Foreign nations were too busy with their own affairs in 1848 to have time to meddle with the Government of Louis Napoleon,--indeed, Russia and Prussia were much obliged to him for keeping out the Orleans family, whom they by no means wished to see on the French throne.
One thing that Louis Napoleon did to gain favor with the country party caused great indignation among genuine republicans, and, indeed, throughout Europe. This was the part he took against the Republic of Rome.
Pio Nono, having been elected pope in 1846, had started on his career as a liberal pontiff and ruler; but before 1848 he had disappointed the expectations of all parties, and had fled from Rome to Gaeta, where Ferdinand, king of the Two Sicilies (commonly known as King Bomba) had also taken refuge. Lamartine, at the time his power ceased, had been fitting out a French army to lend help to the Romans if they should be attacked by the Austrians, and if need were, to protect the pope, who before his flight was supposed to be opposed to Austrian domination. Louis Napoleon ordered General Oudinot, who commanded the French forces, to disembark his troops at Civita Vecchia, and either to occupy Rome peaceably, or to attack the revolutionists. A battle was fought, and the French worsted; but they ended by gaining the city and holding it, putting down the Roman republicans, and handing the city over to Austrian and papal vengeance on Pio Nono"s return.
The new president, anxious to strengthen his popularity in the provinces, made several tours. Everywhere, as the nephew of his uncle, he was received with wild enthusiasm. He was not a man to captivate by his manners on public occasions, neither was he a ready speaker; but he looked his best on horseback, and above all, there was in his favor, among the middle cla.s.s of Frenchmen, a very potent feeling,--the dread of change.
As a deputy, before his election by the country as its president, he used to sit in the Chamber silent and alone, pitied by some, and neglected by all. Silence, indeed, was necessary to his success, for, "silent and smoking, he matured his plans." One of the first things he did when he became president was to attempt to get possession of all papers in the archives concerning his conduct at Strasburg and Boulogne.
There had been a new a.s.sembly elected. It had few of the old republican leaders in it, but the Left and the Right and half the Centre were opposed to the prince president. The Left in the French Chamber means the Red Republicans; the Right, those members who are in favor of monarchy; the Centre, the Moderates, who are willing to accept any good government.
One of the objects of this a.s.sembly, which foresaw that a _coup d"etat_ might be at hand, was to get command of a little army for its own protection. It appointed as commander of this force General Changarnier, with whom the prince president had recently quarrelled, and designated four of its members, whom it called _quoestors_, to look into all matters relating to its safety.
The const.i.tution was to be revised by this a.s.sembly. n.o.body cared much about the const.i.tution, which had not had time to acquire any hold on the affections of the people, and Louis Napoleon had recently acquired popularity with the turbulent part of the population of Paris by opposing a measure calculated to restrict universal suffrage, and to prevent tramps, aliens, and ex-convicts from voting at elections.
The prince president, who wanted, for his own purposes, as large a popular vote as possible, was opposed to any restrictions on the suffrage.
Such was the condition of things on Nov. 26, 1851, when Louis Napoleon summoned the princ.i.p.al generals and colonels of the troops in and around Paris to meet him at the elysee. At this meeting they all swore to support the president if called upon to do so, and never to tell of this engagement. They kept the secret for five years.
Meantime the a.s.sembly on its part was hatching a conspiracy to overturn the president and send him to a dungeon at Vincennes; while all who refused to support its authority were to be declared guilty of treason.
The three men called the generals of the Army of Africa,--namely, Cavaignac, Changarnier, and Lamoriciere,--were opposed to the prince president. They were either Republicans or Orleanists.
Thus the crisis approached. Each party was ready to spring upon the other. Again France was to experience a political convulsion, and the party that moved first would gain the day.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE COUP D"eTAT.
"In voting for Louis Napoleon," says Alison, "the French rural population understood that it was voting for an emperor and for the repression of the clubs in Paris. It seemed to Frenchmen in the country that they had only a choice between Jacobin rule by the clubs, or Napoleonic rule by an emperor." So, though Louis Napoleon, when he presented himself as a presidential candidate, a.s.sured the electors, "I am not so ambitious as to dream of empire, of war, nor of subversive theories; educated in free countries and in the school of misfortune, I shall always remain faithful to the duties that your suffrages impose on me," public sentiment abroad and at home, whether hostile or favorable, expected that he would before long make himself virtually, if not in name, the Emperor Napoleon. Indeed, the army was encouraged by its officers to shout, "Vive l"empereur!" and "Vive Napoleon!" And General Changarnier, for disapproving of these demonstrations, had been dismissed from his post as military commander at the capital. He was forthwith, as we have seen, appointed to a military command in the confidence of the a.s.sembly.
By the autumn of 1851 Louis Napoleon had fully made up his mind as to his _coup d"etat_, and had arranged all its details. He had five intimates, who were his counsellors,--De Morny, De Maupas, De Persigny, Fleury, and General Saint-Arnaud.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _DUC DE MORNY._]
De Morny has always been reputed to have been the half-brother of Louis Napoleon. In 1847 he lived luxuriously in a small _hotel_ in the Champs Elysees, surrounded by rare and costly works of art.
He had then never been considered anything but a man of fashion; but he proved well fitted to keep secrets, to conduct plots, and to do the cruellest things in a jocund, off-hand way.
Saint-Arnaud"s name had been originally Jacques Le Roy. At one time, under the name of Florival, he had been an actor in Paris at one of the suburban theatres. He had served three times in the French army, and been twice dismissed for conduct unbecoming an officer. His third term of service for his country was in a foreign legion, composed of dare-devils of all nations, who enrolled themselves in the army of Algeria. There his brilliant bravery had a large share in securing the capture of Constantine. He rose rapidly to be a general, was an excellent administrator, a cultivated and agreeable companion, perfectly unscrupulous, and ready to a.s.sist in any scheme of what he considered _necessary_ cruelty. Fleury, who had been sent to Africa to select a military chief fitted to carry out the _coup d"etat_, found Saint-Arnaud the very man to suit the purpose of his master. Saint-Arnaud was tall, thin, and bony, with close-cropped hair. De Morny used to laugh behind his back at the way he said _le peuple souverain_, and said he knew as little about the sovereign people as about the p.r.o.nunciation.
He spoke English well, for he had lived for some years an exile in Leicester Square,--the disreputable French quarter of London; this accomplishment was of great service to him during the Crimean War.
De Maupas had been a country prefect, and was eager for promotion.
Louis Napoleon converted him into his Minister of Police.
Fleury was the simple-hearted and attached friend of his master.
De Persigny, like Saint-Arnaud, had changed his name, having begun life as Fialin.
These five plotted the _coup d"etat_[1]; arranged all its details, and kept their own counsel.
[Footnote 1: De Maupas, Le Coup d"Etat.]
The generals and colonels in garrison in Paris had been sounded, as we have seen, in reference to their allegiance to the Great Emperor"s nephew, and by the close of 1851 all things had been made ready for the proposed _coup d"etat_.
A _coup d"etat_ is much the same thing as a _coup de main_,--with this difference, that in the political _coup de main_ it is the mob that takes the initiative, in the _coup d"etat_ the Government; and the Government generally has the army on its side.
Louis Napoleon and his five a.s.sociates were about to do the most audacious thing in modern history; but no man can deny them the praise awarded to the unjust steward. If the thing was to be done, or, in the language of Victor Hugo, if the _crime_ was to be committed, it could not have been more admirably planned or more skilfully executed.
The world, to all appearance, went on in its usual way. The a.s.sembly, on December 1, 1851, was busy discussing the project of a railroad to Lyons. That evening M. de Morny was at the Opera Comique in company with General Changarnier, and the prince president was doing the honors as usual in his reception-room at the elysee. His visage was as calm, his manners were as conciliatory and affable, as usual. No symptoms of anything extraordinary were to be seen, and an approaching munic.i.p.al election in Paris accounted for the arrival of several _estafettes_ and couriers, which from time to time called the prince president from the room. When the company had taken leave, Saint-Arnaud, Maupas, Morny, and a colonel on the staff went with the prince president into his smoking-room, where the duties of each were a.s.signed to him. Everything was to be done by clock-work. Exactly at the hour appointed, all the African generals and several of their friends were to be arrested. Exactly at the moment indicated, troops were to move into position. At so many minutes past six A. M. all the printing-offices were to be surrounded. Every man who had in any way been prominent in politics since the days of Louis Philippe was to be put under arrest.
By seven o"clock in the morning all this had been accomplished.
The Parisians awoke to find their walls placarded by proclamations signed by Prince Louis Napoleon as President, De Morny as Minister of the Interior, De Maupas as Prefect of Police, and Saint-Arnaud as Minister of War.
These proclamations announced,--
I. The dissolution of the a.s.sembly.
II. The restoration of universal suffrage.
III. A general election on December 14.
IV. The dissolution of the Council of State.
V. That Paris was in a state of siege.
This last meant that any man might be arrested, without warrant, at the pleasure of the police.
Another placard forbade any printer, on pain of death, to print any placard not authorized by Government; and death likewise was announced for anyone who tore down a Government placard.
Louis Napoleon followed this up by an appeal to the people. He said he wished the people to judge between the a.s.sembly and himself.
If France would not support him, she must choose another president.
In place of the const.i.tution of 1848 he proposed one that should make the presidential term of office ten years; he also proposed that the president"s cabinet should be of his own selection.
Louis Napoleon had entire confidence that all elections by universal suffrage would be in his favor. He had just made extensive tours in the provinces, and had been received everywhere with enthusiasm.
Thus far I have given the historical outline of the story; but if we look into Victor Hugo"s "Histoire d"un Crime," and disentangle its facts from its hysterics, we may receive from his personal narrative a vivid idea of what pa.s.sed in Paris from the night of Dec. 1, 1851, to the evening of December 4, when all was over.
Roused early in the morning by members of the a.s.sembly, who came to announce the events of the night, Victor Hugo, to whom genuine republicans who were not Socialists looked as a leader, was, like all the rest of Paris, taken completely by surprise. One of his visitors was a working-man, a wood-carver; of him Hugo eagerly asked: "What do the working-men--the people--say as they read the placards?" He answered: "Some say one thing, some another. The thing has been so done that they cannot understand it. Men going to their work are reading the placards. Not one in a hundred says anything, and those who do, say generally, "Good! Universal suffrage is reestablished. The conservative majority in the a.s.sembly is got rid of,--that"s splendid! Thiers is arrested,--better still!
Changarnier is in prison,--bravo!" Beneath every placard there are men placed to lead the approval. My opinion is that the people will approve!"
At exactly six that morning, Cavaignac, Changarnier, Lamoriciere, Thiers, and all those who had lain down to sleep as cabinet ministers of the prince president, were roused from their beds by officers of cavalry, with orders to dress quickly, for they were under arrest.
Before each door a hackney-coach was waiting, and an escort of two hundred Lancers was in a street near by. Resistance seemed useless in the face of such precautions, but Victor Hugo and his friends were resolved upon a fight. They put their official scarves as deputies into their pockets, and started forth to see if they could raise the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. But their friend the wood-carver had told them truly,--there was neither sympathy nor enthusiasm in the streets for the const.i.tution that had fallen, the deputies who had been placed under arrest, nor for violated political inst.i.tutions.
In vain they appealed to the people in the name of the law. The mob seemed to consider that provided it had universal suffrage, and that the man of its choice were at the head of affairs, it had better trust the safety of the nation to one man than risk the uncertainties that might attend the tyranny of many.
The frantic efforts made that day by Victor Hugo and a few other deputies of the Left to rouse the populace are almost ludicrous.
Victor Hugo, no doubt, was a brave man, though a very melodramatic one, and he seems to have thought that if he could get the soldiers to shoot him,--_him_, the greatest literary star of France since the death of Voltaire,--the notoriety of his death might rouse the population.
Here is one scene in his narrative. He and three of his friends, finding that the Faubourg Saint-Antoine gave no ear to their appeals, and for once was disinclined to fight, decided to return home, and took seats in an omnibus which pa.s.sed them on the Place de la Bastille.
"We were all glad to get in," says Victor Hugo. "I took it much to heart that I had not that morning, when I saw a crowd a.s.sembled round the Porte Saint-Martin, shouted "To arms!"... The omnibus started. I was sitting at the end on the left, my friend young Armand was beside me. As the omnibus moved on, the crowd became more closely packed upon the Boulevard. When we reached the narrow ascent near the Porte Saint-Martin, a regiment of heavy cavalry met us. The men were Cuira.s.siers. Their horses were in a trot, and their swords were drawn. All of a sudden the regiment came to a halt. Something was in their way. Their halt detained the omnibus. My heart was stirred. Close before me, a yard from me, were Frenchmen turned into Mamelukes, citizen-supporters of the Republic transformed into the mercenaries of a Second Empire! From my seat I could almost put my hand upon them. I could no longer bear the sight. I let down the gla.s.s, I put my head out of the window, and looked steadily at the close line of armed men. Then I shouted: "Down with Louis Bonaparte! Those who serve traitors are traitors!" The nearest soldiers turned their faces towards me, and looked dazed with astonishment. The rest did not stir.