoyne is expected in by the middle of the week. I have read many articles of capitulation, but none which ever before contained so generous terms. Many people find fault with them, but perhaps do not consider sufficiently the circ.u.mstances of General Gates, who, by delaying and exacting more, might have lost all. This must be said of him, that he has followed the Golden Rule, and done as he would wish himself, in like circ.u.mstances, to be dealt with. Must not the vaporing Burgoyne, who, it is said, possesses great sensibility, be humbled to the dust? He may now write the "Blockade of Saratoga."[183] I have heard it proposed that he should take up his quarters in the Old South, but believe he will not be permitted to come to this town. Heaven grant us success at the southward. That saying of Poor Richard often occurs to my mind, "G.o.d helps them who help themselves;" but if men turn their backs and run from an enemy, they cannot surely expect to conquer him.
This day, dearest of friends, completes thirteen years since we were solemnly united in wedlock. Three years of this time we have been cruelly separated. I have, patiently as I could, endured it, with the belief that you were serving your country and rendering your fellow-creatures essential benefits. May future generations rise up and call you blessed, and the present behave worthy of the blessings you are laboring to secure to them, and I shall have less reason to regret the deprivation of my own particular felicity. Adieu, dearest of friends, adieu.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 183: This refers to Burgoyne"s talents as a dramatist, which were said to have been called into requisition to amuse his companions whilst penned up within the lines in Boston.]
222. JOHN ADAMS.
Yorktown, 26 October, 1777.