In 1998, Eric Raymond proposed launching the Open Source Initiative, or OSI, an organization that would police the use of the term "open source" and provide a definition for companies interested in making their own programs. Raymond recruited Perens to draft the definition.See Bruce Perens et al., "The Open Source Definition,"
The Open Source Initiative (1998).
Perens would later resign from the OSI, expressing regret that the organization had set itself up in opposition to Stallman and the FSF. Still, looking back on the need for a free software definition outside the Free Software Foundation"s auspices, Perens understands why other hackers might still feel the need for distance. "I really like and admire Richard," says Perens. "I do think Richard would do his job better if Richard had more balance. That includes going away from free software for a couple of months."
Stallman"s monomaniacal energies would do little to counteract the public-relations momentum of open source proponents. In August of 1998, when chip-maker Intel purchased a stake in GNU/Linux vendor Red Hat, an accompanying New York Times article described the company as the product of a movement "known alternatively as free software and open source."See Amy Harmon, "For Sale: Free Operating System," New York Times (September 28, 1998).
Six months later, a John Markoff article on Apple Computer was proclaiming the company"s adoption of the "open source" Apache server in the article headline.See John Markoff, "Apple Adopts "Open Source" for its Server Computers," New York Times (March 17, 1999).
Such momentum would coincide with the growing momentum of companies that actively embraced the "open source"
term. By August of 1999, Red Hat, a company that now eagerly billed itself as "open source," was selling shares on Nasdaq. In December, VA Linux-formerly VA Research-was floating its own IPO to historical effect.
Opening at $30 per share, the company"s stock price exploded past the $300 mark in initial trading only to settle back down to the $239 level. Shareholders lucky enough to get in at the bottom and stay until the end experienced a 698% increase in paper wealth, a Nasdaq record.
Among those lucky shareholders was Eric Raymond, who, as a company board member since the Mozilla launch, had received 150,000 shares of VA Linux stock. Stunned by the realization that his essay contrasting the Stallman-Torvalds managerial styles had netted him $36 million in potential wealth, Raymond penned a follow-up essay. In it, Raymond mused on the relationship between the hacker ethic and monetary wealth: Reporters often ask me these days if I think the open-source community will be corrupted by the influx of big money. I tell them what I believe, which is this: commercial demand for programmers has been so intense for so long that anyone who can be seriously distracted by money is already gone. Our community has been self-selected for caring about other things-accomplishment, pride, artistic pa.s.sion, and each other.See Eric Raymond, "Surprised by Wealth," Linux Today (December 10, 1999).
Whether or not such comments allayed suspicions that Raymond and other open source proponents had simply been in it for the money, they drove home the open source community"s ultimate message: all you needed to sell the free software concept is a friendly face and a sensible message. Instead of fighting the marketplace head-on as Stallman had done, Raymond, Torvalds, and other new leaders of the hacker community had adopted a more relaxed approach-ignoring the marketplace in some areas, leveraging it in others. Instead of playing the role of high-school outcasts, they had played the game of celebrity, magnifying their power in the process.
"On his worst days Richard believes that Linus Torvalds and I conspired to hijack his revolution," Raymond says. "Richard"s rejection of the term open source and his deliberate creation of an ideological fissure in my view comes from an odd mix of idealism and territoriality. There are people out there who think it"s all Richard"s personal ego. I don"t believe that.
It"s more that he so personally a.s.sociates himself with the free software idea that he sees any threat to that as a threat to himself."
Ironically, the success of open source and open source advocates such as Raymond would not diminish Stallman"s role as a leader. If anything, it gave Stallman new followers to convert. Still, the Raymond territoriality charge is a d.a.m.ning one. There are numerous instances of Stallman sticking to his guns more out of habit than out of principle: his initial dismissal of the Linux kernel, for example, and his current unwillingness as a political figure to venture outside the realm of software issues.
Then again, as the recent debate over open source also shows, in instances when Stallman has stuck to his guns, he"s usually found a way to gain ground because of it. "One of Stallman"s primary character traits is the fact he doesn"t budge," says Ian Murdock. "He"ll wait up to a decade for people to come around to his point of view if that"s what it takes."
Murdock, for one, finds that unbudgeable nature both refreshing and valuable. Stallman may no longer be the solitary leader of the free software movement, but he is still the polestar of the free software community.
"You always know that he"s going to be consistent in his views," Murdock says. "Most people aren"t like that. Whether you agree with him or not, you really have to respect that."
A Brief Journey Through Hacker h.e.l.l
Richard Stallman stares, unblinking, through the windshield of a rental car, waiting for the light to change as we make our way through downtown Kihei.
The two of us are headed to the nearby town of Pa"ia, where we are scheduled to meet up with some software programmers and their wives for dinner in about an hour or so.
It"s about two hours after Stallman"s speech at the Maui High Performance Center, and Kihei, a town that seemed so inviting before the speech, now seems profoundly uncooperative. Like most beach cities, Kihei is a one-dimensional exercise in suburban sprawl.
Driving down its main drag, with its endless succession of burger stands, realty agencies, and bikini shops, it"s hard not to feel like a steel-coated morsel pa.s.sing through the alimentary ca.n.a.l of a giant commercial tapeworm. The feeling is exacerbated by the lack of side roads. With nowhere to go but forward, traffic moves in spring-like lurches. 200 yards ahead, a light turns green. By the time we are moving, the light is yellow again.
For Stallman, a lifetime resident of the east coast, the prospect of spending the better part of a sunny Hawaiian afternoon trapped in slow traffic is enough to trigger an embolism. Even worse is the knowledge that, with just a few quick right turns a quarter mile back, this whole situation easily could have been avoided.
Unfortunately, we are at the mercy of the driver ahead of us, a programmer from the lab who knows the way and who has decided to take us to Pa"ia via the scenic route instead of via the nearby Pilani Highway.
"This is terrible," says Stallman between frustrated sighs. "Why didn"t we take the other route?"
Again, the light a quarter mile ahead of us turns green. Again, we creep forward a few more car lengths.
This process continues for another 10 minutes, until we finally reach a major crossroad promising access to the adjacent highway.
The driver ahead of us ignores it and continues through the intersection.
"Why isn"t he turning?" moans Stallman, throwing up his hands in frustration. "Can you believe this?"
I decide not to answer either. I find the fact that I am sitting in a car with Stallman in the driver seat, in Maui no less, unbelievable enough. Until two hours ago, I didn"t even know Stallman knew how to drive.
Now, listening to Yo-Yo Ma"s cello playing the mournful ba.s.s notes of "Appalachian Journey" on the car stereo and watching the sunset pa.s.s by on our left, I do my best to fade into the upholstery.
When the next opportunity to turn finally comes up, Stallman hits his right turn signal in an attempt to cue the driver ahead of us. No such luck. Once again, we creep slowly through the intersection, coming to a stop a good 200 yards before the next light. By now, Stallman is livid.
"It"s like he"s deliberately ignoring us," he says, gesturing and pantomiming like an air craft carrier landing-signals officer in a futile attempt to catch our guide"s eye. The guide appears unfazed, and for the next five minutes all we see is a small portion of his head in the rearview mirror.
I look out Stallman"s window. Nearby Kahoolawe and Lanai Islands provide an ideal frame for the setting sun. It"s a breathtaking view, the kind that makes moments like this a bit more bearable if you"re a Hawaiian native, I suppose. I try to direct Stallman"s attention to it, but Stallman, by now obsessed by the inattentiveness of the driver ahead of us, blows me off.
When the driver pa.s.ses through another green light, completely ignoring a "Pilani Highway Next Right," I grit my teeth. I remember an early warning relayed to me by BSD programmer Keith Bostic. "Stallman does not suffer fools gladly," Bostic warned me. "If somebody says or does something stupid, he"ll look them in the eye and say, "That"s stupid.""
Looking at the oblivious driver ahead of us, I realize that it"s the stupidity, not the inconvenience, that"s killing Stallman right now.
"It"s as if he picked this route with absolutely no thought on how to get there efficiently," Stallman says.
The word "efficiently" hangs in the air like a bad odor. Few things irritate the hacker mind more than inefficiency. It was the inefficiency of checking the Xerox laser printer two or three times a day that triggered Stallman"s initial inquiry into the printer source code. It was the inefficiency of rewriting software tools hijacked by commercial software vendors that led Stallman to battle Symbolics and to launch the GNU Project. If, as Jean Paul Sartre once opined, h.e.l.l is other people, hacker h.e.l.l is duplicating other people"s stupid mistakes, and it"s no exaggeration to say that Stallman"s entire life has been an attempt to save mankind from these fiery depths.
This h.e.l.l metaphor becomes all the more apparent as we take in the slowly pa.s.sing scenery. With its mult.i.tude of shops, parking lots, and poorly timed street lights, Kihei seems less like a city and more like a poorly designed software program writ large. Instead of rerouting traffic and distributing vehicles through side streets and expressways, city planners have elected to run everything through a single main drag.
From a hacker perspective, sitting in a car amidst all this mess is like listening to a CD rendition of nails on a chalkboard at full volume.
"Imperfect systems infuriate hackers," observes Steven Levy, another warning I should have listened to before climbing into the car with Stallman. "This is one reason why hackers generally hate driving cars-the system of randomly programmed red lights and oddly laid out one-way streets causes delays which are so G.o.dd.a.m.n unnecessary [Levy"s emphasis] that the impulse is to rearrange signs, open up traffic-light control boxes .
. . redesign the entire system."See Steven Levy, Hackers (Penguin USA [paperback], 1984): 40.
More frustrating, however, is the duplicity of our trusted guide. Instead of searching out a clever shortcut-as any true hacker would do on instinct-the driver ahead of us has instead chosen to play along with the city planners" game. Like Virgil in Dante"s Inferno, our guide is determined to give us the full guided tour of this hacker h.e.l.l whether we want it or not.
Before I can make this observation to Stallman, the driver finally hits his right turn signal. Stallman"s hunched shoulders relax slightly, and for a moment the air of tension within the car dissipates. The tension comes back, however, as the driver in front of us slows down. "Construction Ahead" signs line both sides of the street, and even though the Pilani Highway lies less than a quarter mile off in the distance, the two-lane road between us and the highway is blocked by a dormant bulldozer and two large mounds of dirt.
It takes Stallman a few seconds to register what"s going on as our guide begins executing a clumsy five-point U-turn in front of us. When he catches a glimpse of the bulldozer and the "No Through Access"
signs just beyond, Stallman finally boils over.
"Why, why, why?" he whines, throwing his head back.
"You should have known the road was blocked. You should have known this way wouldn"t work. You did this deliberately."
The driver finishes the turn and pa.s.ses us on the way back toward the main drag. As he does so, he shakes his head and gives us an apologetic shrug. Coupled with a toothy grin, the driver"s gesture reveals a touch of mainlander frustration but is tempered with a protective dose of islander fatalism. Coming through the sealed windows of our rental car, it spells out a succinct message: "Hey, it"s Maui; what are you gonna do?"
Stallman can take it no longer.