This day is published, Price, seven Shillings, and sold by the said JAMES RIVINGTON, adorned with two hundred Pictures
THE FABLES OF AESOP
with a moral to each Fable in Verse, and an Application in Prose, intended for the Use of the youngest of readers, and proper to be put into the hands of Children, immediately after they have done with the Spelling-Book, it being adapted to their tender Capacities, the Fables are related in a short and lively Manner, and they are recommended to all those who are concerned in the education of Children. This is an entire new Work, elegantly printed and ornamented with much better Cuts than any other Edition of Aesop"s Fables. Be pleased to ask for DRAPER"S AESOP.
From such records of parents" care as are given in Mrs. Charles Pinckney"s letters to her husband"s agent in London, and Josiah Quincy"s reminiscences of his early training, it seems very evident that John Locke"s advice in "Thoughts on Education" was read and followed at this time in the American colonies. Therefore, in accordance with the bachelor philosopher"s theory as to reading-matter for little children, the bookseller recommended the "Fables" to "those concerned in the education of children." It is at least a happy coincidence that one of the earliest books (as far as is known to the writer), aside from school and religious books, issued as published in America for children, should have been the one Locke had so heartily recommended. This is what he had said many years previously: "When by these gentle ways he begins to _read_, some easy pleasant Book, suited to his capacities, should be put into his Hands, wherein the Entertainment that he finds might draw him on, and reward his Pains in Reading, and yet not such as will fill his head with perfectly useless Trumpery, or lay the Principles of Vice and Folly. To this Purpose, I think Aesop"s Fables the best which being Stories apt to delight and entertain a child, may yet afford useful Reflections to a grown Man.... If his Aesop has pictures in it, it will entertain him much better and encourage him to read." The two hundred pictures in Rivington"s edition made it, of course, high priced in comparison with Newbery"s books: but New York then contained many families well able to afford this outlay to secure such an acquisition to the family library.
Hugh Gaine at this time, as a rule, received each year two shipments of books, among which were usually some for children, yet about 1762 he began to try his own hand at reprinting Newbery"s now famous little duodecimos.
In that year we find an announcement through the "New York Mercury" that he had himself printed "Divers diverting books for infants." The following list gives some idea of their character:
_Just published by Hugh Gaine_
A pretty Book for Children; Or an Easy Guide to the English Tongue.
The private Tutor for little Masters and Misses.
Food for the Mind; or a new Riddle Book compiled for the use of little Good Boys and Girls in America. By Jack the Giant-Killer, Esq.
A Collection of Pretty Poems, by Tommy Tag, Esq.
Aesop"s Fables in Verse, with the Conversation of Beasts and Birds, at their several Meetings. By Woglog the great Giant.
A Little pretty Book, intended for the Amus.e.m.e.nt of Little Master Tommy and pretty Miss Polly, with two Letters from Jack the Giant-Killer.
Be Merry and Wise: Or the Cream of the Jests. By Tommy Trapwit, Esq.
The t.i.tle of "Food for the Mind" is of special importance, since in it Gaine made a clever alteration by inserting the words "Good Boys and Girls in _America_." The colonials were already beginning to feel a pride in the fact of belonging to the new country, America, and therefore Gaine shrewdly changed the English t.i.tle to one more likely to induce people to purchase.
Gaine and Rivington alone have left records of printing children"s story-books in the town of New York before the Revolution; but before they began to print, other booksellers advertised their invoices of books. In 1759 Garrat Noel, a Dutchman, had announced that he had "the very prettiest gilt Books for little Masters and Misses that ever were invented, full of wit and wisdom, at the surprising low Price of only one Shilling each finely bound and adorned with a number of curious Cuts." By 1762 Noel had increased his stock and placed a somewhat larger advertis.e.m.e.nt in the "Mercury" of December 27. The late arrival of his goods may have been responsible for the bargains he offered at this holiday sale.
GARRAT NOEL _Begs Leave to Inform the Public, that according to his Annual Custom, he has provided a very large a.s.sortment of Books for Entertainment and Improvement of Youth, in Reading, Writing, Cyphering, and Drawing, as Proper Presents at _CHRISTMAS_ and _New-Year_._
The following Small, but improving Histories, are sold at _Two Shillings_, each, neatly bound in red, and adorn"d with Cuts.
[Symbol: hand]Those who buy _Six_, shall have a _Seventh Gratis_, and buying only _Three_, they shall have a present of a fine large Copper-Plate Christmas Piece: [_List of histories follows._]
The following neat Gilt Books, very instructive and Amusing being full of Pictures, are sold at _Eighteen Pence_ each.
Fables in Verse and Prose, with the Conversation of Birds & Beasts at their several meetings, Routs and a.s.semblies for the Improvement of Old and Young, etc.
To-day none of these gay little volumes sold in New York are to be seen.
The inherent faculty of children for losing and destroying books, coupled with the perishable nature of these toy volumes, has rendered the children"s treasures of seventeen hundred and sixty-two a great rarity. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania is the fortunate possessor of one much prized story-book printed in that year; but though it is at present in the Quaker City, a printer of Boston was responsible for its production.
In Isaiah Thomas"s recollections of the early Boston printers, he described Zechariah Fowle, with whom he served his apprenticeship, and Samuel Draper, Fowle"s partner. These men, about seventeen hundred and fifty-seven, took a house in Marlborough Street. Here, according to Thomas, "they printed and opened a shop. They kept a great supply of ballads, and small pamphlets for book pedlars, of whom there were many at that time. Fowle was bred to the business, but he was an indifferent hand at the press, and much worse at the case."
This description of the printer"s ability is borne out by the "New-Gift for Children," printed by this firm. It is probably the oldest story-book bearing an American imprint now in existence, and for this reason merits description, although its contents can be seen in the picture of the t.i.tle-page. Brown with age and like all chap-books without a cover--for it was Newbery who introduced this more durable and attractive feature--all sizes in type were used to print its fifteen stories. The stories in themselves were not new, as it is called the "Fourth edition." It is possible that they were taken from the Banbury chap-books, which also often copied Newbery"s juvenile library, as the list of his publications compiled by Mr. Charles Welsh does not contain this t.i.tle.
The loyalty of the Boston printers found expression on the third page by a very black cut of King George the Third, who appears rather puzzled and not a little unhappy; but it found favor with customers, for as yet the colonials thought their king "no man of blood." On turning the page Queen Charlotte looks out with goggle-eyes, curls, and a row of beads about the size of pebbles around her thick neck. The picture seems to be a copy from some miniature of the queen, as an oval frame with a crown surmounting it encircles the portrait. The stories are so much better than some that were written even after the nineteenth century, that extracts from them are worth reading. The third tale, called "The Generosity of Confessing a Fault," begins as follows:
"Miss _f.a.n.n.y Goodwill_ was one of the prettiest children that ever was seen; her temper was as sweet as her looks, and her behavior so genteel and obliging that everybody admir"d her; for n.o.body can help loving good children, any more than they can help being angry with those that are naughty. It is no wonder then that her papa and mama lov"d her dearly, they took a great deal of pains to improve her mind so that before she was seven years old, she could read, and talk, and work like a little woman. One day as her papa was sitting by the fire, he set her upon his knees, kiss"d her, and told her how very much he lov"d her; and then smiling, and taking hold of her hand, My dear f.a.n.n.y, said he, take care never to tell a lye, and then I shall always love you as well as I do now. You or I may be guilty of a fault; but there is something n.o.ble and generous in owning our errors, and striving to mend them; but a lye more than doubles the fault, and when it is found out, makes the lyar appear mean and contemptible.... Thus, my dear, the lyar is a wretch, whom n.o.body trusts, n.o.body regards, n.o.body pities. Indeed papa, said Miss _f.a.n.n.y_, I would not be such a creature for all the world. You are very good, my little _charmer_, said her papa and kiss"d her again."
[Ill.u.s.tration: _t.i.tle-page from "The New Gift for Children"_]
The inevitable temptation came when Miss f.a.n.n.y went on "a visit to a Miss in the neighborhood; her mama ordered her to be home at eight o"clock; but she was engag"d at play, and did not mind how the time pa.s.s"d, so that she stay"d till near ten; and then her mama sent for her." The child of course was frightened by the lateness of the hour, and the maid--who appears in the ill.u.s.tration with c.o.c.ked hat and musket!--tried to calm her fears with the advice to "tell her mama that the Miss she went to see had taken her out." "_No Mary_, said Miss _f.a.n.n.y_, wiping her pretty eyes, I am above a lye;" and she rehea.r.s.ed for the benefit of the maid her father"s admonition.
Story IX tells of the _Good Girl and Pretty Girl_. In this the pretty child had bright eyes and pretty plump cheeks and was much admired. She, however, was a meanly proud girl, and so naughty as not to want to grow wiser, but applied to those good people who happened to be less favored in looks such terms as "bandy-legs, crump, and all such naughty names."
The good sister "could read before the pretty miss could tell a letter; and though her shape was not so genteel her behavior was a great deal more so. But alas! the pretty creature fell sick of the small-pox, and all her beauty vanished." Thus in the eighteenth century was the adage "Beauty is but skin deep" brought to bear upon conduct.
On the last page is a cut of "Louisburg demolished," which had served its time already upon almanacs, but the eight cuts were undoubtedly made especially for children. Moreover, since they do not altogether ill.u.s.trate the various stories, they are good proof that similar chap-book tales were printed by Fowle and Draper for little ones before the War of Independence.
In the southern provinces the sea afforded better transportation facilities for household necessities and luxuries than the few post-lines from the north could offer. Bills of exchange could be drawn against London, to be paid by the profits of the tobacco crops, a safer method of payment than any that then existed between the northern and southern towns. In the regular orders sent by George Washington to Robert Carey in London, twice we find mention of the children"s needs and wishes. In the very first invoice of goods to be shipped to Washington after his marriage with Mrs. Custis in seventeen hundred and fifty-nine, he ordered "10 Shillings worth of Toys, 6 little books for children beginning to read and a fashionable dressed baby to cost 10 Shillings;" and again later in ordering clothes, "Toys, Sugar, Images and Comfits" for his step-children he added: "Books according to the enclosed list to be charged equally to John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis."
But in Boston the people bought directly from the booksellers, of whom there were already many. One of these was John Mein, who played a part in the historic Non-Importation Agreement. In seventeen hundred and fifty this Englishman had opened in King Street a shop which he called the "London Book-Store." Here he sold many imported books, and in seventeen hundred and sixty-five, when the population of Boston numbered some twenty thousand, he started the "earliest circulating library, advertised to contain ten thousand volumes."[73-A] This shop was both famous and notorious: famous because of its "Very Grand a.s.sortment of the most modern Books;" notorious because of the accusations made against its owner when the colonials, aroused by the action of Parliament, pa.s.sed the Non-Importation Agreement.
Before the excitement had culminated in this "Agreement," John Mein"s lists of importations show that the children"s pleasure had not been forgotten, and after it their books singularly enough were connected with this historic action.
In 1766, in the "Boston Evening Post," we find Mein"s announcement that "Little Books with Pictures for Children" could be purchased at the London Book-Store; in December, 1767, he advertised through the columns of the "Boston Chronicle," among other books, "in every branch of polite literature," a "Great Variety of entertaining Books for CHILDREN, proper for presents at Christmas or New-year"s day--Prices from Two Coppers to Two Shillings." In August of the following year Mein gave the names of seven of Newbery"s famous gilt volumes, as "to be sold" at his shop.
These "pretty little entertaining and instructive Books" were "Giles Gingerbread," the "Adventures of little TOMMY TRIP with his dog JOULER,"
"Tommy Trip"s Select Fables," and "an excellent Pastoral Hymn," "The Famous Tommy Thumb"s Little Story-Book," "Leo, the Great Giant," and "URAX, or the Fair Wanderer--price eight pence lawful money. _A very interesting tale in which the protection of the Almighty_ is proved to be the first and chief support of the FEMALE s.e.x." Number seven in the list was the story of the "Cruel Giant Barbarico," and it is one of this edition that is now among the rare Americana of the Boston Public Library. The imprint upon its t.i.tle-page coincides with Isaiah Thomas"s statement that though "Fleming was not concerned with Mein in book-selling, several books were printed at their house for Mein." Its date, 1768, would indicate that Mein had reproduced one of his importations to which allusion has already been made. The book in marbled covers, time-worn and faded now, was sold for only "six-pence lawful" when new, possibly because it lacked ill.u.s.trations.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Miss f.a.n.n.y"s Maid_]
One year later, when the Non-Importation Agreement had pa.s.sed and was rigorously enforced in the port of Boston, these same little books were advertised again in the "Chronicle" of December 4-7 under the large caption, PRINTED IN AMERICA AND TO BE SOLD BY JOHN MEIN. Times had so changed within one year"s s.p.a.ce that even a child"s six-penny book was unpopular, if known to have been imported.
Mein was among those accused of violating the "Agreement;" he was charged with the importation of materials for book-making. In a November number of the "Chronicle" of seventeen hundred and sixty-nine, Mein published an article ent.i.tled "A State of the Importation from Great Britain into the Port of BOSTON with the advertis.e.m.e.nt of a set of Men, who a.s.sume to themselves THE t.i.tLE of _ALL the Well Disposed Merchants_." In this letter the London Book-Store proprietor vigorously defended himself, and protested that the quant.i.ty of his work necessitated some importations not procurable in Boston. He also made sarcastic references to other men whom he thought the cap fitted better with less excuse. It was in the following December that he tried to keep this trade in children"s books by his apparently patriotic announcement regarding them. His protests were useless. Already in disfavor with some because he was supposed to print books in America but used a London imprint, his popularity waned; he was marked as a loyalist, and there was little of the spirit of tolerance for such in that hot-bed of patriotism. The air was so full of the growing differences between the colonials and the king"s government, that in seventeen hundred and seventy Mein closed out his stock and returned to England.
On the other hand, the patriotic booksellers did not fail to take note of the crystallization of public opinion. Robert Bell in Philadelphia appended a note to his catalogue of books, stating that "The Lovers and Practisers of Patriotism are requested to note that all the Books in this Catalogue are either of American manufacture, or imported before the Non-Importation Agreement."
The supply of home-made paper was of course limited. So much was needed to circulate among the colonies pamphlets dealing with the injustice of the king"s government toward his American subjects, that it seems remarkable that any juvenile books should have been printed in those stirring days before the war began. It is rather to be expected that, with the serious turn that events had taken and the consequent questions that had arisen, the publications of the American press should have received the shadow of the forthcoming trouble--a shadow sufficient to discourage any attempt at humor for adult or child. Evidence, however, points to the fact that humor and amus.e.m.e.nt were not totally lacking in the issues of the press of at least one printer in Boston, John Boyle.
The humorous satire produced by his press in seventeen hundred and seventy-five, called "The First Book of the American Chronicles of the Times," purported to set forth the state of political affairs during the troubles "wherein all our calamities are seen to flow from the fact that the king had set up for our worship the G.o.d of the heathen--The Tea Chest." This pamphlet has been one to keep the name of John Boyle among the prominent printers of pre-Revolutionary days. Additional interest accrues for this reason to a play-book printed by Boyle--the only one extant of this decade known to the writer.
This quaint little chap-book, three by four inches in size, was issued in seventeen hundred and seventy-one, soon after Boyle had set up his printing establishment and four years before the publication of the famous pamphlet. It represents fully the standard for children"s literature in the days when Newbery"s tiny cla.s.sics were making their way to America, and was indeed advertised by Mein in seventeen hundred and sixty-eight among the list of books "Printed in America." Its t.i.tle, "The Famous Tommy Thumb"s Little Story-Book: Containing his Life and Adventures," has rather a familiar sound, but its contents would not now be allowed upon any nursery table. Since the days of the Anglo-Saxons, Tom Thumb"s adventures have been told and retold; each generation has given to the rising generation the version thought proper for the ears of children. In Boyle"s edition this method resulted in realism pushed to the extreme; but it is not to be denied that the yellowed pages contain the wondrous adventures and hairbreadth escapes so dear to the small boy of all time. The thrilling incidents were further enlivened, moreover, by cuts called by the printer "_curious_" in the sense of very fine: and _curious_ they are to-day because of the crudeness of their execution and the coa.r.s.eness of their design. Nevertheless, the grotesque character of the ill.u.s.trations was altogether effective in impressing upon the reader the doughty deeds of his old friend, Tom Thumb. The book itself shows marks of its popularity, and of the hard usage to which it was subjected by its happy owner, who was not critical of the editor"s freedom of speech.
The coa.r.s.eness permitted in a nursery favorite makes it sufficiently clear that the standard for the ideal toy-book of the eighteenth century is no gauge for that of the twentieth. Child-life differed in many particulars, as Mr. Julian Hawthorne pointed out some years ago, when he wrote that the children of the eighteenth century "were urged to grow up almost before they were short-coated." We must bear this in mind in turning to another cla.s.s of books popular with adult and child alike in both England and America before and for some years after the Revolution.
This was the period when the novel in the hands of Richardson, Fielding, and Smollett was a.s.suming hitherto unsuspected possibilities. Allusion must be made to some of the characteristics of their work, since their style undoubtedly affected juvenile reading and the tales written for children.
Taking for the sake of convenience the novels of the earliest of this group of men, Samuel Richardson, as a starting-point, we find in Pamela and Mr. Lovelace types of character that merge from the Puritanical concrete examples of virtue and vice into a psychological attempt to depict the emotion and feeling preceding every act of heroine and villain. Through every stage of the story the author still clings to the long-established precedent of giving moral and religious instruction.
Afterwards, when Fielding attempted to parody "Pamela," he developed the novel of adventure in high and low life, and produced "Joseph Andrews."
He then followed this with the character-study represented by "Tom Jones, Foundling." Richardson in "Pamela" had aimed to emphasize virtue as in the end prospering; Fielding"s characters rather embody the principle of virtue being its own reward and of vice bringing its own punishment. Smollett in "Humphrey Clinker"s Adventures" brought forth fun from English surroundings instead of seeking for the hero thrilling and daring deeds in foreign countries. He also added to the list of character-studies "Roderick Random," a tale of the sea, the mystery of which has never palled since "Robinson Crusoe" saw light.
There was also the novel of letters. In the age of the first great novelists letter-writing was among the polite arts. It was therefore counted a great but natural achievement when the epistolary method of revealing the plot was introduced. "Clarissa Harlowe" and "Sir Charles Grandison" were the results of this style of writing; they comprehended the "most Important Concerns of private life"--"concerns" which moved with lingering and emotional persistency towards the inevitable catastrophe in "Clarissa," and the happy issue out of the misunderstandings and misadventures which resulted in Miss Byron"s alliance with Sir Charles.
Until after the next (nineteenth) century had pa.s.sed its first decade these tales were read in full or abridged forms by many children among the fashionable and literary sets in England and America. Indeed, the art of writing for children was so unknown that often attempts to produce child-like "histories" for them resulted in little other than novels upon an abridged scale.
But before even abridged novels found their way into juvenile favor, it was "customary in Richardson"s time to read his novels aloud in the family circle. When some pathetic pa.s.sage was reached the members of the family would retire to separate apartments to weep; and after composing themselves, they would return to the fireside to have the reading proceed. It was reported to Richardson, that, on one of these occasions, "an amiable little boy sobbed as if his sides would burst and resolved to mind his books that he might be able to read Pamela through without stopping." That there might be something in the family novel expressly for children, Richardson sometimes stepped aside from the main narrative to tell them a moral tale."[80-A]