This apology for the character of the ill.u.s.trations serves as an introduction to a most interesting subject of conjecture as to the making of the cuts, and particularly as to the engraving of the frontispiece in "Goody Two-Shoes."
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Goody Twoshoes._]
It will be remembered that Isaiah Thomas in his advertis.e.m.e.nt to booksellers had expressly mentioned the great expense he had incurred in bringing out the juvenile books in "the English method." But Mr. Edwin Pearson, in his delightful discussion of "Banbury Chap-Books," has also stated that the wood-cut frontispiece in the first American edition of "Goody Two-Shoes," printed by Thomas, was engraved by Bewick, the famous English ill.u.s.trator. A comparison of the reproduction of the Bewick engraving in Mr. Pearson"s book with the frontispiece in Thomas"s edition shows so much difference that it is a matter of regret that Mr.
Pearson withheld his authority for attributing to Bewick the representation of Margery Two-Shoes. Besides the inference from Thomas"s letter that the poor cuts would be improved before another edition should be printed, there are several points to be observed in comparing the cuts. In the first place, the execution in the Thomas cut suggests a different hand in the use of the tools; again, the reversed position of the figure of "Goody" indicates a copy of the English original. Also the expression of Thomas"s heroine, although slightly mincing, is less distressed than the British dame"s, to say nothing of the variation in the fashion of the gowns. And such details as the replacing of the English landscape by the spire of a meeting-house in the distance seem to confirm the impression that the drawing was made after, but not by Bewick. In the cuts scattered throughout the text the same difference in execution and portrayal of the little schoolmistress is noticeable.
Margery, upon her rounds to teach the farmers" children to spell such words as "plumb-pudding" "(and who can suppose a better?)," presents her full face in the Newbery edition, and but a three-quarter view to her American admirers.
These facts, together with the knowledge that Isaiah Thomas was a fair engraver himself, make it possible that his apology for the first impression of the tiny cla.s.sic was for his own engraving, which he thought to better.
Thomas not only copied and pirated Newbery"s juvenile histories, but he adopted his method of advertising by insertions in the text of these tales. For example, in "The Travels of Robinson Crusoe, Written by Himself," the little reader was told, "If you learn this Book well and are good, you can buy a larger and more complete History of Mr. Crusoe at your friend the Bookseller"s in Worcester near the Court House." In "The Mother"s Gift," there is described well-brought-up Miss Nugent displaying to ill-bred Miss Jones, "a pretty large collection of books neatly bound and nicely kept," all to be had of Mr. Thomas; and again Mr. Careful, in "Virtue and Vice," "presented at Christmas time to the sons and daughters of his friends, little Gilt Books to read, such as are sold at Mr. Thomas" near the Court House in Worcester."
Thomas and his son continued to send out these toy-books until their gay bindings faded away before the novelty of the printed paper covers of the nineteenth century.
FOOTNOTES:
[92-A] Tyler, _Literary History of the American Revolution_, vol. i, p.
485.
[94-A] _Life of Josiah Quincy_, p. 27. Boston, 1866.
[94-B] Earle, _Child Life in Colonial Days_, p. 171.
[98-A] Tyler, _Literature of the American Revolution_, vol. ii, p. 182.
[98-B] _Ibid._, p. 156.
CHAPTER V
1790-1800
By Washington Great deeds were done.
_The New England Primer_, New York, 1794
Line after line their wisdom flows Page after page repeating.
T.G. HAKE
CHAPTER V
1790-1800
_The Child and his Book at the End of the Century_
Any attempt to trace the slow development of the American child"s story of the nineteenth century must inevitably be made through the school-books written during the previous one. Before this, English books had been adapted to the American trade. But now the continued interest in education produced text-books pervaded with the American spirit. They cannot, therefore, be ignored as sporadically in the springtime of the young Republic, they, like crocuses, thrust forward in the different states their blue and yellow covers.
Next to clergymen, schoolmasters received the veneration of the people, for learning and G.o.dliness went hand in hand. It was the schoolmaster who reinforced the efforts of the parents to make good Americans of the young folks, by compiling text-books which outsold the English ones. .h.i.therto used. In the new editions of the old "New England Primer,"
laudatory verse about General Washington replaced the alphabet rhyme:
"Whales in the Sea G.o.d"s Voice obey."
Proud parents thereafter heard their infants lisp:
"By Washington Great deeds were done."
For older pupils Noah Webster"s speller almost superseded Dilworth"s, and his "Little Readers" a.s.sistant" became the First Reader of many children. Webster as schoolmaster in a country district prepared this book for his own scholars. It was printed in Hartford in seventeen hundred and ninety, and contained a list of subjects suitable for farmers" children:
I. A number of Stories mostly taken from the history of America, and adorned with Cuts.
II. Rudiments of English Grammar.
III. The Federal Catechism, being a short and easy explanation of the Const.i.tution of the United States.
IV. General principles of Government and Commerce.
V. Farmers" Catechism containing plain rules of husbandry.
Bennington, Vermont, contributed in "The Little Scholar"s Pretty Pocket Companion in Rhyme and Verse," this indirect allusion to political affairs:
""Twas a toy of royalty, of late almost forgot, "Tis said she represented France On English Monarchies arms, But lately broke his chains by chance And widely spread alarms."
But the most nave attempt to inculcate patriotism together with a lesson in obedience is found in "The Child"s Instructor," published about seventeen hundred and ninety-one, and written by a Philadelphian.
Philadelphia had become the residence of the President--a fact that may account for one of the stories in this book about an infant prodigy called Billy. "The child at five years of age was always good and obedient, and p.r.o.ne to make such a remark as, "If you would be wise you must always attend to your vowels and consonants." When General Washington came to town Billy"s mama asked him to say a speech to the ladies, and he began, "Americans! place constantly before your eyes, the deplorable scenes of your servitude, and the enchanting picture of your deliverance. Begin with the infant in his cradle; let the first word he lisps be _Washington_." The ladies were all delighted to hear Billy speak so well. One said he should be a lawyer, and another said he should be President of the United States. But Billy said he could not be either unless his mama gave him leave."[123-A]
Another Philadelphian attempted to embody political sentiment in "A Tale--The Political Balance; or, The Fate of Britain and America Compared." This juvenile has long since disappeared, but it was advertised by its printer, Francis Bailey, in seventeen hundred and ninety-two, together with "The History of the Little Boy found under a Hayc.o.c.k," and several other books for children. One year later a "History of the American Revolution" for children was also printed in Philadelphia for the generation who had been born since the war had ended. This was written in the Biblical phraseology introduced and made popular by Franklin in his famous "Parable against Persecution."
This enthusiasm over the results of the late war and scorn for the defeated English sometimes indeed cropped out in the Newbery reprints.
An edition (1796) of "Goody Two-Shoes" contains this footnote in reference to the tyranny of the English landlord over Goody"s father:
_"Such is the state of things in Britain. AMERICANS prize your liberty, guard your rights and be happy._"[123-B]
In this last decade of the century that had made a nation of the colonial commonwealths, the prosperity of the country enabled more printers to pirate the generally approved Newbery library. Samuel Hall in Boston, with a shop near the court-house, printed them all, using at times the dainty covers of flowery Dutch or gilt paper, and again another style of binding occasionally used in England. "The Death and Burial of c.o.c.k Robin," for instance, has a quaint red and gilt cover, which according to Mr. Charles Welsh was made by stamping paper with dies originally used for printing old German playing-cards. He says: "To find such a cover can only be accounted for by the innocence of the purchasers as to the appearance of his Satanic Majesty"s picture cards and hence [they] did not recognize them." In one corner of the book cover is impressed the single word "Munch," which stamps this paper as "made in Germany." Hall himself was probably as ignorant of the original purpose of the picture as the unsuspecting purchaser, who would cheerfully have burned it rather than see such an instrument of the Devil in the hands of its owner, little Sally Barnes.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Frontispiece.
Sr. Walter Raleigh and his man.]
Of Samuel Hall"s reprints from the popular English publications, "Little Truths" was in all probability one of the most salable. So few books contained any information about America that one of these two volumes may be regarded as of particular interest to the young generation of his time. The author of "Little Truths," William Darton, a Quaker publisher in London, does not divulge from what source he gleaned his knowledge.
His information concerning Americans is of that misty description that confuses Indians ("native Americans") with people of Spanish and English descent. The usual "Introduction" states that "The author has chose a method after the manner of conversations between children and their instructor," and the dialogue is indicated by printing the children"s observations in italics. These volumes were issued for twenty years after they were introduced by Hall, and those of an eighteen hundred Philadelphia edition are bound separately. Number one is in blue paper with copper-plate pictures on both covers. This volume gives information regarding farm produce, live-stock, and about birds quite unfamiliar to American children. But the second volume, in white covers, introduces the story of Sir Walter Raleigh and his pipe-smoking incident, made very realistic in the copper-plate frontispiece. The children"s question, "_Did Sir Walter Raleigh find out the virtues of tobacco?_" affords an excellent opportunity for a discourse upon smoking and snuff-taking. These remarks conclude with this prosaic statement: "Hundreds of sensible people have fell into these customs from example; and, when they would have left them off, found it a very great difficulty." Next comes a lesson upon the growth of tobacco leading up to a short account of the slave-trade, already a subject of differing opinion in the United States, as well as in England. Of further interest to small Americans was a short tale of the discovery of this country.
Perhaps to most children their first book-knowledge of this event came from the pages of "Little Truths."
Hall"s books were not all so proper for the amus.e.m.e.nt of young folks. A perusal of "Capt. Gulliver"s Adventures" leaves one in no doubt as to the reason that so many of the old-fashioned mothers preferred to keep such tales out of children"s hands, and to read over and over again the adventures of the Pilgrim, Christian. Mrs. Eliza Drinker of Philadelphia in seventeen hundred and ninety-six was re-reading for the third time "Pilgrim"s Progress," which she considered a "generally approved book,"