EXERCISES
1. For what reasons are the cereal products so valuable?
2. Compare the composition of the different grains.
3. What changes are effected in the proper cookery of cereals?
4. What are the important points in practice?
5. What are the advantages of a good "ready to serve" breakfast cereal?
6. Ascertain the cost of a box of puffed cereal and an uncooked cereal of the same size. Weigh the contents of the two.
7. Estimate the cost of each one served to a family of six.
8. What is the cost of a 100-Calorie portion?
9. What is the advantage of serving dry toast with a cereal?
CHAPTER IX
EGGS, MILK, AND CHEESE
Eggs are a specially interesting food because they contain all the elements necessary to the development of the young chick within the sh.e.l.l.
The structure of the egg is familiar, with its division into the yolk and white, and it is interesting to note the details of this structure.
Break a fresh egg carefully into a saucer. The sh.e.l.l is porous, allowing water to evaporate from the egg and air to enter. To this porosity is due the fact that other substances may enter the egg, giving it an unnatural flavor and even hastening its deterioration. Within the sh.e.l.l is a fine membrane which protects the white. The yolk is also divided from the white by a more delicate membrane which enables one to separate the yolk from the white of a fresh egg. A careful examination reveals at each end of the yolk a continuation of this membrane in the form of small cords which are fastened at each end of the sh.e.l.l, holding the yolk evenly suspended in the center of the sh.e.l.l. Rough handling or jolting breaks this membrane, and the yolk drops to one side.
Lift the white carefully with a fork, and notice its elasticity. This cohesive property makes it possible to beat air into the white until the whole ma.s.s become porous. The yolk is creamy rather than light when beaten, and a bit of the yolk mixed with the white prevents the latter from becoming light and dry.
=Composition of the egg.=--Figure 40 gives the composition of the yolk and white taken together, and of the yolk and white separated. The protein content is high, and the fat content as well, the yolk containing a higher percentage of these two foodstuffs than the white. The mineral matter is of high value, iron and phosphorus being found in ideal forms in the yolk.
In using the egg as food we are availing ourselves of one of nature"s richest storehouses. A single egg of average size yields about 75 calories, of which 60 come from the yolk and 15 from the white. A _very_ large egg, weighing two and two thirds ounces, will yield 100 calories.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 40.--Composition of eggs and cheese.]
=Fresh eggs and cold storage eggs.=--The fresh-laid egg is always desired for its delicious flavor, and this flavor changes but little in a week or two if the egg is kept cool. It is desirable to preserve eggs, however, for future use at the season when they are most abundant and cheap. Many methods have been tried, such as laying them away in sawdust, sinking them in water-gla.s.s solution, or coating the sh.e.l.l with paraffin or some other substance to prevent evaporation and the entrance of air. The introduction of cold storage on a large scale promises a solution of the problem. If eggs are fresh when placed in storage, it is possible to keep them just above the freezing temperature for months without appreciable deterioration.
Eggs too long in storage may be detected by the musty odor and flavor, the running of the yolk into the white, and the thin quality of the white which prevents beating stiff. Some states have already pa.s.sed stringent laws in regard to the sale of cold storage eggs.
=The cost of eggs and how to buy.=--The demand for fresh eggs is great, and so many eggs are exported, that the price is high, even in the summer.
Twenty-five cents a dozen is a reasonable price, but this is below the average at the present date. The thirty-five or forty-cent daily allowance for food will permit the moderate use of eggs at thirty-five cents a dozen, but not a liberal use in cakes and desserts. They should be used at such a price and with that allowance as the main dish for breakfast or luncheon at times, and not in sweet dishes calling for three or four eggs. If a recipe for soft custard calls for three eggs to a pint of milk, leave out one egg or even two, and use one or two tablespoonfuls of cornstarch instead. Select eggs with a hard sh.e.l.l, and yolk of rich yellow. If the sh.e.l.l is soft and the yolk pale, these deficiencies should be reported, as they can be corrected by the poultryman. The difference in color of the sh.e.l.ls, whether white or brown, is not of great consequence.
If you can buy eggs by the crate direct from the poultryman, this is a saving, provided the eggs can be used before they deteriorate. A small crate holds fifteen dozen; the usual size thirty dozen. Some express companies have a special rate for eggs, and parcel post should aid in this method of buying.
=Relative digestibility of soft and hard-cooked eggs.=--The fact must be recalled that to digest is to dissolve, and that the digestion of food means a dissolving by the digestive juices, aided by water. When we speak of the digestibility of food we may mean the ease and comfort of digestion, or the length of time taken by the process, or the completeness of the process. If we take the third of these meanings, hard-cooked egg is as digestible as the soft-cooked or the raw egg, because it is completely dissolved in digestion in the course of time. If the second meaning of digestion is taken, the hard-cooked egg may be slightly less digestible, for a slightly longer time is consumed in the process. The latest researches, however, show that the digestive process is longer with any food than was formerly supposed, and the difference in this case is not especially important. Indeed, we must accept the conclusions of the scientist and frankly admit that the differences of temperature in cooking of egg do not have any great effect upon its digestibility.
Why then the popular idea that a hard-boiled egg is "absolutely indigestible"? A hard-boiled egg, or more than one, eaten rapidly, without mastication, at a picnic, and with much sweet food at an unusual hour, may interfere with the "ease and comfort in digestion" resulting from such a meal. But if the whites of the hard-boiled eggs are chopped fine, the yolk mashed, and the two served upon toast, thus insuring mastication, a dish is produced that is of average digestibility and that may be used for breakfast or luncheon without hesitation.
If a tender, jellylike consistency is wanted, cook the egg below the boiling point of water. If, however, a firmer egg is preferred, use the old-time method, and cook the egg three or four minutes in boiling water.
It is the easier and quicker method.
Moreover, do not hesitate to use an egg "boiled" half an hour, provided it is chopped fine or sliced.
GENERAL METHODS AND RECIPES
=1. Eggs used raw.=--An egg, swallowed whole, followed by a cracker, is a "quick lunch" that is not harmful, and it is sometimes convenient to be able to take an egg in this way. A sprinkling of salt upon it makes it more agreeable.
=2. Beaten eggs.=--Beat the yolk and white separately. Add to the yolk a teaspoonful of sugar, a shake of salt, some flavoring, and 3/4 of a cup of milk. Beat the white gently into this mixture and serve in a gla.s.s. The flavoring may be a quarter of a teaspoonful of vanilla, or a tablespoonful of orange juice. This is sometimes served to an invalid who can take milk, and is an agreeable luncheon for any one. If milk does not agree with one, a larger amount of fruit juice may be used with the addition of some water, possibly carbonated. The white alone is given in cases of severe illness, mixed with a small amount of water, and fruit juice if the physician permits the latter. This is sometimes the only food that can be retained by an invalid.
=Principles of egg cookery.=--Protein in the form of an egg-alb.u.min is the foodstuff to consider in the cooking of eggs. Heat produces in the egg a change in color and in texture or firmness, the firmness or hardness depending upon the degree of heat and the length of time given to the cooking. Coagulation is the term used for this change in the egg-alb.u.min.
1. The white of egg begins to coagulate and to show an opaque white at about 180 F.
2. A temperature somewhat below the boiling point of water for about ten minutes will give the white a jellylike, tender consistency, and slightly cook the yolk. Continued for an hour, the white becomes solid and adheres to the sh.e.l.l.
3. The boiling point of water gives a firmer consistency than a temperature below this point. The white is free from the sh.e.l.l.
4. A high temperature, that of a hot pan, will produce a leathery consistency if long continued.
_A. An experiment with the egg._
Apparatus and materials.--A ring stand, wire net, Bunsen burner, gla.s.s beaker, test tube, chemical thermometer, white of egg.
_Method._--Put the beaker two thirds full of water on the wire net over the flame. Put enough white of egg into the test tube to cover the bulb of the thermometer when this is put into the tube. Clamp the test tube so that it rests in the water in the beaker. The surface of the water should stand above the top of the white of egg. Clamp the thermometer so that it is held in the white of egg in the test tube. The white should be stirred with a fork before it is put into the test tube, and only a small quant.i.ty used.
Note:
1. The temperature when the first visible change occurs.
2. The temperature when the whole ma.s.s becomes of a jellylike consistency.
3. The temperature when the water reaches the boiling point.
Remove; note the consistency.
=3. Jellied or coddled eggs.=--See that the sh.e.l.ls are whole and clean. If the eggs are just taken from the refrigerator, lay them in warm water a few minutes. Make ready a double boiler, the lower part half full of boiling water. Put the required number of eggs into the inner boiler, cover with water that has just stopped boiling, put on the boiler cover, and stand the boiler where the water below will no longer boil. The eggs will be done in from six to eight minutes.
Having performed the preceding experiment, you should be able to invent another way of accomplishing this result.
=4. Boiled eggs.=
Put one egg at a time from a tablespoon into boiling water. Allow the water to boil for three or four minutes, depending upon the preference of those served. Remove the eggs, and serve at once.
The _hard-boiled egg_ should remain in the boiling water half an hour.