"Why, my boy," said Father Payne, "because we are all so horrified at the idea of telling the truth or looking the truth in the face. The novel accommodates human nature, patches it up, varnishes it, puts it in a good light: it may be artistic and romantic and poetical--but it hasn"t got the beauty of truth. Life is much more interesting than any imaginative frica.s.see of it! These realistic fellows--they are moving towards biography, but they haven"t got much beyond the backgrounds yet."
"But why shouldn"t it be done?" I said. "There"s Boswell"s Johnson--why does that stand almost alone?"
"Why, think of all the difficulties, my boy," said Father Payne. "There"s nothing like Boswell"s Johnson, of course--but what a subject! There"s nothing that so proves Boswells genius--we mustn"t forget that--as the other wretched stuff written about Johnson. There"s a pa.s.sage in Boswell, when he didn"t see Johnson for a long time, and stuck in a few stories collected from other friends. They are awfully flat and flabby--they have all been rolled about in some one"s mind, till they are as smooth as pebbles--some bits of the crudest rudeness, not worked up to--some knock-down schoolboy retorts which most civilised men would have had the decency to repress--and then we get back to the real Boswell again, and how fresh and lively it is!"
"But what are the difficulties you spoke of?" I said.
"Why, in the first place," said Father Payne, "a biography ought to be written _during_ a man"s life and not _after_ it--and very few people will take the trouble to write things down day after day about anyone else, as Boswell did. If it waits till after a man"s death, a hush falls on the scene--everyone is pious and sentimental. Of course, Boswell"s life is inartistic enough--it wanders along, here a letter, there a lot of criticism, here a talk, there a reminiscence. It isn"t arranged--it has no scheme: but how full of _zest_ it is! And then you have to be pretty shameless in pursuing your hero, and elbowing other people away, and drawing him out; and you have to be prepared to be kicked and trampled upon, when the hero is cross: and then you have to be a considerable sn.o.b, and say what you really value and admire, however vulgar it is. And then you must expect to be called hard names when the book appears. I was reading a review the other day of what seemed to me to be a harmless biography enough--a little frank and enthusiastic affair, I gathered: and the reviewer wrote in the style of Pecksniff, caddish and priggish at the same time: he called the man to task for botanising on his friend"s grave--that unfortunate verse of Wordsworth"s, you know--and he left the impression that the writer had done something indelicate and impious, and all with a consciousness of how high-minded he himself was.
"You ought to write a biography as though you were telling your tale in a friendly and gentle ear--you ought not to lose your sense of humour, or be afraid of showing your subject in a trivial or ridiculous light. Look at Boswell again--I don"t suppose a more deadly case could be made out against any man, with perfect truth, than could be made out against Johnson. You could show him as brutal, rough, greedy, superst.i.tious, prejudiced, unjust, and back it all up by indisputable evidence--but it"s the balance, the net result, that matters! We have all of us faults; we know them, our friends know them--why the devil should not everyone know them? But then an interesting man dies, and everyone becomes loyal and sentimental. Not a word must be said which could pain or wound anyone. The friends and relations, it would seem, are not pained by the dead man"s faults, they are only pained that other people should know them. The biography becomes a mixture of disinfectants and perfumes, as if it were all meant to hide some putrid thing. It"s like what Jowett said about a testimonial, "There"s a strong smell here of something left out!" We have hardly ever had anything but romantic biographies. .h.i.therto, and they all smell of something left out. There"s a tribe somewhere in Africa who will commit murder if anyone tries to sketch them. They think it brings bad luck to be sketched, a sort of "overlooking" as they say. Well that seems to be the sort of superst.i.tion that many people have about biographies, as if the departed spirit would be vexed by anything which isn"t a compliment. I suppose it is partly this--that many people are ill-bred, glum, and suspicious, and can"t bear the idea of their faults being recorded. They hate all frankness: and so when anything frank gets written, they talk about violating sacred confidences, and about shameless exposures. It is really that we are all horribly uncivilised, and can"t bear to give ourselves away, or to be given away. Of course we don"t want biographies of merely selfish, stupid, brutal, ill-bred men--but everyone ought to be thankful when a life can be told frankly, and when there"s enough that is good and beautiful to make it worth telling.
"But, as I said, the thing can"t be done, unless it is written to a great extent in a man"s lifetime. Conversation is a very difficult thing to remember--it can"t be remembered afterwards--it needs notes at the time: and few people"s talk is worth recording; and even if it is, people are a little ashamed of doing it--there seems something treacherous about it: but it ought to be done, for all that! You don"t want so very much of it--I don"t suppose that Boswell has got down a millionth part of all Johnson said--you just want specimens--enough to give the feeling of it and the quality of it. One doesn"t want immensely long biographies--just enough to make you feel that you have seen a man and sat with him and heard him talk--and the kind of way in which he dealt with things and people. I"ll tell you a man who would have made a magnificent biography--Lord Melbourne.
He had a great charm, and a certain whimsical and fantastic humour, which made him do funny little undignified things, like a child. But every single dictum of Melbourne"s has got something original and graceful about it--always full of good sense, never pompous, always with a delicious lightness of touch. The only person who took the trouble to put down Melbourne"s sayings, just as they came out, was Queen Victoria--but then she was in love with him without knowing it: and in the end he got stuck into the heaviest and most ponderous of biographies, and is lost to the world. Stale politics--there"s nothing to beat them for dulness unutterable!"
"But isn"t it an almost impossible thing," I said, "to expect a man who is a first-rate writer, with ambitions in authorship, to devote himself to putting down things about some interesting person with the chance of their never being published? Very few people would have sufficient self-abnegation for that."
"That"s true enough," said Father Payne, "and of course it is a risk--a man must run the risk of sacrificing a good deal of his time and energy to recording unimportant details, perhaps quite uselessly, but with this possibility ahead of him, that he may produce an immortal book--and I grant you that the infernal vanity and self-glorification of authors is a real difficulty in the way."
He was silent for a minute or two, and then he said: "Now, I"ll tell you another difficulty, that at present people only want biographies of men of affairs, of big performers, men who have done things--I don"t want that. I want biographies of people who wielded a charm of personality, even if they didn"t _do_ things--people, I mean, who deserve to live and to be loved.--Those are the really puzzling figures a generation later, the men who lived in an atmosphere of admiring and delighted friendship, radiating a sort of enchanting influence, having the most extravagant things said and believed about them by their friends, and yet never doing anything in particular. People, I mean, like Arthur Hallam, whose letters and remains are fearfully pompous and tiresome--and who yet had _In Memoriam_ written about him, and who was described by Gladstone as the most perfect human being, physically, intellectually and morally, he had ever seen. Then there is Browning"s Domett--the prototype of Waring--and Keats"s friend James Rice, and Stevenson"s friend Ferrier--that"s a matchless little biographical fragment, Stevenson"s letter about Ferrier--those are the sort of figures I mean, the men who charmed and delighted everyone, were brave and humorous, gave a pretty turn to everything they said--those are the roses by the wayside! They had ill-health some of them, they hadn"t the requisite toughness for work, they even took to drink, or went to the bad.
But they are the people of quality and tone, about whom one wants to know much more than about sun-burnt and positive Generals--the strong silent sort--or overworked politicians bent on conciliating the riff-raff. I don"t want to know about men simply because they did honest work, and still less about men who never dared to say what they thought and felt. You can"t make a striking picture out of a sense of responsibility! I"m not underrating good work--it"s fine in every way, but it can"t always be written about.
There are exceptions, of course. Nelson and Wellington would have been splendid subjects, if anyone had really Boswellised them. But Nelson had a theatrical touch about him, and became almost too romantic a hero; while the Duke had a fund of admirable humour and almost grotesque directness of expression,--and he has never been half done justice to, though you can see from Lord Mahon"s little book of _Table Talk_ and Benjamin Haydon"s _Diary_, and the letters to Miss J., what a rich affair it all might have been, if only there had been a perfectly bold, candid, and truthful biographer."
"But the charming people of whom you spoke," I said--"isn"t the whole thing often too evanescent to be recorded?"
"Not a bit of it!" said Father Payne, "and these are the people we want to hear about, because they represent the fine flower of civilisation. If a man has a delightful friend like that, always animated, fresh, humorous, petulant, original, he couldn"t do better than observe him, keep sc.r.a.ps of his talk, record scenes where he took a leading part, get the impression down. It may come to nothing, of course, but it may also come to something worth more than a thousand twaddling novels. The immense _use_ of it--if one must think about the use--is that such a life might really show commonplace and ordinary people how to handle the simplest materials of life with zest and delicacy. Novels don"t really do that--they only make people want to escape from middle-cla.s.s conditions, what everyone is the better for seeing is not how life might conceivably be handled, but how it actually has been handled, freshly and distinctly, by someone in a commonplace milieu. Life isn"t a bit romantic, but it is devilish interesting. It doesn"t go as you want it to go. Sometimes it lags, sometimes it dances; and horrible things happen, often most unexpectedly.
In the novel, everything has to be rounded off and led up to, and you never get a notion of the inconsequence of life. The interest of life is not what happens, but how it affects people, how they meet it, how they fly from it: the relief of a biography is that you haven"t got to invent your setting and your character--all that is done for you: you have just got to select the characteristic things, and not to blur the things that you would have wished otherwise. For G.o.d"s sake, let us get at the truth in books, and not use them as screens to keep the fire off, or as things to distract one from the depressing facts in one"s bank-book. I welcome all this output of novels, because it at least shows that people are interested in life, and trying to shape it. But I don"t want romance, and I don"t want ugly and sensational realism either. That is only romance in another shape. I want real men and women--not from an autobiographical point of view, because that is generally romantic too--but from the point of view of the friends to whom they showed themselves frankly and naturally, and without that infernal reticence which is not either reverence or chivalry, but simply an inability to face the truth,--which is the direct influence of the spirit of evil. If one of my young men turns out a good biography of an interesting person, however ineffective he was, I shall not have lived in vain. For, mind this--very few people"s performances are worth remembering, while very many people"s personalities are."
LIX
OF EXCLUSIVENESS
Rose told a story one night which amused Father Payne immensely. He had been up in town, and had sate next a Minister"s wife, who had been very confidential. She had said to Rose that her husband had just been elected into a small dining-club well known in London, where the numbers were very limited, the society very choice, and where a single negative vote excluded a candidate. "I don"t think," said the good lady, "that my husband has ever been so pleased at anything that has befallen him, not even when he was first given office--such a distinguished club--and so exclusive!" Father Payne laughed loud and shrill. "That"s human nature at its nakedest!" he said. "It"s like Miss Tox, in _Dombey and Son_, you know, who, when Dombey asked her if the school she recommended was select, said, "It"s exclusion itself!" What people love is the power of being able to _exclude_--not necessarily disagreeable people, or tiresome people, but simply people who would like to be inside--
""Loving not, hating not, just choosing so."
"Those are the two great forces of society, you know--the exclusive force, and the inclusive force: the force that says, "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers"; and the force which says, "The more the merrier." The exclusive force is represented by caste and cla.s.s, by gentility and donnishness, by sectarianism and nationalism, and even by patriotism--and the inclusive force is represented by Walt Whitmanism and Christianity."
"But what about St. Paul"s words," said Lestrange, ""Honour all men: love the brotherhood"?"
"That"s an attempt to recognise both," said Father Payne, smiling. "Of course you can"t love everyone equally--that"s the error of democracy--democracy is really one of the exclusive forces, because it excludes the heroes--it is "_mundus contra Athanasium_,"--it is best ill.u.s.trated by what the American democrat said to Charles Kingsley, "My principle is "whenever you see a head above the crowd, hit it."" Democracy is, at its worst, the jealousy of the average man for the superior man."
"But which is the best principle?" said Vincent.
"Both are necessary," said Father Payne. "One must aim at inclusiveness, of course: and we must be quite certain that we exclude on the ground of qualities, and not on the ground of superficial differences. The best influences in the world arise not from individuals but from groups--and there is no sort of reason why groups should spoil their intensive qualities by trying to admit outsiders. The strength of a group lies in the fact that one gets the sense of fellowship and common purpose, of sympathy and encouragement. A man who has to fight a battle single-handed is always tempted to wonder whether, after all, it is worth all the trouble and misunderstanding. But, on the other hand, you are at liberty to mistrust the men who say that they don"t want to know people. Do you remember how Charles Lamb once said, "I do hate the Trotters!" "But I thought you didn"t know them?" said someone. "That"s just it," said Charles Lamb, "I never can hate anyone that I know!" The best bred man is the man who finds it easy to get on with everybody on equal terms: but it"s part of the sn.o.bbishness of human nature that exclusiveness is rather admired than otherwise. There"s a delightfully exclusive woman in one of Henry James" novels, who refuses to be introduced to a family. She entirely declines, and the man who is anxious to effect the introduction says, "I can"t think why you object to them." "They are hopelessly vulgar," says the incisive lady, "and in this short life, that is enough!" But St. Paul"s remark is really very good, because it means "Treat everyone with courtesy--but reserve your fine affections for the inner circle, whose worth you really know!"--it"s a better theory than that of the man who said, "It is enough for me to be with those whom I love!" That"s rather inhuman."
"Do you remember," said Barthrop, "the lines in Tennyson"s Guinevere, which sum up the knightly attributes?
""High thought, and amiable words, And courtliness, and the desire of fame, And love of truth, and all that makes a man.""
"That"s very interesting and curious!" said Father Payne. "Dear me, I had forgotten that--did Tennyson say that?--Come--let"s have it again!"
Barthrop repeated the lines again.
"Now, that"s the gentlemanly ideal of the sixties," said Father Payne, "and, good heavens, how offensive it sounds! The most curious part of it really is "the desire of fame"--of course, a hundred years ago, no one made any secret of that! You remember Nelson"s frank confession, made not once, but many times, that he pursued glory, "Defeat--or Westminster Abbey"--didn"t he say that?"
"But surely people pursue fame as much as ever?" said Vincent.
"I daresay," said Father Payne, "but it isn"t now considered good taste to say so. You have got to pretend, at all events, that you wish to benefit humanity now-a-days. If a man had said to Ruskin or Carlyle, "Why do you write all these books?" and they replied, "It is because of my desire for fame," it would have been thought vulgar. There"s that odd story of Robert Browning, when he received an ovation at Oxford, and someone said to him, "I suppose you don"t care about all this," he said, "It is what I have waited for all my life!" I wonder if he _did_ say it! I think he must have done, because it is exactly the sort of thing that one is supposed not to say--and I confess I don"t like it--it seems to me vain, and not proud, I don"t mind a kind of pride--I think a man ought to know what he is worth: but I hate vanity. Perhaps that"s only because I haven"t been a success myself."
"But mayn"t you desire fame?" said Vincent. "It seems to me rather priggish to condemn it!"
"Many fine things sound priggish when they are said," said Father Payne.
"But, to be frank, I don"t think that a man ought to desire fame. I think he may desire to do a thing well. I don"t think he ought to desire to do it better than other people. It is the wanting to beat other people which is low. Why not wish them to do it well too?"
"You mean that the difference between pride and vanity lies there?" said Barthrop.
"Yes, I do," said Father Payne, "and it is a pity that pride is included in the deadly sins, because the word has changed its sense. Pride used to mean the contempt of others--that"s a deadly sin, if you like. It used to mean a ghastly sort of self-satisfaction, arrived at by comparison of yourself with others. But now to be called a proud man is a real compliment. It means that a man can"t condescend to anything mean or base. We ought all to be proud--not proud _of_ anything, because that is vulgar, but ashamed of doing anything which we know to be feeble or low. The Pharisee in the parable was vain, not proud, because he was comparing himself with other people. But it is all right to be grateful to G.o.d for having a sense of decency, just as you may be grateful for having a sense of beauty. The hatefulness of it comes in when you are secretly glad that other people love indecency and ugliness."
"That is the exclusive feeling then?" said Barthrop.
"Yes, the bad kind of exclusiveness," said Father Payne--"the kind of exclusiveness which ministers to self-satisfaction. And that is the fault of the group when it becomes a coterie. The coterie means a set of inferior people, bolstering up each other"s vanity by mutual admiration. In a coterie you purchase praise for your own bad work, by pretending to admire the bad work of other people. But the real group is interested, not in each other"s fame, but in the common work."
"It seems to me confusing," said Vincent.
"Not a bit of it," said Father Payne; "we have to consider our limitations: we are limited by time and s.p.a.ce. You can"t know everybody and love everybody and admire everybody--and you can"t sacrifice the joy and happiness of real intimacy with a few for a diluted acquaintance with five hundred people. But you mustn"t think that your own group is the only one--that is the bad exclusiveness--you ought to think that there are thousands of intimate groups all over the world, which you could love just as enthusiastically as you love your own, if you were inside them: and then, apart from your own group, you ought to be prepared to find reasonable and amiable and companionable people everywhere, and to be able to put yourself in line with them. Why, good heavens, there are millions of possible friends in the world! and one of my deepest and firmest hopes about the next world, so to speak, is that there will be some chance of communicating with them all at once, instead of shutting ourselves up in a frowsy room like this, smelling of meat and wine. I don"t deny you are very good fellows, but if you think that you are the only fit and desirable company in the world for me or for each other, I tell you plainly that you are utterly mistaken. That"s why I insist on your travelling about, to avoid our becoming a coterie."
"Then it comes to this," said Vincent drily, "that you can"t be inclusive, and that you ought not to be exclusive?"
"Yes, that"s exactly it!" said Father Payne. "You meant to shut me up with one of our patent Oxford epigrams, I know--and, of course, it is deuced smart! But put it the other way round, and it"s all right. You can"t help being exclusive, and you must try to be inclusive--that"s the truth, with the Oxford tang taken out!"
We laughed at this, and Vincent reddened.
"Don"t mind me, old man!" said Father Payne, "but try to make your epigrams genial instead of contemptuous--inclusive rather than exclusive. They are just as true, and the bitter flavour is only fit for the vitiated taste of Dons." And Father Payne stretched out a large hand down the table, and enclosed Vincent"s in his own.
"Yes, it was a nasty turn," said Vincent, smiling, "I see what you mean."
"The world is a friendlier place than people know," said Father Payne. "We have inherited a suspicion of the unknown and the unfamiliar. Don"t you remember how the ladies in _The Mill on the Floss_ mistrusted each other"s recipes, and ate dry bread in other houses rather than touch jam or b.u.t.ter made on different methods. That is the old bad taint. But I think we are moving in the right direction. I fancy that the awakening may be very near, when we shall suddenly realise that we are all jolly good fellows, and wonder that we have been so blind."
"A Roman Catholic friend of mine," said Rose--"he is a priest--told me that he attended a clerical dinner the other day. The health of the Pope was proposed, and they all got up and sang, "For he"s a jolly good fellow!""
There was a loud laugh at this. "I like that," said Father Payne, "I like their doing that! I expect that that is exactly what the Pope is! I should dearly love to have a good long quiet talk with him! I think I could let in a little light: and I should like to ask him if he enjoyed his fame, dear old boy: and whether he was interested in his work! "Why, Mr. Payne, it"s rather anxious work, you know, the care of all the churches"--I can hear him saying--"but I rub along, and the time pa.s.ses quickly! though, to be sure, I"m not as young as I was once: and while I am on the subject, Mr.
Payne, you look to me to be getting on in years yourself!" And then I should say "Yes, your Holiness, I am a man that has seen trouble." And he would say, "I"m sorry to hear that! Tell me all about it!" That"s how we should talk, like old friends, in a snug parlour in the Vatican, looking out on the gardens!"
LX