He had some ingenious men among his friends, who amused themselves by writing little pieces for this paper, which gained it credit and made it more in demand; and these gentlemen often visited us. Hearing their conversations and their accounts of the approbation their papers were received with, I was excited to try my hand among them; but, being still a boy, and suspecting that my brother would object to printing anything of mine in his paper if he knew it to be mine, I contrived to disguise my hand, and, writing an anonymous paper, I put it in at night under the door of the printing house. It was found in the morning, and communicated to his writing friends when they called in as usual. They read it, commented on it in my hearing, and I had the exquisite pleasure of finding it met with their approbation, and that, in their different guesses at the author, none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity. I suppose now that I was rather lucky in my judges, and that perhaps they were not really so very good ones as I then esteemed them.
Encouraged, however, by this, I wrote and conveyed in the same way to the press several more papers, which were equally approved; and I kept my secret till my small fund of sense for such performances was pretty well exhausted, and then I discovered[34] it, when I began to be considered a little more by my brother"s acquaintance, and in a manner that did not quite please him, as he thought, probably with reason, that it tended to make me too vain. And perhaps this might be one occasion of the differences that we began to have about this time. Though a brother, he considered himself as my master and me as his apprentice, and accordingly expected the same services from me as he would from another, while I thought he demeaned[35] me too much in some he required of me, who from a brother expected more indulgence. Our disputes were often brought before our father, and I fancy I was either generally in the right or else a better pleader, because the judgment was generally in my favor. But my brother was pa.s.sionate, and had often beaten me, which I took extremely amiss; and, thinking my apprenticeship very tedious, I was continually wishing for some opportunity of shortening it, which at length offered in a manner unexpected.
One of the pieces in our newspaper, on some political point which I have now forgotten, gave offense to the a.s.sembly.[36] He was taken up, censured, and imprisoned for a month, by the Speaker"s warrant, I suppose, because he would not discover his author. I, too, was taken up and examined before the council; but, though I did not give them any satisfaction, they contented themselves with admonishing me, and dismissed me, considering me, perhaps, as an apprentice, who was bound to keep his master"s secrets.
During my brother"s confinement, which I resented a good deal, notwithstanding our private differences, I had the management of the paper; and I made bold to give our rulers some rubs in it, which my brother took very kindly, while others began to consider me in an unfavorable light, as a young genius that had a turn for libeling and satire. My brother"s discharge was accompanied with an order of the House (a very odd one) that James Franklin should no longer print the paper called the "New England Courant."
There was a consultation held in our printing house among his friends what he should do in this case. Some proposed to evade the order by changing the name of the paper; but my brother seeing inconveniences in that, it was finally concluded on, as a better way, to let it be printed for the future under the name of Benjamin Franklin; and to avoid the censure of the a.s.sembly that might fall on him as still printing it by his apprentice, the contrivance was that my old indenture should be returned to me, with a full discharge on the back of it, to be shown on occasion; but to secure to him the benefit of my service I was to sign new indentures for the remainder of the term, which were to be kept private. A very flimsy scheme it was; however, it was immediately executed, and the paper went on accordingly under my name for several months.
At length, a fresh difference arising between my brother and me, I took upon me to a.s.sert my freedom, presuming that he would not venture to produce the new indentures. It was not fair in me to take this advantage, and this I therefore reckon one of the first errata[37] of my life; but the unfairness of it weighed little with me when under the impressions of resentment for the blows his pa.s.sion too often urged him to bestow upon me, though he was otherwise not an ill-natured man. Perhaps I was too saucy and provoking.
When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent my getting employment in any other printing house of the town, by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York, as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party, and, from the arbitrary proceedings of the a.s.sembly in my brother"s case, it was likely I might, if I stayed, soon bring myself into sc.r.a.pes; and, further, that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determined on the point, but, my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that, if I attempted to go openly, means would be used to prevent me. My friend Collins, therefore, undertook to manage a little for me. He agreed with the captain of a New York sloop for my pa.s.sage, under the notion of my being a young acquaintance of his that had got into trouble, and therefore I could not appear or come away publicly. So I sold some of my books to raise a little money, was taken on board privately, and, as we had a fair wind, in three days I found myself in New York, near three hundred miles from home, a boy of but seventeen, without the least recommendation to, or knowledge of, any person in the place, and with very little money in my pocket.
[Footnote 4: A village near Winchester, Hampshire, England, where Dr.
Jonathan Shipley had his country house. Dr. Shipley was Bishop of St.
Asaph"s in Wales, and Franklin"s friend.]
[Footnote 5: Franklin"s only living son, William, who in 1762 had been made royal governor of New Jersey, with the hope of detaching Franklin from the cause of the colonists.]
[Footnote 6: A franklin was a freeman, or freeholder, or owner of the land on which he dwelt. The franklins were by their possessions fitted for becoming sheriffs, knights, etc. After the Norman Conquest, men in England took, in addition to the first name, another which was suggested by their condition in life, their trade, or some personal peculiarity. See Note, p. 203.]
[Footnote 7: A t.i.tle given in England in Franklin"s time to the descendants of knights and n.o.blemen.]
[Footnote 8: A writer whose duties were similar to those of our notary.]
[Footnote 9: "Old style," i.e., the method of reckoning time which formerly prevailed and which had caused an error of eleven days. The new style of reckoning was adopted in England in 1752.]
[Footnote 10: The pa.s.sage of the soul into another body; one might have supposed that the soul of the uncle had taken up abode in Franklin"s body.]
[Footnote 11: Franklin omitted the verses.]
[Footnote 12: Who was queen from 1553 to 1558.]
[Footnote 13: "Joint stool," i.e., a stool made of parts fitted together.]
[Footnote 14: "Outed for nonconformity," i.e., turned out of the church for not conforming to the usages of the Church of England and for holding meetings of dissenters for public worship.]
[Footnote 15: Franklin was born Sunday, Jan. 17, 1706 (Jan. 6, old style). The family then lived in a small house on Milk Street, near the Old South Church, where the Boston Post building now stands.]
[Footnote 16: The persecution which the first settlers practiced against all who differed with them in religious doctrines.]
[Footnote 17: Sherburne is now called Nantucket.]
[Footnote 18: The lines which Dr. Franklin had forgotten are these:
"I am for peace and not for war, And that"s the reason why I write more plain than some men do, That used to daub and lie.
But I shall cease, and set my name To what I here insert, Because to be a libeler I hate it with my heart."
[Footnote 19: In Franklin"s time the grammar school was a school for teaching Latin, which was begun by committing the grammar to memory.]
[Footnote 20: Characters, or method of writing shorthand.]
[Footnote 21: Candles were made by dipping wicks in the fat a number of times, and also by setting the wicks in a mold and pouring the fat round them.]
[Footnote 22: Ants.]
[Footnote 23: The marble having crumbled, a larger stone was placed over the grave in 1827, and Franklin"s inscription repeated. It stands in the Granary Burying Ground.]
[Footnote 24: Aged.]
[Footnote 25: A joiner is a mechanic who does the woodwork of houses, etc.; a turner, one who works with a lathe; a brasier, a worker in bra.s.s.]
[Footnote 26: A chapman was a peddler.]
[Footnote 27: Agreements written upon sheets, the edges of which were cut or indented to match each other, for security and identification.]
[Footnote 28: A street in London in which many writers of small ability or reputation, or of unhappy fortune, had lodgings. "Grub Street style," therefore, means poor or worthless in literary value.
The term, which always implied a sneer, was made current by Pope and Swift and their coterie.]
[Footnote 29: A paper published in London every week day from the 1st of March, 1711, to the 6th of December, 1712, and made up for the most part of essays by Addison, Steele, and their friends. It held aloof from politics, and dealt with the manners of the time and with literature.]
[Footnote 30: These gentlemen of Port Royal lived in the old convent of Port Royal des Champs, near Paris. They were learned men who, with other works, prepared schoolbooks, among which was the "Art of Thinking," a logic.]
[Footnote 31: "The Socratic method," i.e., the method of modest questioning, which Socrates used with pupils and opponents alike, and by which he led them to concessions and unforeseen conclusions.]
[Footnote 32: These lines are not Pope"s, but Lord Roscommon"s, slightly modified.]
[Footnote 33: "The New England Courant was the fourth newspaper that appeared in America. The first number of the Boston News-Letter was published April 24, 1704. This was the first newspaper in America. The Boston Gazette commenced Dec. 21, 1719; the American Weekly Mercury, at Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 1719; the New England Courant, Aug. 21, 1721. Dr. Franklin"s error of memory probably originated in the circ.u.mstance of his brother having been the printer of the Boston Gazette when it was first established. This was the second newspaper published in America."--SPARKS.]
[Footnote 34: Told.]
[Footnote 35: Lowered; put down.[n]]
[Footnote 36: The legislature.]
[Footnote 37: Errors; mistakes.]
-- 2. SEEKS HIS FORTUNE.
My inclinations for the sea were by this time worn out, or I might now have gratified them. But, having a trade, and supposing myself a pretty good workman, I offered my service to the printer in the place, old Mr. William Bradford, who had been the first printer in Pennsylvania, but removed from thence upon the quarrel of George Keith. He could give me no employment, having little to do and help enough already; but says he, "My son at Philadelphia has lately lost his princ.i.p.al hand, Aquila Rose, by death; if you go thither I believe he may employ you." Philadelphia was a hundred miles farther; I set out, however, in a boat for Amboy, leaving my chest and things to follow me round by sea.
In crossing the bay we met with a squall that tore our rotten sails to pieces, prevented our getting into the Kill,[38] and drove us upon Long Island. In our way, a drunken Dutchman, who was a pa.s.senger too, fell overboard. When he was sinking, I reached through the water to his shock pate, and drew him up so that we got him in again. His ducking sobered him a little, and he went to sleep, taking first out of his pocket a book, which he desired I would dry for him. It proved to be my old favorite author, Bunyan"s "Pilgrim"s Progress," in Dutch, finely printed on good paper, with copper cuts, a dress better than I had ever seen it wear in its own language. I have since found that it has been translated into most of the languages of Europe, and suppose it has been more generally read than any other book, except, perhaps, the Bible. Honest John[39] was the first that I know of who mixed narration and dialogue; a method of writing very engaging to the reader, who in the most interesting parts finds himself, as it were, brought into the company and present at the discourse. Defoe[n] in his "Crusoe," his "Moll Flanders," "Religious Courtship," "Family Instructor," and other pieces, has imitated it with success; and Richardson has done the same in his "Pamela," etc.