Giorgione.
by Herbert Cook.
PREFACE
Unlike most famous artists of the past, Giorgione has not yet found a modern biographer. The whole trend of recent criticism has, in his case, been to destroy not to fulfil. Yet signs are not wanting that the disintegrating process is at an end, and that we have reached the point where reconstruction may be attempted. The discovery of doc.u.ments and the recovery of lost pictures in the last few years have increased the available material for a more comprehensive study of the artist, and the time has come when the divergent results arrived at by independent modern inquirers may be systematically arranged, and a reconciliation of apparently conflicting views attempted on a psychological basis.
Crowe and Cavalcaselle were the first to examine the subject critically.
They separated--so far as was then possible (1871)--the real from the traditional Giorgione, and their account of his life and works must still rank as the nearest equivalent to a modern biography. Morelli, who followed in 1877, was in singular sympathy with his task, and has written of his favourite master enthusiastically, yet with consummate judgment. Among living authorities, Dr. Gronau, Herr Wickhoff, Signor Venturi, and Mr. Bernhard Berenson have contributed effectively to the elucidation of obscure or disputed points, and the latter writer has probably come nearer than anyone to recognise the scope of Giorgione"s art, and grasp the man behind his work. The monograph by Signor Conti and the chapter in Pater"s _Renaissance_ may be read for their delicate appreciations of the "Giorgionesque"; other contributions on the subject will be found in the Bibliography.
It is absolutely necessary for those whose judgment depends upon a study of the actual pictures to be constantly registering and adjusting their impressions. I have personally seen and studied all the pictures I believe to be by Giorgione, with the exception of those at St.
Petersburg; and many galleries and churches where they hang have been visited repeatedly, and at considerable intervals of time. If in the course of years my individual impressions (where they deviate from hitherto recognised views) fail to stand the test of time, I shall be the first to admit their inadequacy. If, on the other hand, they prove sound, some of the mists which at present envelop the figure of Giorgione will have been dispersed.
H.C.
_November 1900_
NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION
To this Edition an Appendix has been added, containing--(1) an article by the Author on the age of t.i.tian, which was published in the _Nineteenth Century_ of January 1902; (2) the translation of a reply by Dr. Georg Gronau, published in the _Repertorium fur Kunstwissenschaft_; (3) a further reply by the Author, published in the same German periodical.
The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Editors of the _Nineteenth Century_ and of the _Repertorium_ for permission to reprint these articles.
A better photograph of the "Portrait of an Unknown Man" at Temple Newsam has now been taken (p. 87), and sundry footnotes have been added to bring the text up to date.
H. C.
ESHER, _January 1904_.
GIORGIONE
CHAPTER I
GIORGIONE"S LIFE
Apart from tradition, very few ascertained facts are known to us as to Giorgione"s life. The date of his birth is conjectural, there being but Vasari"s unsupported testimony that he died in his thirty-fourth year.
Now we know from unimpeachable sources that his death happened in October-November 1510,[1] so that, a.s.suming Vasari"s statement to be correct, Giorgione will have been born in 1477.[2]
The question of his birthplace and origin has been in great dispute.
Without going into the evidence at length, we may accept with some degree of certainty the results at which recent German research has arrived.[3] Dr. Gronau"s conclusion is that Giorgione was the son (or grandson) of a certain Giovanni, called Giorgione of Castelfranco, who came originally from the village of Vedelago in the march of Treviso.
This Giovanni was living at Castelfranco, of which he was a citizen, in 1460, and there, probably, Giorgione his son (or grandson) was born some seventeen years later.
The tradition that the artist was a natural son of one of the great Barbarella family, and that in consequence he was called Barbarelli, is now shown to be false. This cognomen is first found in 1648, in Ridolfi"s book, to which, in 1697, the picturesque addition was made that his mother was a peasant girl of Vedelago.[4] None of the earlier writers or contemporary doc.u.ments ever allude to such an origin, or speak of "Barbarelli," but always of "Zorzon de Castelfrancho," "Zorzi da Castelfranco," and the like,[5]
We may take it as certain that Giorgione spent the whole of his short life in Venice and the neighbourhood. Unlike t.i.tian, whose busy career was marked by constant journeyings and ever fresh incidents, the young Castelfrancan pa.s.sed a singularly calm and uneventful life. Untroubled, apparently, by the storm and stress of the political world about him, he devoted himself with a whole-hearted simplicity to the advancement of his art. Like Leonardo, he early won fame for his skill in music, and Vasari tells us the gifted young lute-player was a welcome guest in distinguished circles. Although of humble origin, he must have possessed a singular charm of manner, and a comeliness of person calculated to find favour, particularly with the fair s.e.x. He early found a quasi-royal friend and patroness in Caterina Cornaro, ex-Queen of Cyprus, whose portrait he painted, and whose recommendation, as I believe, secured for him important commissions in the like field. But we may leave Giorgione"s art for fuller discussion in the following chapters, and only note here two outside events which were not without importance in the young artist"s career.
The one was the visit paid by Leonardo to Venice in the year 1500.
Vasari tells us "Giorgione had seen certain works from the hand of Leonardo, which were painted with extraordinary softness, and thrown into powerful relief, as is said, by extreme darkness of the shadows, a manner which pleased him so much that he ever after continued to imitate it, and in oil painting approached very closely to the excellence of his model."[6] This statement has been combated by Morelli, but although historical evidence is wanting that the two men ever actually met, there is nothing improbable in Vasari"s account. Leonardo certainly came to Venice for a short time in 1500, and it would be perfectly natural to find the young Venetian, then in his twenty-fourth year, visiting the great Florentine, long a master of repute, and from him, or from "certain works of his," taking hints for his own practice.[7]
The second event of moment to which allusion may here be made was the great conflagration in the year 1504, when the Exchange of the German Merchants was burnt. This building, known as the Fondaco de" Tedeschi, occupying one of the finest sites on the Grand Ca.n.a.l, was rebuilt by order of the Signoria, and Giorgione received the commission to decorate the facade with frescoes. The work was completed by 1508, and became the most celebrated of all the artist"s creations. The Fondaco still stands to-day, but, alas! a crimson stain high up on the wall is all that remains to us of these great frescoes, which were already in decay when Vasari visited Venice in 1541.
Other work of the kind--all long since perished--Giorgione undertook with success. The Soranzo Palace, the Palace of Andrea Loredano, the Casa Flangini, and elsewhere, were frescoed with various devices, or ornamented with monochrome friezes.
We know nothing of Giorgione"s home life; he does not appear to have married, or to have left descendants. Vasari speaks of "his many friends whom he delighted by his admirable performance in music," and his death caused "extreme grief to his many friends to whom he was endeared by his excellent qualities." He enjoyed prosperity and good health, and was called Giorgione "as well from the character of his person as for the exaltation of his mind."[8]
He died of plague in the early winter of 1510, and was probably buried with other victims on the island of Poveglia, off Venice, where the lazar-house was situated.[9] The tradition that his bones were removed in 1638 and buried at Castelfranco in the family vault of the Barbarelli is devoid of foundation, and was invented to round off the story of his supposed connection with the family.[10]
NOTES:
[1] See Appendix, where the doc.u.ments are quoted in full.
[2] Vasari gives 1478 (1477 in his first edition) and 1511 as the years of his birth and death. Crowe and Cavalcaselle, and Dr. Bode prefer to say "before 1477," a supposition which would make his precocity less phenomenal, and help to explain some chronological difficulties (see p.
66).
[3] _Zorzon da Castelfranco. La sua origine, la sua morte e tomba_, by Dr. Georg Gronau. Venice, 1894.
[4] Vide _Repertorium fur Kunstwissenschaft_, xix. 2, p. 166. [Dr.
Gronau.]
[5] It would seem, therefore, desirable to efface the name of Barbarelli from the catalogues. The National Gallery, for example, registers Giorgione"s work under this name.
[6] The translation given is that of Blashfield and Hopkins"s edition.
Bell, 1897.
[7] M. Muntz adduces strong arguments in favour of this view (_La fin de la Renaissance_, p. 600).
[8] The name "Giorgione" signifies "Big George." But it seems to have been also his father"s name.
[9] This visitation claimed no less than 20,000 victims.
[10] See Gronau, _op. cit_. Tradition has been exceptionally busy over Giorgione"s affairs. The story goes that he died of grief at being betrayed by his friend and pupil, Morto da Feltre, who had robbed him of his mistress. This is now proved false by the doc.u.ment quoted in the Appendix.
CHAPTER II
GENERALLY ACCEPTED WORKS
Such, then, very briefly, are the facts of Giorgione"s life recorded by the older biographers, or known by contemporary doc.u.ments. Now let us turn to his artistic remains, the _disjecta membra_, out of which we may reconstruct something of the man himself; for, to those who can interpret it aright, a man"s work is his best autobiography.