Hints to Teachers. _E. Marwedel_. 5, 6.
Froebel"s Letters. Tr. by _Michaelis_ and _Moore_. 83-85, 98, 101-03, 107, 176, 220.
Conscious Motherhood. _E. Marwedel_. 106, 107, 118, 119, 153, 162-64, 170-74, 256-62, 291-96.
FROEBEL"S SECOND GIFT
"From the ball as a symbol of unity, we pa.s.s over in a consecutive manner to the manifoldness of form in the cube."
"The child has an intimation in the cube of the unity which lies at the foundation of all manifoldness, and from which the latter proceeds." FRIEDRICH FROEBEL.
"Notice has now become observation, and observation leads to discrimination. He sees and is curious by nature, but it belongs to us to lead him to observe and inquire."
EMILY SHIRREFF.
1. Froebel"s second gift consists of a wooden sphere, cube, and cylinder, two inches in diameter (as now made), with rods and standards for revolution.[18]
[18] "The wooden sphere has no string like the b.a.l.l.s of the first gift, because the child no longer needs the outward connection; he now realizes the spiritual connection between himself and the outer world." (E. G. Seymour.)
2. In the first gift the child received objects of the same shape and size but of different colors, thus learning to separate color from form. In the second gift he receives unlike objects, and learns to distinguish them from each other by their individual peculiarities.
The first gift suggests unity, and leads to the detection of resemblances; the second suggests variety or manifoldness, and emphasizes contrasts.
3. The most important characteristic of the gift is contrast of form, leading to the distinction of different objects. The mediation of contrasts here suggests the connection of all objects, however widely separated.
4. The purpose of the gift is to stimulate observation and comparison by presentation of striking contrasts, and to afford new bases for the cla.s.sification of objects. Spencer says that any systematic ministrations to the perceptions ought to be based upon the general truth that in the development of every faculty markedly contrasted impressions are the first to be distinguished; that hence sounds greatly differing in loudness and pitch, colors very remote from each other, and substances widely removed in hardness or texture should be the first supplied; and that in each case the progression must be by slow degrees to impressions more nearly allied.[19]
[19] _Education_, page 132.
5. The geometrical forms ill.u.s.trated in this gift are:--
{ Sphere.
{ Cube.
Solids. { Cylinder.
{ Double Cone. } Seen in motion.
{ Conoid. }
Planes. { Circles.
{ Squares.
6. The sphere and cube are sharply contrasting forms, and the cylinder ill.u.s.trates the connecting link between the two, possessing characteristics of both.
"The cylinder is the first example Froebel gives of the intermediate transition--forms connecting opposites, which he explains as the very ground plan of Nature, and on which his fundamental law of contrasts and connection of contrasts, the law of all harmonious development and creative industry, is based."[20]
[20] E. Shirreff.
Points to be noted in each New Gift.
"That which follows is always conditioned upon that which goes before,"[21] says Froebel, and he makes this apparent to children through his educational processes; the gifts show this idea in concrete form.
[21] "We cannot evolve what has not first been involved."
In entering upon a consideration of the second gift one thing cannot fail to impress us, and that is the continuous development in each new set of objects placed before the child; together with an increase of difficulty or complexity which is never without a corresponding forethought, careful arrangement, and attention to logical sequence; thus the newly introduced objects can never seem unnatural to him.
We shall find that in every new gift or occupation there is always a suggestion of the last, enough to make it a pleasant reminder of knowledge gained and difficulties surmounted, and so the child sees not everything painfully strange, but something which at least recalls to his mind his former friend and familiar playfellow.[22]
[22] "Nothing charms us more than the recognition of the old in the new. The man who hurries through a foreign city, indifferent and inattentive to the pa.s.sing crowd, feels a quick thrill of pleasure when in the midst of all the strangers he recognizes a familiar face." (E. Minhinnick.)
Method of Attack in First Exercise.
In the first lesson with the second gift the child will quickly see the similarities between his former worsted ball and his new companion, the wooden sphere. Let him take these two b.a.l.l.s together, and find out the similarities and dissimilarities, remembering that before he compares objects _consciously_, experiences should invariably be given him.
We should always draw attention to the universal properties of things first and then proceed to the specific. The qualities common to all objects are the universal ones: Form, Size, Color, Material, etc. The invariable rule should be: simple before complex, concrete before abstract, unity before variety, universal qualities before special ones.
If we are in doubt as to whether we shall first direct attention to the similarities or to the dissimilarities between the ball and sphere, we may recall the educational maxim, "The child"s eye always at first seizes the a.n.a.logous, the point of union, the whole connection of things, and only after that begins to discern differences and opposition."[23]
[23] "The infant mind is transparent to resemblance, but opaque to difference."--Susan E. Blow, _Symbolic Education_, page 83.
Ball and Sphere.
In comparing the ball and the sphere the child will observe, in the first place that they are both round and both roll equally well, but that one has color, one being without; one is soft, the other hard; one quiet, one noisy; one a little rough to the touch, the other velvet smooth. He should find for and by himself, aided by our suggestive questioning, the reasons for these evident differences.
It is absolutely necessary that each child should have one of the boxes containing the solids, or at least the three forms of the gift without the box, rods, and standards, and examine them thoroughly and often as he will be glad to do.
If the solids as ordinarily manufactured are too costly for a kindergartner of limited means, she can subst.i.tute large marbles, blocks, and linen thread spools; the material does not matter so long as each child has the objects to handle.
Value of the Discriminative Power; Method by which it may be developed.
We need not be distressed if the lessons are a little noisy when the children are making the acquaintance of these wonderful new friends.
To be sure they will pound the wooden forms heartily up and down on the table (if they are three-year old babies, they certainly would and should do so); but within bounds what does it matter? If it can be arranged so that other cla.s.ses shall not be disturbed, and each child can have the same opportunity for experimenting as his neighbor, there will be no great harm done.
We are endeavoring to rouse all the latent energies of the child by the presentation of these objects to his observation, and he must have full liberty to make the various experiments which suggest themselves to him. His desire to hear the sound of the objects is so manifest that it would be folly to try and thwart it. It is far better to use the desire for educational purposes and divert it into the channel of systematized noise. Let us suppose that we are carpenters today and pound the wooden objects on the floor in exact time with a building song; let us play we are drummer boys and tap with our drumsticks for the soldiers to march; or shall we make believe that the sphere is a woodp.e.c.k.e.r and let it tap on the trees while we recite some simple little rhyme?[24]
[24] For second gift songs, see _Kindergarten Chimes_ (Kate D.
Wiggin), pages 32, 33, Oliver Ditson Publishing Co.
"This craving of young children for information," says Bernard Perez, "is an emotional and intellectual absorbing power, as dominant as the appet.i.te for nutrition, and equally needing to be watched over and regulated."
It is not alone the noise of the sphere which delights the child,[25]
though this is always pleasing,--it is the knowledge he is gaining, the new ideas that dawn upon him for the first time in recognizable form. It is, in fact, a knowledge of cause and effect. He has often dropped the woolen ball and pounded it on the table, and it produced no sound. He does the same with the sphere and recognizes the difference. He will begin to experiment with other objects, by and by to cla.s.sify his knowledge, and finally, he will see and remember that like causes produce like effects, and in progressing thus far will have made a tremendous stride. The child will see all the more clearly, in comparing the woolen ball and wooden sphere, the difference between soft and hard, rough and smooth, light and heavy, if he is allowed to perform his own experiments.
[25] "The sound is a yet higher sign of life to the child, as he then, and also later, likes to lend speech to all dumb things; therefore he also desires to hear sound and speech from everything."--Froebel"s _Pedagogics_, page 72.