29. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand, neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circ.u.mstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience and circ.u.mstances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view that "tis folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its independence whatever it may accept under that character; that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given equivalent for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingrat.i.tude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. "Tis an illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard.
30. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the pa.s.sions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has. .h.i.therto marked the destiny of nations: but if I may even flatter myself, that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, and guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare, by which they have been dictated. How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and to the world. To myself the a.s.surance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them.
31. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation on the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan.
Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempt to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circ.u.mstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation, perseverance, and firmness.
32. The consideration which respects the right to hold the conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose upon every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct, will be best referred to your own reflection and experience.
With me, a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent inst.i.tutions, and to progress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
33. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend.
I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations, I antic.i.p.ate with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free government--the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
On closing his presidential career, March 4, 1797, Washington retired to Mount Vernon, to spend the remnant of his days in retirement. It was not long, however, before the prospect of a war with France prompted the nation to ask him to take command of its armies, to which he consented, although he declared that there would be no war--a conclusion which subsequent events fully justified. John Adams was president, and he wrote to Washington:
"We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it.
There will be more efficacy in it than in many an army."
Having said nothing particularly concerning Washington as a slave-holder, we may add, in closing this chapter, that he believed, with Jefferson, that slavery was a cruel wrong, and ought to be abolished. He said to Jefferson, before he was president:
"I never mean, unless some particular circ.u.mstances should compel me to it, to possess another slave by purchase; it being among my first wishes to see some plan adopted by which slavery in this country may be abolished by law." In another letter he says, "I can only say there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is by legislative authority, and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall never be wanting."
During his presidency in New York, Mrs. Washington"s favorite maid Ovey ran away, and she besought her husband to take measures to find her.
Laughing, Washington replied:
"I, who have been fighting for liberty, would appear finely in pursuit of a runaway slave!"
He freely expressed his abhorrence of slavery to Lafayette during the war; and when the latter purchased an estate in Cayenne, with the intention of freeing the slaves upon it, Washington wrote to him:
"Your late purchase is a generous and n.o.ble proof of your humanity.
Would to G.o.d a like spirit might diffuse itself generally in the minds of the people of this country!"
His will provided for the emanc.i.p.ation of his slaves, so far as possible. "Under the tenure by which the dower negroes are held he could not manumit them." But the will ran thus:
"Upon the decease of my wife, it is my will and desire that all the slaves whom I hold _in my own right_ shall receive their freedom."
After his death, Mrs. Washington proceeded to emanc.i.p.ate the slaves, agreeable to his wishes, at expressed in his last "will and testament."
XXIV.
DEATH, AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
In December, 1799, there came a cold, bleak morning, with drizzling rain and sleet.
"I would not go out this uncomfortable day," Mrs. Washington said to her husband, observing that he was preparing to go out to his daily task.
"It is not much of a storm," Washington replied. "Besides, I have a piece of work under way that I must superintend."
"I fear that you will take cold," continued Mrs. Washington. "Sitting at the fire is more fitting for a man of your age than exposing yourself in such a storm."
He went, however, nor returned until almost time for dinner. His locks were covered with snow and sleet, and he was quite wet.
Mrs. Washington advised him to change his apparel, but he declined, saying:
"The wet is of little consequence. I shall soon be dry."
In the evening he read aloud to his family as usual although he was somewhat hoa.r.s.e. The next day, the storm was still more severe, and he remained within doors, complaining of a slight cold. Again he read aloud to his family in the evening. This was on Friday, the thirteenth day of December.
On retiring, Mr. Lear, his private secretary, said to him:
"General, you had better take something for your cold."
"No," replied Washington; "you know that I never take anything for a cold. Let it go as it came."
About three o"clock in the morning he awoke with a chill, feeling very unwell. Still, he would not allow his wife to get up, fearing that she might take cold. A servant came in to build a fire, when he sent for Mr.
Rawlins, an overseer, to bleed him, which, at that time, was a method of treatment universally adopted. The overseer was accustomed to bleed negroes, but he hesitated to practise on Washington.
"I would not be bled; you need more strength instead of less,"
interposed his wife, but Washington had confidence in the method. "Don"t be afraid," he said to the overseer; "make the orifice large enough."
But he grew worse rapidly, and early in the morning Dr. Craik was sent for. Washington said to Mr. Lear, his private secretary:
"I cannot last long. I feel that I am going. I believed from the first that the attack would prove fatal."
"I hope not," answered Mr. Lear, rather surprised by these words. "The doctor will give you relief, I trust, when he arrives."
"Do you arrange and record all my military letters and papers; arrange my accounts and settle my books, as you know more about them than any one else," Washington continued.
"That I will do," replied Mr. Lear; "but I hope you will live many years yet."
"Do you think of anything else it is essential for me to do? for I am confident that I shall continue but a very short time with you,"
continued Washington.
"I can think of nothing," answered Mr. Lear, and then repeated his opinion that he was not so near the end.
Smiling, the great man responded:
"I am certainly near the end, and I look forward to the hour of dissolution with perfect resignation."
Turning to Mrs. Washington, he said, "Go to my desk, and in the private drawer you will find two papers; bring them to me."
The papers were brought, when he added, taking one paper in each hand: