Certain writers, in whom the artist"s contempt for common things has been carried to its utmost limit, should only be read in books of beautiful and slightly unusual form. Perhaps of all modern writers Villiers and Mallarme have most carefully sought the most remote ideal, and seem most to require some elaborate presentation to the reader.
Mallarme, indeed, delighted in heaping up obstacles in the reader"s way, not only in the concealment of his meaning by style, but in a furtive, fragmentary, and only too luxurious method of publication, which made it difficult for most people to get his books at all, even for unlimited money. Villiers, on the contrary, after publishing his first book, the _Premieres Poesies_ of 1859, in the delicate type of Perrin of Lyons, on ribbed paper, with old gold covers, became careless as to how his books appeared, and has to be read in a disorderly crowd of volumes, some of them as hideous as the original edition of _L"Eve Future_, with its red stars and streaks, its Apollo and Cupid and grey city landscape. It is therefore with singular pleasure that one finds the two beautiful books which have lately been published by M. Deman, the well-known publisher of Rops: one, the fullest collection of Mallarme"s poems which has ever been published, the other a selection of twenty stories by Villiers. The Mallarme is white and red, the poems printed in italics, a frontispiece by Rops; the Villiers is a large square volume in shimmering dark green and gold, with headpieces and tailpieces, in two tints, by Th. van Rysselberghe. These scrolls and t.i.tles are done with a sort of reverent self-suppression, as if, for once, decoration existed for a book and not the book for the decoration, which is hardly the quality for which modern decorators are most conspicuous.
In the _Poesies_ we have, no doubt, Mallarme"s final selection from his own poems. Some of it is even new. The magnificent and mysterious fragment of _Herodiade_, his masterpiece, perhaps, is, though not indeed completed, more than doubled in length by the addition of a long pa.s.sage on which he was at work almost to the time of his death. It is curious to note that the new pa.s.sage is written in exactly the style of the older pa.s.sage, though in the interval between the writing of the one and the writing of the other Mallarme had completely changed his style. By an effort of will he had thought himself back into an earlier style, and the two fragments join without an apparent seam. There were, it appears, still a hymn or lyric spoken by St. John and a concluding monologue, to be added to the poem; but we have at least the whole of the dialogue between Herodiade and the Nurse, certainly a poem sufficiently complete in itself. The other new pieces are in the latest manner, mainly without punctuation; they would scarcely be alluring, one imagines, even if punctuated. In the course of a few centuries, I am convinced, every line of Mallarme will have become perfectly clear, as a corrupt Greek text becomes clear in time. Even now a learned commentator could probably do much to explain them, at the cost of a life-long labour; but scholars only give up their lives to the difficult authors of a remote past.
Mallarme can afford to wait; he will not be forgotten; and for us of the present there are the clear and lovely early poems, so delightfully brought together in the white and red book.
_L"insensibilite de l"azur et des pierres_: a serene and gem-like quality, entirely his own, is in all these poems, in which a particular kind of French verse realises its ideal. Mallarme is the poet of a few, a limited poet, perfect within his limits as the Chinese artist of his own symbol. In a beautiful poem he compares himself to the painter of tea-cups who spends his life in painting a strange flower
_Sur ses ta.s.ses de neige a la lune ravie_,
a flower which has perfumed his whole existence, since, as a child, he had felt it graft itself upon the "blue filigree of his soul."
A very different image must be sought if we wish to sum up the characteristics of Villiers de l"Isle-Adam. An uncertain artist, he was a man of pa.s.sionate and lofty genius, and he has left us a great ma.s.s of imperfect work, out of which we have to form for ourselves whatever notion we can of a man greater than his work. My first impression, on looking at the twenty stories which make up the present selection, was that the selection had been badly made. Where is _Les Demoiselles de Bienfilatre_? I asked myself, remembering that little ironical masterpiece; where is _Le Convive des Dernieres Fetes_, with its subtlety of horror; _Sentimentalisme_, with its tragic and tender modernity; _La Reine Ysabeau_, with its sombre and taciturn intensity?
Story after story came into my mind, finer, it seemed to me, in the artistic qualities of the story than many of those selected. Second thoughts inclined me to think that the selection could scarcely have been better. For it is a selection made after a plan, and it shows us, not indeed always Villiers at his best as a story-teller, but, throughout, Villiers at his highest point of elevation; the man whom we are always trying to see through his work, and the man as he would have seen himself. There is not a collection of stories in French of greater n.o.bility than these _Histoires Souveraines_ in which a regal pomp of speech drapes a more than regal sovereignty of soul. The Villiers who mocked mean things and attacked base things is no longer there; the idealist is at home in his own world, among his ideals.
1897, 1899.
CHARLES BAUDELAIRE
Baudelaire is little known and much misunderstood in England. Only one English writer has ever done him justice, or said anything adequate about him. As long ago as 1862 Swinburne introduced Baudelaire to English readers: in the columns of the _Spectator_, it is amusing to remember. In 1868 he added a few more words of just and subtle praise in his book on Blake, and in the same year wrote the magnificent elegy on his death, _Ave atque Vale_. There have been occasional outbreaks of irrelevant abuse or contempt, and the name of Baudelaire (generally mis-spelled) is the journalist"s handiest brickbat for hurling at random in the name of respectability. Does all this mean that we are waking up, over here, to the consciousness of one of the great literary forces of the age, a force which has been felt in every other country but ours?
It would be a useful influence for us. Baudelaire desired perfection, and we have never realised that perfection is a thing to aim at. He only did what he could do supremely well, and he was in poverty all his life, not because he would not work, but because he would work only at certain things, the things which he could hope to do to his own satisfaction. Of the men of letters of our age he was the most scrupulous. He spent his whole life in writing one book of verse (out of which all French poetry has come since his time), one book of prose in which prose becomes a fine art, some criticism which is the sanest, subtlest, and surest which his generation produced, and a translation which is better than a marvellous original. What would French poetry be to-day if Baudelaire had never existed? As different a thing from what it is as English poetry would be without Rossetti. Neither of them is quite among the greatest poets, but they are more fascinating than the greatest, they influence more minds. And Baudelaire was an equally great critic. He discovered Poe, Wagner, and Manet. Where even Sainte-Beuve, with his vast materials, his vast general talent for criticism, went wrong in contemporary judgments, Baudelaire was infallibly right. He wrote neither verse nor prose with ease, but he would not permit himself to write either without inspiration. His work is without abundance, but it is without waste. It is made out of his whole intellect and all his nerves. Every poem is a train of thought and every essay is the record of sensation. This "romantic" had something cla.s.sic in his moderation, a moderation which becomes at times as terrifying as Poe"s logic. To "cultivate one"s hysteria" so calmly, and to affront the reader (_Hypocrite lecteur, mon semblable, mon frere_) as a judge rather than as a penitent; to be a casuist in confession; to be so much a moralist, with so keen a sense of the ecstasy of evil: that has always bewildered the world, even in his own country, where the artist is allowed to live as experimentally as he writes. Baudelaire lived and died solitary, secret, a confessor of sins who has never told the whole truth, _le mauvais moine_ of his own sonnet, an ascetic of pa.s.sion, a hermit of the brothel.
To understand, not Baudelaire, but what we can of him, we must read, not only the four volumes of his collected works, but every doc.u.ment in Crepet"s _Oeuvres Posthumes_, and, above all, the letters, and these have only now been collected into a volume, under the care of an editor who has done more for Baudelaire than any one since Crepet. Baudelaire put into his letters only what he cared to reveal of himself at a given moment: he has a different angle to distract the sight of every observer; and let no one think that he knows Baudelaire when he has read the letters to Poulet-Mala.s.sis, the friend and publisher, to whom he showed his business side, or the letters to la Presidente, the touchstone of his _spleen et ideal_, his chief experiment in the higher sentiments. Some of his carefully hidden virtues peep out at moments, it is true, but nothing that everybody has not long been aware of. We hear of his ill-luck with money, with proof-sheets, with his own health. The tragedy of the life which he chose, as he chose all things (poetry, Jeanne Duval, the "artificial paradises") deliberately, is made a little clearer to us; we can moralise over it if we like. But the man remains baffling, and will probably never be discovered.
As it is, much of the value of the book consists in those glimpses into his mind and intentions which he allowed people now and then to see.
Writing to Sainte-Beuve, to Flaubert, to Soulary, he sometimes lets out, through mere sensitiveness to an intelligence capable of understanding him, some little interesting secret. Thus it is to Sainte-Beuve that he defines and explains the origin and real meaning of the _Pet.i.ts Poemes en Prose: Faire cent bagatelles laborieuses qui exigent une bonne humeur constante (bonne humeur necessaire, meme pour traiter des sujets tristes), une excitation bizarre qui a besoin de spectacles, de foules, de musiques, de reverberes meme, voila ce que j"ai voulu faire!_ And, writing to some obscure person, he will take the trouble to be even more explicit, as in this symbol of the sonnet: _Avez-vous observe qu"un morceau de ciel apercu par un soupirail, ou entre deux cheminees, deux rochers, ou par une arcade, donnait une idee plus profonde de l"infini que le grand panorama vu du haul d"une montagne?_ It is to another casual person that he speaks out still more intimately (and the occasion of his writing is some thrill of grat.i.tude towards one who had at last done "a little justice," not to himself, but to Manet): _Eh bien! on m"accuse, moi, d"imiter Edgar Poe! Savez-vous pourquoi j"ai si patiemment traduit Poe? Parce qu"il me ressemblait. La premiere fois que j"ai ouvert un livre de lui, j"ai vu avec epouvante et raviss.e.m.e.nt, non seulement des sujets reves par moi, mais des phrases, pensees par moi, et ecrites par lui, vingt ans auparavant._ It is in such glimpses as these that we see something of Baudelaire in his letters.
1906.
WALTER PATER
Writing about Botticelli, in that essay which first interpreted Botticelli to the modern world, Pater said, after naming the supreme artists, Michelangelo or Leonardo:
But, besides these great men, there is a certain number of artists who have a distinct faculty of their own by which they convey to us a peculiar quality of pleasure which we cannot get elsewhere; and these, too, have their place in general culture, and must be interpreted to it by those who have felt their charm strongly, and are often the objects of a special diligence and a consideration wholly affectionate, just because there is not about them the stress of a great name and authority.
It is among these rare artists, so much more interesting, to many, than the very greatest, that Pater belongs; and he can only be properly understood, loved, or even measured by those to whom it is "the delicacies of fine literature" that chiefly appeal. There have been greater prose-writers in our language, even in our time; but he was, as Mallarme called him, "le prosateur ouvrage par excellence de ce temps."
For strangeness and subtlety of temperament, for rarity and delicacy of form, for something incredibly attractive to those who felt his attraction, he was as unique in our age as Botticelli in the great age of Raphael. And he, too, above all to those who knew him, can scarcely fail to become, not only "the object of a special diligence," but also of "a consideration wholly affectionate," not lessened by the slowly increasing "stress of authority" which is coming to be laid, almost by the world in general, on his name.
In the work of Pater, thought moves to music, and does all its hard work as if in play. And Pater seems to listen for his thought, and to overhear it, as the poet overhears his song in the air. It is like music, and has something of the character of poetry, yet, above all, it is precise, individual, thought filtered through a temperament; and it comes to us as it does because the style which clothes and fits it is a style in which, to use some of his own words, "the writer succeeds in saying what he _wills_."
The style of Pater has been praised and blamed for its particular qualities of colour, harmony, weaving; but it has not always, or often, been realised that what is most wonderful in the style is precisely its adaptability to every shade of meaning or intention, its extraordinary closeness in following the turns of thought, the waves of sensation, in the man himself. Everything in Pater was in harmony, when you got accustomed to its particular forms of expression: the heavy frame, so slow and deliberate in movement, so settled in repose; the timid and yet scrutinising eyes; the mannered, yet so personal, voice; the precise, pausing speech, with its urbanity, its almost painful conscientiousness of utterance; the whole outer mask, in short, worn for protection and out of courtesy, yet moulded upon the inner truth of nature like a mask moulded upon the features which it covers. And the books are the man, literally the man in many accents, turns of phrase; and, far more than that, the man himself, whom one felt through his few, friendly, intimate, serious words: the inner life of his soul coming close to us, in a slow and gradual revelation.
He has said, in the first essay of his which we have:
The artist and he who has treated life in the spirit of art desires only to be shown to the world as he really is; as he comes nearer and nearer to perfection, the veil of an outer life, not simply expressive of the inward, becomes thinner and thinner.
And Pater seemed to draw up into himself every form of earthly beauty, or of the beauty made by men, and many forms of knowledge and wisdom, and a sense of human things which was neither that of the lover nor of the priest, but partly of both; and his work was the giving out of all this again, with a certain labour to give it wholly. It is all, the criticism, and the stories, and the writing about pictures and places, a confession, the _vraie verite_ (as he was fond of saying) about the world in which he lived. That world he thought was open to all; he was sure that it was the real blue and green earth, and that he caught the tangible moments as they pa.s.sed. It was a world into which we can only look, not enter, for none of us have his secret. But part of his secret was in the gift and cultivation of a pa.s.sionate temperance, an unrelaxing attentiveness to whatever was rarest and most delightful in pa.s.sing things.
In Pater logic is of the nature of ecstasy, and ecstasy never soars wholly beyond the reach of logic. Pater is keen in pointing out the liberal and spendthrift weakness of Coleridge in his thirst for the absolute, his "hunger for eternity," and for his part he is content to set all his happiness, and all his mental energies, on a relative basis, on a valuation of the things of eternity under the form of time. He asks for no "larger flowers" than the best growth of the earth; but he would choose them flower by flower, and for himself. He finds life worth just living, a thing satisfying in itself, if you are careful to extract its essence, moment by moment, not in any calculated "hedonism," even of the mind, but in a quiet, discriminating acceptance of whatever is beautiful, active, or illuminating in every moment. As he grew older he added something more like a Stoic sense of "duty" to the old, properly and severely Epicurean doctrine of "pleasure." Pleasure was never, for Pater, less than the essence of all knowledge, all experience, and not merely all that is rarest in sensation; it was religious from the first, and had always to be served with a strict ritual. "Only be sure it is pa.s.sion," he said of that spirit of divine motion to which he appealed for the quickening of our sense of life, our sense of ourselves; be sure, he said, "that it does yield you this fruit of a quickened, multiplied consciousness." What he cared most for at all times was that which could give "the highest quality to our moments as they pa.s.s"; he differed only, to a certain extent, in his estimation of what that was.
"The herb, the wine, the gem" of the preface to the _Renaissance_ tended more and more to become, under less outward symbols of perfection, "the discovery, the new faculty, the privileged apprehension" by which "the imaginative regeneration of the world" should be brought about, or even, at times, a brooding over "what the soul pa.s.ses, and must pa.s.s, through, _aux abois_ with nothingness, or with those offended mysterious powers that may really occupy it."
When I first met Pater he was nearly fifty. I did not meet him for about two years after he had been writing to me, and his first letter reached me when I was just over twenty-one. I had been writing verse all my life, and what Browning was to me in verse Pater, from about the age of seventeen, had been to me in prose. Meredith made the third; but his form of art was not, I knew never could be, mine. Verse, I suppose, requires no teaching, but it was from reading Pater"s _Studies in the History of the Renaissance_, in its first edition on ribbed paper (I have the feel of it still in my fingers), that I realised that prose also could be a fine art. That book opened a new world to me, or, rather, gave me the key or secret of the world in which I was living. It taught me that there was a beauty besides the beauty of what one calls inspiration, and comes and goes, and cannot be caught or followed; that life (which had seemed to me of so little moment) could be itself a work of art; from that book I realised for the first time that there was anything interesting or vital in the world besides poetry and music. I caught from it an unlimited curiosity, or, at least, the direction of curiosity into definite channels.
The knowledge that there was such a person as Pater in the world, an occasional letter from him, an occasional meeting, and, gradually, the definite encouragement of my work in which, for some years, he was unfailingly generous and attentive, meant more to me, at that time, than I can well indicate, or even realise, now. It was through him that my first volume of verse was published; and it was through his influence and counsels that I trained myself to be infinitely careful in all matters of literature. Influence and counsel were always in the direction of sanity, restraint, precision.
I remember a beautiful phrase which he once made up, in his delaying way, with "wells" and "no doubts" in it, to describe, and to describe supremely, a person whom I had seemed to him to be disparaging. "He does," he said meditatively, "remind me of, well, of a steam-engine stuck in the mud. But he is so enthusiastic!" Pater liked people to be enthusiastic, but, with him, enthusiasm was an ardent quietude, guarded by the wary humour that protects the sensitive. He looked upon undue earnestness, even in outward manner, in a world through which the artist is bound to go on a wholly "secret errand," as bad form, which shocked him as much in persons as bad style did in books. He hated every form of extravagance, noise, mental or physical, with a temperamental hatred: he suffered from it, in his nerves and in his mind. And he had no less dislike of whatever seemed to him either morbid or sordid, two words which he often used to express his distaste for things and people. He never would have appreciated writers like Verlaine, because of what seemed to him perhaps unnecessarily "sordid" in their lives. It pained him, as it pains some people, perhaps only because they are more acutely sensitive than others, to walk through mean streets, where people are poor, miserable, and hopeless.
And since I have mentioned Verlaine, I may say that what Pater most liked in poetry was the very opposite of such work as that of Verlaine, which he might have been supposed likely to like. I do not think it was actually one of Verlaine"s poems, but something done after his manner in English, that some reviewer once quoted, saying: "That, to our mind, would be Mr. Pater"s ideal of poetry." Pater said to me, with a sad wonder, "I simply don"t know what he meant." What he liked in poetry was something even more definite than can be got in prose; and he valued poets like Dante and like Rossetti for their "delight in concrete definition," not even quite seeing the ultimate magic of such things as _Kubla Khan_, which he omitted in a brief selection from the poetry of Coleridge. In the most interesting letter which I ever had from him, the only letter which went to six pages, he says:
12 EARL"S TERRACE, KENSINGTON, W., _Jan. 8, 1888._
MY DEAR MR. SYMONS,--I feel much flattered at your choosing me as an arbiter in the matter of your literary work, and thank you for the pleasure I have had in reading carefully the two poems you have sent me. I don"t use the word "arbiter" loosely for "critic"; but suppose a real controversy, on the question whether you shall spend your best energies in writing verse, between your poetic aspirations on the one side, and prudence (calculating results) on the other. Well! judging by these two pieces, I should say that you have a poetic talent remarkable, especially at the present day, for precise and intellectual grasp on the matter it deals with.
Rossetti, I believe, said that the value of every artistic product was in direct proportion to the amount of purely intellectual force that went to the initial conception of it: and it is just this intellectual conception which seems to me to be so conspicuously wanting in what, in some ways, is the most characteristic verse of our time, especially that of our secondary poets. In your own pieces, particularly in your MS. "A Revenge," I find Rossetti"s requirement fulfilled, and should antic.i.p.ate great things from one who has the talent of conceiving his motive with so much firmness and tangibility--with that close logic, if I may say so, which is an element in any genuinely imaginative process. It is clear to me that you aim at this, and it is what gives your verses, to my mind, great interest. Otherwise, I think the two pieces of unequal excellence, greatly preferring "A Revenge" to "Bell in Camp."
Reserving some doubt whether the watch, as the lover"s gift, is not a little bourgeois, I think this piece worthy of any poet. It has that aim of concentration and organic unity which I value greatly both in prose and verse. "Bell in Camp" pleases me less, for the same reason which makes me put Rossetti"s "Jenny," and some of Browning"s pathetic-satiric pieces, below the rank which many a.s.sign them. In no one of the poems I am thinking of, is the inherent sordidness of everything in the persons supposed, except the one poetic trait then under treatment, quite forgotten.
Otherwise, I feel the pathos, the humour, of the piece (in the full sense of the word humour) and the skill with which you have worked out your motive therein. I think the present age an unfavourable one to poets, at least in England. The young poet comes into a generation which has produced a large amount of first-rate poetry, and an enormous amount of good secondary poetry.
You know I give a high place to the literature of prose as a fine art, and therefore hope you won"t think me brutal in saying that the admirable qualities of your verse are those also of imaginative prose; as I think is the case also with much of Browning"s finest verse. I should say, make prose your princ.i.p.al _metier_, as a man of letters, and publish your verse as a more intimate gift for those who already value you for your pedestrian work in literature.
I should think you ought to find no difficulty in finding a publisher for poems such as those you have sent to me.
I am more than ever anxious to meet you. Letters are such poor means of communication. Don"t come to London without making an appointment to come and see me here.--Very sincerely yours,
WALTER PATER.
"Browning, one of my best-loved writers," is a phrase I find in his first letter to me, in December 1886, thanking me for a little book on Browning which I had just published. There is, I think, no mention of any other writer except Shakespeare (besides the reference to Rossetti which I have just quoted) in any of the fifty or sixty letters which I have from him. Everything that is said about books is a direct matter of business: work which he was doing, of which he tells me, or which I was doing, about which he advises and encourages me.
In practical things Pater was wholly vague, troubled by their persistence when they pressed upon him. To wrap up a book to send by post was an almost intolerable effort, and he had another reason for hesitating. "I take your copy of Shakespeare"s sonnets with me," he writes in June 1889, "hoping to be able to restore it to you there lest it should get bruised by transit through the post." He wrote letters with distaste, never really well, and almost always with excuses or regrets in them: "Am so over-burdened (my time, I mean) just now with pupils, lectures, and the making thereof"; or, with hopes for a meeting: "Letters are such poor means of communication: when are we to meet?" or, as a sort of hasty makeshift: "I send this prompt answer, for I know by experience that when I delay my delays are apt to be lengthy." A review took him sometimes a year to get through; and remained in the end, like his letters, a little cramped, never finished to the point of ease, like his published writings. To lecture was a great trial to him. Two of the three lectures which I have heard in my life were given by Pater, one on Merimee, at the London Inst.i.tution, in November 1890, and the other on Raphael, at Toynbee Hall, in 1892. I never saw a man suffer a severer humiliation. The act of reading his written lecture was an agony which communicated itself to the main part of the audience. Before going into the hall at Whitechapel he had gone into a church to compose his mind a little, between the discomfort of the underground railway and the distress of the lecture-hall.
In a room, if he was not among very intimate friends, Pater was rarely quite at his ease, but he liked being among people, and he made the greater satisfaction overcome the lesser reluctance. He was particularly fond of cats, and I remember one evening, when I had been dining with him in London, the quaint, solemn, and perfectly natural way in which he took up the great black Persian, kissed it, and set it down carefully again on his way upstairs. Once at Oxford he told me that M. Bourget had sent him the first volume of his _Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine_, and that the cat had got hold of the book and torn up the part containing the essay on Baudelaire, "and as Baudelaire was such a lover of cats I thought she might have spared him!"
We were talking once about fairs, and I had been saying how fond I was of them. He said: "I am fond of them, too. I always go to fairs. I am getting to find they are very similar." Then he began to tell me about the fairs in France, and I remember, as if it were an unpublished fragment in one of his stories, the minute, coloured impression of the booths, the little white horses of the "roundabouts," and the little wild beast shows, in which what had most struck him was the interest of the French peasant in the wolf, a creature he might have seen in his own woods. "An English clown would not have looked at a wolf if he could have seen a tiger."
I once asked Pater if his family was really connected with that of the painter, Jean-Baptiste Pater. He said: "I think so, I believe so, I always say so." The relationship has never been verified, but one would like to believe it; to find something lineally Dutch in the English writer. It was, no doubt, through this kind of family interest that he came to work upon Goncourt"s essay and the contemporary _Life of Watteau_ by the Count de Caylus, printed in the first series of _L"Art du XVIII^e Siecle_, out of which he has made certainly the most living of his _Imaginary Portraits_, that _Prince of Court Painters_ which is supposed to be the journal of a sister of Jean-Baptiste Pater, whom we see in one of Watteau"s portraits in the Louvre. As far back as 1889[4]