Under this system the company makes contracts with the workmen at a fixed price for coal, deliverable during several months. A good workman, holding one of these contracts and stimulated by it, frequently gains from 20 to 25 per cent. more than the average daily wage of his cla.s.s. The syndicate wished to establish "equality" of wages, or, in other words, to put idle or inferior workmen on the same level with industrious and superior workmen.
To this end, the leaders resorted to the methods usual in all such cases, of intimidation and actual violence. Workmen at Anzin who had taken "marchandages" were attacked and beaten, some of them so severely as to disable them for weeks.
At the parliamentary inquiry which followed the strike of 1884, such letters as the following, sent to workmen at Anzin, a year before, in 1883, were produced and read in evidence:--
"CACHAPREZ
"Citizen,--In the name of the syndical chamber of the miners of Anzin, thou art forewarned that, if thou dost not cease thy _marchandage_, as we have informed Lagneaux, thou wilt pa.s.s, in the sight of thy brethren coal-miners, for a traitor and a coward, as well as thy seven comrades, who are worth no more than thyself.
"If thou dost not what we exact of thee, be not surprised to find thyself stretched out a bit, and to be laid up for three weeks, as well as the good-for-nothings who are working with thee.
"Receive our great contempt.
"A group of workmen who will caress thee one of these days if thou dost not give up thy marchandage."
Letters like these, which would not discredit the rural terrorists of Kerry and Clare, were followed, not only by attacks on the obnoxious workmen, but by the destruction of their flowers and vegetables in the gardens which, as I have stated, they are enabled by the company to cultivate. As a workman may go to his work as soon as he likes in the morning (the gates are closed just before six o"clock), they have their afternoons to themselves, and those of them who have gardens I found working there with great evident satisfaction at most of the points which I visited.
With the outbreak of the "strike" in 1884, matters grew worse. Dynamite was then called into play. Fusees were exploded under the windows and in the doorways of workmen who refused to be coerced into leaving their work. As nearly nine-tenths of the workmen had gone, or been driven, into the strike, the cabarets in which the region abounds were filled with crowds of idle men. Radical speakers and managers hurried down to Anzin from Paris, to harangue the mult.i.tude and stir the people up to mischief, and the position of the workmen who stood out against an agitation which they knew to be founded on no grievance of theirs, and which could have no possible result for them but to injure the company, with the prosperity of which they felt their own prosperity to be identified, became really dangerous.
In the thick of the contest thus provoked and carried on, it is interesting to find M. Allain-Targe, of whom I have already had occasion to speak, in connection with his conduct as Minister of the Interior during the elections of 1885, appearing on the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry, of 1884, into the situation at Anzin, as a friend and advocate of the "syndicate of workmen," and urging the Anzin Company to accept the syndicate and its secretary, M. Basly, as an umpire between itself and the "strikers," who had been seduced or coerced into "striking" by this very syndicate and its secretary!
What possible good, either to Labour or to Capital, can be rationally expected--what possible harm to both may not be legitimately feared--from a republic controlled and administered by such men?
One curious and important incidental object of the "syndicate of workmen," and of M. Basly in promoting this strike of 1884 at Anzin, revealed itself to me in the very full Report of the Parliamentary inquiry which M. Guary was good enough to put at my service.
After devoting large sums of money to the various inst.i.tutions and funds established by it for the benefit of the workmen, the Anzin Company invited the workmen themselves to contribute to their own savings and pension fund at the rate of three per cent. of their wages, the expenses of management being borne, of course, by the company. The "syndicate of workmen" and M. Basly did not like this. They preferred that any contributions to be made by the workmen from their wages should be made, not to a fund guaranteed and administered by the company, but to a fund to be handled by the syndicate.
Whereupon M. Basly wrote, and caused to be circulated among the workmen, a letter signed by himself as secretary of the syndicate, in which he bade them regard the proposal of the company as "a snare set for their liberties." "To sign any such agreement as the company suggests," he said, "will be to sign your own death-warrant and that of your children!"
"Citizens! your enemies see our Union established. They know that we are on the point of having a pension fund solidly established _under the guarantee of the State_, which shall leave us all free to work whenever we like."
This idea of a Labour Pension Fund under the guarantee of the State is not, I need hardly say, of M. Basly"s invention. It "trots through the heads" of all manner of political adherents of M. Doumer"s "true Republic." It was very neatly "thrashed out" in a brief colloquy which.
I noted down one day in Paris between a representative of the "syndicate of jewellers" and a deputy, M. Thiesse. "What would you think?" asked M.
Thiesse, "of an obligatory a.s.sessment on wages, intended to secure, by the authority of the State and with perfect safety, a certain pension to the workmen of your corporation?"
Whereunto the jeweller, M. Favelier, replied: "We prefer freedom in this respect, as well as from the point of view of our work."
M. Thiesse returned undismayed to the charge.
"Then you would prefer to organise a pension fund in your syndical chamber? But if you had not means enough to ensure pensions to your workmen, what would you think of an inst.i.tution which would ensure them a pension and bread for their old age?"
To which M. Favelier, suddenly striking the bull"s eye and "ringing the bell": "We do not want the State called in, to lay new taxes upon us!"
M. Basly, who is probably a consumer rather than a payer of taxes, had more "advanced" views than the Parisian jeweller. But his chief immediate object evidently was to secure contributions from the wages of the Anzin workmen to a fund to be controlled by the syndicate. What the eventual meaning to the contributing workmen of a fund so controlled is likely to be may be inferred from an incident which came to my knowledge not long ago, in London. A question arose between a certain a.s.sociation of English engineers, and men employed by one of the great English railway companies, over an issue not unlike that presented at Anzin by the demand of the "syndicate of miners," that the Anzin workmen should give up their long time and profitable contracts. The men in the employment of the railway were old and excellent railway men, who were earning, on a kind of special contract, something like a pound a week apiece more than the usual rates paid to their cla.s.s. They were members of the a.s.sociation referred to, and, as such, had for many years contributed to its funds under a system which promised them a certain pension at the expiration of a certain number of years. This being the situation, these men were notified by the a.s.sociation that if they did not give up their special contracts and content themselves with the usual wages earned by others of their cla.s.s, they would, in the first instance, be fined, out of their own money in the hands of the a.s.sociation, a pound a week for a given time, at the end of which, if they still remained in disobedience, their pensions would be forfeited!
I should be glad to know what "employer" ever devised a more shameless plan than this for reducing workmen to slavery, moral and financial?
Probably the laws of England, if called upon, would protect them against such outrages. But how is a workman in such circ.u.mstances to call upon the laws? How is he to meet the legal cost of defending his rights? How is he to face the organised hostility of men of his own cla.s.s?
The "strike" at Anzin in 1884 ended as "strikes" are apt to do. A certain proportion of the men who had been foremost in accepting or promoting it disappeared from the service of the company; others, and the majority, escaped from the domination of the "syndicate" and of M.
Basly. That the conduct of the company throughout the crisis was such as to commend itself to the workmen in general may, I think, be inferred from the fact that a fresh attempt to bring about a "strike" at Anzin, since I visited the place, completely failed. The attempt originated with the leaders of a "strike" which was actually carried out in the mines of the adjoining Department of the Pas-de-Calais. The means employed in 1884 to intimidate the workmen at Anzin were again used. The troops and the gendarmerie were, however, called out at Anzin, not to protect Capital against Labour, but to protect the working-men of Anzin who chose to keep out of the "strike," against men of their own cla.s.s who tried to drive them into it. In this case the original "strike"
seems to have been provoked by local rather than general causes. The managers of the mines in the Pas-de-Calais had resolved to increase the output of their mines. This necessitated a considerable increase in the number of miners employed, and this augmented demand for mining labour, not unnaturally, led the men to demand an advance on their wages. They were encouraged to demand this advance, too, by a somewhat sudden rise in the market-price of certain descriptions of coal, and it is not perhaps surprising that it should not have occurred to them to ask themselves whether the rise in the market price did, or did not, mean a real increase of profits to their employers, who, of course, could only take a very partial advantage of the advance, on account of the long contracts under which by far the greater part of their output had to be delivered to their customers.
I drove with the younger M. Guary through a charming bit of woodland country, to visit a newly-opened pit--the Lagrange pit. Part of the way led us through a large forest full of fine, well-grown trees. The shooting in this forest is good, chiefly deer and pheasants. It belongs to the domain of the State, and is leased to a former director of Anzin.
That the country is a pleasant land to live in appears from such facts as this, as well as from the blue, yellow, russet and rose-pink houses which enliven the long highway from Valenciennes, and are the habitations of well-to-do people living here on their incomes. From Valenciennes to the Belgian frontier, indeed, the road is virtually one long continuous street of houses and gardens, as the railway is between New York and Philadelphia.
M. Guary pointed out to me the house of another ex-director of Anzin who has invested in a considerable tract of land here, on which he has put up a number of exceedingly neat houses. They are built of brick, like the small houses to which the working-men of Philadelphia are indebted to the philanthropic enterprise of Mr. Drexel and Mr. Childs; but I think it would astonish Mr. Drexel and Mr. Childs to know that a brick house, containing four good "upright" rooms and two good garret rooms, all wainscoted in hard wood and well fitted up, well drained, and with a large cellar and a garden rather wider than the house, running back for several hundred yards to a fringe of picturesque forest, can be rented here, from this private proprietor, for 120 francs, or $24 a year.
At an average wage of 4 fr. 50 c. a day, working 25 days in the month, an average workman at Anzin may easily earn 1,350 francs a year, so that he may rent such a house as I have here described for a good deal less than one-tenth of his income. What is the ordinary proportion between the house-rent and the income of a respectable tradesman or mechanic in New York? But the Anzin workman who rents such a house as this on such terms, enjoys also free fuel, free medical attendance, and schooling for his children.
We called at one of these private houses, seeing the miner, whom M.
Guary knew very well, standing at ease in his doorway and surveying the scene with a pipe in his mouth. He was a shrewd, stalwart man of about forty, who glanced down complacently at his own well-developed limbs and laughed scornfully when I asked him what he thought of a proposition I had seen made at Paris, by a friend of the workmen, that forty should be fixed as the age of retiring pensions for miners. "He may be a friend,"
said the miner, "but certainly he is not a miner!"
This miner had long done his day"s work in the mine, and after his pipe was going to work in his garden, where his vegetables were coming forward very well. Nothing could have been better than his manners--quiet, manly, civil, without the rather aggravating slyness of the ordinary French peasant, and with absolutely nothing of the infantine swagger of the small French _bourgeois_. These miners here wear a picturesque and practical costume, something between the garb of a sailor and the garb of a fireman, and as their life--like the life of a fireman or a sailor--is lived a good deal apart from the lives of other men, and has a constant spice in it of possible danger, they acquire a certain self-reliance and self-possession which give them a natural ease and even dignity of carriage. In talking with more than one of them I thought I detected a slight tone of contempt towards other workmen and especially towards the peasants, such as tinges the talk of a sailor about land-lubbers. M. Guary confirmed this, and told me that the men, especially of the old mining stock, certainly do regard themselves as rather better than their neighbours.
This may have something to do with the Conservative strength in this region. Politics do not apparently run very high among the miners, either here or in the adjoining region of the Pas-de-Calais.
Valenciennes covers three electoral districts, and the Anzin concessions extend into each of these districts. In the second or St.-Amand district there was rather a lively contest in September, between M.
Girot, a Republican, and M. de Carpentier, a Boulangist. The latter received 5,894 votes, but the former was elected, with 8,331 votes. In the first Valenciennes district the outgoing member, an Imperialist, M.
Renard, was re-elected, receiving 5,803 votes, against 4,856 given to his Republican compet.i.tor.
In the second district another outgoing member, M. Th.e.l.lier de Poncheville, a leading Royalist, was also re-elected, receiving 8,690 votes, against 7,263 given to his Republican opponent. In both of these cases it came within my knowledge that the authorities of the Department made the most open and unscrupulous efforts to prevent the return of the outgoing members. Both M. Th.e.l.lier de Poncheville and M. Renard, however, sate on M. Pion"s Committee on the mines, and the mining population of the region appear to have a singularly clear notion of the difference between sense and nonsense in dealing with mining matters.
Our miner, who hit the difference so neatly between "miners" and the "friends of miners," after a little chat on the doorway, asked us, very politely, to walk in and look at his home. It was very neatly and adequately furnished, with clocks in each of the ground-floor rooms, sundry framed mezzotints hanging on the walls, and a goodly show of neatly-kept crockery. The wife, looking older than her husband, but very probably his junior, cheerily pointed out to me the local improvement she had made by transferring the cooking-range from the front room, looking on the highway, to the back room looking into the garden. "It is pleasanter, don"t you think?" she said, "to sit out of the kitchen; and then, with the kitchen at the back, one can always leave the door open.
That is my idea!" We a.s.sured her we thought it an excellent idea and most creditable to her--a compliment which she received with modest satisfaction, saying, "You know the wife must think of these things!" to which the husband good-naturedly a.s.sented, while the daughter, a well-grown good-looking girl of fourteen, looked up from her household duties, much interested in our visit. The husband, on his part, had contrived a convenient wine-cellar under the stairway. "It will not hold much wine,"he said with a smile; "but it is too large for all the wine I drink." "Ah!" said the wife archly, "he likes cider much better!"
This miner was employed in the new Lagrange pit, and though I was much struck by the neatness of his person and apparel, I was more struck by the general absence of anything like the griminess which we commonly a.s.sociate with mines and mining among his fellows, whom I found still at work around the pits. M. Guary told me that this is a characteristic trait of the Anzin miners. In the buildings attached to each pit there is a large hall, called the miner"s hall, where the men meet when they go down to and come up from their underworld. There each man has a box, under lock and key, bearing his number, in which he puts away his ordinary clothes when he dons his mining suit; the company--I should mention here--provides every man when he enters the service with a mining outfit. And to this hall there is attached a lavatory for the use of the men. The hall is well warmed in winter, and, being always on an upper floor, is well aired and ventilated in summer. From this hall at the Lagrange pit we walked into an adjoining room, where we found the miners going down the shaft in a great metallic basket, while the coal came up. While we stood there, there came up a magnificent lump of coal, of a very brilliant and even l.u.s.trous surface, around which the admiring miners crowded. This is a new vein, and the coal found in it, M. Guary tells me, burns with an unusually clear and intense flame.
A miner with whom I talked a little had been to see the Exposition, and it was curious to perceive that he had been much more interested in the Anzin part of it than in anything else. He spoke indeed almost disrespectfully of the Eiffel Tower, and he was entirely convinced that the workmen at Anzin were much better off than the workmen at Paris, as to which I am not prepared to dispute his opinion. He had not seen the President, which did not appear to disturb him much; but he thought the beer at the Exposition "very dear and very bad." The engines, however, he frankly admired, though "everybody can see that it is not possible to make better engines than are made at Anzin."
One curious thing he told me of the young miners who are drafted away into the military service. "When they come back," he said, "some of them at first try other trades, but all that are of any use sooner or later come back to the mine. It is of no use," he said reflectively, "for any man to try to be a miner if he is not trained as a boy." This is exactly Jack Tar"s notion as to sailors.
From the Lagrange pit we drove, still through pleasant woods and fresh green farming-lands, to Thiers, where the company has a large number of working-men"s houses, together with a considerable church, a lay and a religious school, and other inst.i.tutions.
There we paid a visit to a delightful little old lady, with a face, full of wrinkled sweetness and humour, which Denner might have painted. She insisted upon showing us all over her home, and a little miracle it was of thrift and neatness and order; from the spotlessly clean little bedrooms with the high Flemish beds, the crucifix hanging over the bed, and prints--not always devout--on the walls, to the sitting-room with its shining mirror, highly polished tin and bra.s.s candlesticks and platters, and abundant china. She was a staunch Imperialist, and had portraits of the Emperor, with prints of Solferino and of Sedan. "There it was that they betrayed him!" said the little old lady, with deep indignation in her voice. I had not the heart to ask her who these traitors were. The garrets I found filled with new-mown hay. "It keeps there till we sell it," she said, "and then it smells so sweet!" which was undeniable. Behind her house (her son and his wife were both absent at their work) she showed us the garden, very trimly kept and gay with the old familiar flowers, and an arbour, in which she took especial pride, none of her neighbours possessing anything of the sort.
At Thiers I talked with an officer of the company who had served for some time in one of the great mines of Southern France. The differences in the habits and character of the mining populations there and here he found very great, and, on the whole, he evidently thought the Northern miners much superior, in most essential points, to their fellows at the South. Certainly, according to him, they are neater in their persons, more cool and sensible, less credulous, less addicted to politics, and much more thrifty. "The women, when they are well-behaved and good managers," he said, "have more influence with the men in the North. In the South and in Auvergne, I have sometimes thought the worst women had more influence with the men than the best."
He had an odd theory as to the effect of great alt.i.tudes on human character. "In Auvergne and in Savoy," he said, "the higher up you go the more excitable and quarrelsome you find the people. Here in Flanders the people are placid, like the plains." He called my attention, too, to the prevalence among the miners here at Anzin of a peculiar type of blonds with a sort of ruddy russet hair and beard, not quite the glowing t.i.tianesque auburn, and yet by no means red. It is certainly a marked and peculiar tint, and may be seen faithfully reproduced in a large picture of the Anzin miners exhibited this year at Paris. I had supposed it to "hark back" to the Scandinavians, who made themselves so much at home in all these fat and accessible regions after Charlemagne pa.s.sed away.
"No," said my philosophic engineer, "it is due to the potash. These miners are so addicted to washing themselves and use such quant.i.ties of strong soap, that it has permanently affected their hair." Upon which another engineer, also familiar with Auvergne, broke in: "That"s all very well; but I have seen many miners in Auvergne with the same tint of hair and beard, and you know that there they wash their faces, at the most, once a week!"
This last speaker was an exceedingly shrewd man and, as I found, a strong Conservative. He had been asked to stand as a candidate for mayor in his commune, but had declined, though his personal popularity made his election almost a matter of form. I asked him why. "Let myself be elected to a political office by my workmen!" he said; "how can a sensible man think of such a thing? Ask men to give you their votes, and what authority will be left to you? No, I think I know my business too well for that. They tried that sort of thing, you know, during the war, and a beautiful business they made of it! I suspect it was the Germans who suggested it!"
What I am told of the morals of the people here reminds me of the traditional reputation of certain sections of Pennsylvania settled by the Germans in the last century, and of the Dutch in Long Island. There is a good deal of drinking. _Buvettes_ are forbidden within the limits of the _cites ouvrieres_, but in the communes they are very numerous, averaging, I am a.s.sured, as many as twenty to every 1,200 inhabitants.
To open a _buvette_ nothing is needed but a police permission, and the _buvettes_ are kept, for the most part, by the wives of miners and other artisans, as a means of adding to the family income. Beer is very cheap, costing only two sous a litre. Wine and spirits are more costly, though a great deal of gin is made, and inexpensively made, in the country.
There is much sociability among the people, and great practical liberality as to the conduct of young girls, the ancient practice known as "bundling" in New England being still in vogue among these worthy Flemings. M. Baudrillart, who evidently inclines to a favourable judgment of these Northern populations, puts the truth on this point very considerately.
"Conspicuous historical examples," he observes, "prove to me that the flesh is weak in this province of Flanders. The severity of public opinion does not always make up for the laxity of the control exercised by principle. Unmarried mothers are numerous, and incidents of this sort are often regarded as simple errors of youth and inexperience, to be remedied by marriage. The marriage-tie when formed, however, is not less respected than among our rural populations in general, and cases of flagrant misconduct on the part of married women are rare."