"When the wind is in the south, It is in the rain"s mouth."
Again, in days gone by, the southerly winds were generally supposed to be bearers of noxious fogs and vapors, frequent allusions to which are given by Shakespeare. Thus, in "The Tempest" (i. 2), Caliban says:
"a south-west blow on ye And blister you all o"er."
A book,[149] too, with which, as already noticed, Shakespeare appears to have been familiar, tells us, "This southern wind is hot and moist.
Southern winds corrupt and destroy; they heat, and make men fall into the sickness." Hence, in "Troilus and Cressida" (v. 1), Thersites speaks of "the rotten diseases of the south;" and in "Coriola.n.u.s" (i.
4), Marcius exclaims:
"All the contagion of the south light on you."
[149] Batman upon Bartholomaeus-"De Proprietatibus Rerum," lib.
xi. c. 3.
Once more, in "Cymbeline" (ii. 3), Cloten speaks in the same strain: "The south fog rot him."
_Flaws._ These are sudden gusts of wind. It was the opinion, says Warburton, "of some philosophers that the vapors being congealed in the air by cold (which is the most intense in the morning), and being afterwards rarefied and let loose by the warmth of the sun, occasion those sudden and impetuous gusts of wind which were called "flaws.""
Thus he comments on the following pa.s.sage in "2 Henry IV." (iv. 4):
"As humorous as winter, and as sudden As flaws congealed in the spring of day."
In "2 Henry VI." (iii. 1) these outbursts of wind are further alluded to:
"And this fell tempest shall not cease to rage Until the golden circuit on my head, Like to the glorious sun"s transparent beams, Do calm the fury of this mad-bred flaw."
Again, in "Venus and Adonis" (425), there is an additional reference:
"Like a red morn, that ever yet betoken"d Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field, Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds, Gusts and foul flaws to herdmen and to herds."
In the Cornish dialect a _flaw_ signifies primitively a cut.[150] But it is also there used in a secondary sense for those sudden or cutting gusts of wind.[151]
[150] Polwhele"s "Cornish Vocabulary."
[151] Cf. "Macbeth," iii. 4, "O, these flaws and starts."
_Squalls._ There is a common notion that "the sudden storm lasts not three hours," an idea referred to by John of Gaunt in "Richard II." (ii.
1):
"Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short."
Thus, in Norfolk, the peasantry say that "the faster the rain, the quicker the hold up," which is only a difference in words from the popular adage, "after a storm comes a calm."
_Clouds._ In days gone by, clouds floating before the wind, like a reek or vapor, were termed racking clouds. Hence in "3 Henry VI." (ii. 1), Richard speaks of:
"Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun; Not separated with the racking clouds."
This verb, though now obsolete, was formerly in common use; and in "King Edward III.," 1596, we read:
"Like inconstant clouds, That, rack"d upon the carriage of the winds, Increase," etc.
At the present day one may often hear the phrase, the rack of the weather, in our agricultural districts; many, too, of the items of weather-lore noticed by Shakespeare being still firmly credited by our peasantry.
CHAPTER VI.
BIRDS.
In the present chapter we have not only a striking proof of Shakespeare"s minute acquaintance with natural history, but of his remarkable versatility as a writer. While displaying a most extensive knowledge of ornithology, he has further ill.u.s.trated his subject by alluding to those numerous legends, popular sayings, and superst.i.tions which have, in this and other countries, cl.u.s.tered round the feathered race. Indeed, the following pages are alone sufficient to show, if it were necessary, how fully he appreciated every branch of antiquarian lore; and what a diligent student he must have been in the pursuit of that wide range of information, the possession of which has made him one of the most many-sided writers that the world has ever seen. The numerous incidental allusions, too, by Shakespeare, to the folk-lore of bygone days, while showing how deeply he must have read and gathered knowledge from every available source, serve as an additional proof of his retentive memory, and marvellous power of embellishing his ideas by the most apposite ill.u.s.trations. Unfortunately, however, these have, hitherto, been frequently lost sight of through the reader"s unacquaintance with that extensive field of folk-lore which was so well known to the poet. For the sake of easy reference, the birds with which the present chapter deals are arranged alphabetically.
_Barnacle-Goose._ There was a curious notion, very prevalent in former times, that this bird (_Anser bernicla_) was generated from the barnacle (_Lepas anatifera_), a sh.e.l.l-fish, growing on a flexible stem, and adhering to loose timber, bottoms of ships, etc., a metamorphosis to which Shakespeare alludes in "The Tempest" (iv. 1), where he makes Caliban say:
"we shall lose our time, And all be turn"d to barnacles."
This vulgar error, no doubt, originated in mistaking the fleshy peduncle of the sh.e.l.l-fish for the neck of a goose, the sh.e.l.l for its head, and the tentacula for a tuft of feathers. These sh.e.l.l-fish, therefore, bearing, as seen out of the water, a resemblance to the goose"s neck, were ignorantly, and without investigation, confounded with geese themselves. In France, the barnacle-goose may be eaten on fast days, by virtue of this old belief in its fishy origin.[152] Like other fictions this one had its variations,[153] for sometime the barnacles were supposed to grow on trees, and thence to drop into the sea, and become geese, as in Drayton"s account of Furness ("Polyolb." 1622, song 27, l.
1190). As early as the 12th century this idea[154] was promulgated by Giraldus Cambrensis in his "Topographia Hiberniae." Gerarde, who in the year 1597 published his "Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes,"
narrates the following: "There are found in the north parts of Scotland, and the isles adjacent called Orcades, certain trees, whereon do grow certain sh.e.l.l-fishes, of a white color, tending to russet, wherein are contained little living creatures; which sh.e.l.ls in time of maturity do open, and out of them grow those little living things which, falling into the water, do become fowls, whom we call barnacles, in the north of England brant geese, and in Lancashire tree geese; but the others that do fall upon the land perish, and do come to nothing. Thus much of the writings of others, and also from the mouths of people of those parts, which may very well accord with truth. But what our eyes have seen and hands have touched, we shall declare. There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old ships, some whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck, and also the trunks or bodies, with the branches, of old rotten trees, cast up there likewise, whereon is found a certain spume or froth, that in time breedeth into certain sh.e.l.ls, in shape like those of the mussel, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish color: wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace of silk, one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the sh.e.l.l, even as the fish of oysters and mussels are. The other end is made fast unto the belly of a rude ma.s.s or lump, which in time cometh to the shape and form of a bird; when it is perfectly formed the sh.e.l.l gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace or string; next come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the sh.e.l.l by degrees, till at length it is all come forth and hangeth only by the bill. In short s.p.a.ce after it cometh to full maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers and groweth to a fowl, bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose; having black legs and bill, or beak, and feathers black and white, spotted in such a manner as is our magpie, which the people of Lancashire call by no other name than a tree goose." An interesting cut of these birds so growing is given by Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps from a ma.n.u.script of the 14th century, who is of opinion that the barnacle mentioned by Caliban was the tree-goose. It is not to be supposed, however, that there were none who doubted this marvellous story, or who took steps to refute it. Belon, so long ago as 1551, says Mr.
Harting,[155] and others after him, treated it with ridicule, and a refutation may be found in Willughby"s "Ornithology," which was edited by Ray in 1678.[156] This vulgar error is mentioned by many of the old writers. Thus Bishop Hall, in his "Virgidemiarum" (lib. iv. sat. 2), says:
"The Scottish barnacle, if I might choose, That of a worme doth waxe a winged goose."
[152] See Harland and Wilkinson"s "Lancashire Folk-Lore," 1867, pp. 116-121; "Notes and Queries," 1st series, vol. viii. p.
224; "Penny Cyclopaedia," vol. vii. p. 206, article "Cirripeda."
[153] Nares"s "Glossary," 1872, vol. i. p. 56.
[154] See Harting"s "Ornithology of Shakespeare," 1871, pp.
246-257.
[155] "Ornithology of Shakespeare," 1871, p. 252.
[156] See "Philosophical Transactions" for 1835; Darwin"s "Monograph of the Cirrhipedia," published by the Ray Society; a paper by Sir J. Emerson Tennent in "Notes and Queries," 1st series, vol. viii. p. 223; Brand"s "Popular Antiquities," 1849, vol. iii. pp. 361, 362; Douce"s "Ill.u.s.trations of Shakespeare,"
1839, p. 14.
Butler, too, in his "Hudibras" (III. ii. l. 655), speaks of it; and Marston, in his "Malecontent" (1604), has the following: "Like your Scotch barnacle, now a block, instantly a worm, and presently a great goose."
_Blackbird._ This favorite is called, in the "Midsummer-Night"s Dream"
(iii. 1) an ousel (old French, _oisel_), a term still used in the neighborhood of Leeds:
"The ousel c.o.c.k, so black of hue, With orange-tawny bill."
In "2 Henry IV." (iii. 2) when Justice Shallow inquires of Justice Silence, "And how doth my cousin?" he is answered: "Alas, a black ousel,[157] cousin Shallow," a phrase which, no doubt, corresponded to our modern one, "a black sheep." In Spenser"s "Epithalamium" (l. 82), the word occurs:
"The ousel shrills, the ruddock warbles soft."
[157] See Yarrell"s "History of British Birds," 2d edition, vol. i. p. 218; "Dialect of Leeds," 1862, p. 329. In "Hamlet"