There is a strain of n.o.ble thought and lofty feeling in her poems, and she rises easily to the necessary pa.s.sion and fervor of verse; but her expression is hampered by the metrical form.
General Characteristics.--George Eliot is more strictly modern in spirit than either of the other two great contemporary novelists. This spirit is exhibited chiefly in her ethical purpose, her scientific sympathies, and her minute dissection of character.
Her writings manifest her desire to benefit human beings by convincing them that nature"s laws are inexorable, and that an infraction of the moral law will be punished as surely as disobedience to physical laws.
She strives to arouse people to a knowledge of hereditary influences, and to show how every deed brings its own results, and works, directly or indirectly, toward the salvation or ruin of the doer. She throws her whole strength into an attempt to prove that joy is to be found only in strict attendance upon duty and in self-renunciation. In order to carry home these serious lessons of life, she deals with powerful human tragedies, which impart a somberness of tone to all her novels.
In her early works she treats these problems with artistic beauty; but in her later books she often forgets the artist in the moralist, and uses a character to preach a sermon.
The a.n.a.lytical tendency is p.r.o.nounced in George Eliot"s works, which exhibit an exhaustive study of the feelings, the thoughts, the dreams, and purposes of the characters. They become known more through description than through action.
A striking characteristic of her men and women is their power to grow.
They do not appear ready-made and finished at the beginning of a story, but, like real human beings amid the struggles of life, they change for the better or the worse. t.i.to Melema in _Romola_ is an example of her skill in evolving character. At the outset, he is a beautiful Greek boy with a keen zest for pleasure. His selfishness, however, which betrays itself first in ingrat.i.tude to his benefactor, leads step by step to his complete moral degradation. The consequences of his deeds entangle him finally in such a network of lies that he is forced to betray "every trust that was reposed in him, that he might keep himself safe."
George Eliot occasionally brightens the seriousness of her works with humor. Her stories are not permeated with joyousness, like those of d.i.c.kens, nor do they ripple with quiet amus.e.m.e.nt, like the novels of Thackeray; but she puts witty and aphoristic sayings into the conversations of the characters. The scene at the "Rainbow" inn is bristling with mother wit. Mr. Macey observes:--
""There"s allays two "pinions; there"s the "pinion a man has of himsen, and there"s the "pinion other folks have on him. There"d be two "pinions about a cracked bell if the bell could hear itself.""[11]
Great precision and scholarlike correctness mark the style of George Eliot. Her vocabulary, though large, is too full of abstract and scientific terms to permit of great flexibility and idiomatic purity of English. She is master of powerful figures of speech, original, epigrammatic turns of expression, and, sometimes, of a stirring eloquence.
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, 1850-1894
[Ill.u.s.tration: ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. _From a photograph_.]
Life.--By preferring romantic incident to the portrayal of character, Stevenson differed from his great Victorian predecessors in the field of fiction. He was born in 1850 in the romantic city of Edinburgh, which he has described so well in his _Picturesque Notes on Edinburgh_. Being an invalid from early childhood, he was not sent regularly to school; yet he was ready at the age of seventeen to enter Edinburgh University. He says of himself that in college he neglected all the studies that did not appeal to him, to read with avidity English poetry and fiction, Scottish legend and history. During his summer vacations he worked at lighthouse engineering. The out-of-door life was just what he liked; but the office work was irksome to him.
When finally he made his dislike known, his father, although bitterly disappointed at his son"s aversion to the calling followed by two generations of Stevensons, nevertheless consented to a change; and they compromised on the law. In 1875 Stevenson succeeded in gaining admission to the bar; but he soon realized that he would never feel at home in this profession. Moreover, he had always wanted to be a writer. He says:--
"All through my boyhood and youth...
I was always busy on my own private end, which was to learn to write. I kept always two books in my pocket, one to read, one to write in. As I walked, my mind was busy fitting what I saw with appropriate words.
...Thus I lived with words. And what I thus wrote was for no ulterior use; it was written consciously for practice."
[Ill.u.s.tration: STEVENSON AS A BOY.]
The next year, therefore, he decided to devote himself entirely to literature.
He was by heredity predisposed to weak lungs. For the greater part of his life he moved from place to place, searching for some location that would improve his health and allow him to write. He lived for a while in Switzerland, in the south of France, in the south of England, in the Adirondack Mountains, and in California. In 1880 he married in California, Mrs. f.a.n.n.y Osbourne, of whom he wrote:--
"Steel-true and blade-straight, The great artificer made my mate."
By a former marriage she had a son, who, at the age of thirteen, inspired Stevenson to write that exciting romance of adventure, _Treasure Island_, published in book form in 1883. This and the remarkable story, _The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_ (1886), made him so famous that when he visited New York in 1887, a newspaper there offered him $10,000 for a weekly article during the year.
He preferred to accept an offer of $3500 for twelve monthly articles for a magazine.
The most romantic part of his life began in 1888, when he chartered a yacht in San Francisco for a cruise among the South Sea Islands. He had the enthusiasm of a boy for this trip, which was planned to benefit his health. Almost as many adventures befell him as Robinson Crusoe. At one time Stevenson became so ill that he was left with his wife on one of the Society Islands while the yacht sailed away for repairs. Before the boat returned, both his food and money were exhausted, and he and Mrs. Stevenson were forced to live on the bounty of the natives, who adopted him into one of their tribes and gave him the name of Tusitala.
He wandered for three and a half years among the islands of the Southern Pacific, visiting Australia twice. On one trip he called at thirty-three small coral islands, and wrote, "Hackney cabs have more variety than atolls."
He finally selected for his residence the island of Samoa, where he spent the last three and a half years of his life. He died suddenly in his forty-fifth year, and was buried on the summit of a Samoan mountain near his home.
In 1893 he wrote to George Meredith:--
"In fourteen years I have not had a day"s real health; I have wakened sick and gone to bed weary; and I have done my work unflinchingly. I have written in bed, and written out of it, written in sickness, written torn by coughing, written when my head swam for weakness..."
Many have found in Stevenson"s life an inspiration to overcome obstacles, to cease complaining, and to bear a message of good cheer.
These lines from his volume of poems called _Underwoods_ (1887), are especially characteristic:--
"If I have faltered more or less In my great task of happiness; If I have moved among my race And shown no glorious morning face; If beams from happy human eyes Have moved me not; if morning skies, Books, and my food, and summer rain Knocked on my sullen heart in vain:-- Lord, thy most pointed pleasure take And stab my spirit broad awake."
Works.--Stevenson wrote entertaining travels, such as _An Inland Voyage_ (1878), the record of a canoe journey from Antwerp to Pontoise, _Travels with a Donkey through the Cevennes_ (1879), and _In the South Seas_ (published in book form in 1896). Early in life he wrote many essays, the best of which are included in the volumes, _Virginibus Puerisque_ (_To Girls and Boys_, 1881) and _Familiar Studies of Men and Books_ (1882). Valuable papers presenting his views of the technique of writing may be found in the volumes called _Memories and Portraits_ (1887) and _Essays in the Art of Writing_ (collected after his death). There is a happy blending of style, humor, and thought in many of these essays. Perhaps the most unusual and original of all is _Child"s Play_ (_Virginibus Puerisque_). This is a psychological study, which reveals one of his strongest characteristics, the power of vividly recalling the events and feelings of childhood.
"When my cousin and I took our porridge of a morning, we had a device to enliven the course of the meal. He ate his with sugar, and explained it to be a country continually buried under snow. I took mine with milk, and explained it to be a country suffering gradual inundation. You can imagine us exchanging bulletins; how here was an island still unsubmerged, here a valley not yet covered with snow; ...and how, in fine, the food was of altogether secondary importance, and might even have been nauseous, so long as we seasoned it with these dreams."
The simplicity and apparent artlessness of his _A Child"s Garden of Verse_ (1885) have caused many critics to neglect these poems; but the verdict of young children is almost unanimous against such neglect.
These songs
"Lead onward into fairy land, Where all the children dine at five, And all the playthings come alive."
It is quite possible that the verses in this little volume may in the coming years appeal to more human beings than all the remainder of Stevenson"s work. He and his American contemporary, Eugene Field (1850-1895), had the peculiar genius to delight children with a type of verse in which only a very few poets have excelled.
Boys and young men love Stevenson best for his short stories and romances. After a careful study of Poe and Hawthorne, the American short story masters, Stevenson made the English impressionistic short story a more artistic creation. Some of the best of his short stories are _Will o" the Mill_ (1878), _The Sire de Maletroit"s Door_ (1878), and _Markheim_ (1885). His best-known single production, _The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_, is really a short story that presents a remarkable psychological study of dual personality.
The short stories served as an apprenticeship for the longer romances, of which _Treasure Island_ is the best constructed and the most interesting. Among a number of other romances, the four which deal with eighteenth-century Scottish history are the best: _Kidnapped_ (1886), _The Master of Ballantrae_ (1889), _David Balfour_ (_Catriona_, 1893), and the unfinished _Weir of Hermiston_, published two years after his death.
[Ill.u.s.tration: EDINBURGH MEMORIAL OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. _By Augustus St. Candeus._]
General Characteristics.--Unlike the majority of the Victorian writers of fiction, Stevenson preferred the field of romance and adventure. It is natural to compare him with Scott, who showed a far wider range, both in subject matter and in the portrayal of human beings. Stevenson, however, surpa.s.sed Scott in swift delineation of incident, in pictorial vividness, and in literary form. Scott dashed off some of his long romances in six weeks; while Stevenson said that his printer"s copy was sometimes the result of ten times that amount of writing. The year before he died, he spent three weeks in writing twenty-four pages.
Stevenson"s romances are remarkable for artistic style, clearness of visual image, and boyish love of adventure. He made little attempt to portray more than the masculine half of the human race. His simple verses possess rare power to charm children. The most evident quality of all his prose is its artistic finish.
GEORGE MEREDITH, 1828-1909
[Ill.u.s.tration: GEORGE MEREDITH. _From the painting by G.F. Watts, National Portrait Gallery_.]
Life.--George Meredith was the only child of a Welsh father and an Irish mother. He was born in 1828 over his grandfather"s tailor shop in Portsmouth, Hampshire. The father proved incompetent in handling the excellent tailoring business to which he fell heir; and he soon abandoned his son. The mother died when the boy was five years old, and he was then cared for by relatives. When he was fourteen, he was sent to school in Germany for two years; but he did not consider his schooling of much benefit to him and he was forced to educate himself for his life"s work.
On his return to England, he was articled to a London solicitor; but by the age of twenty-one, Meredith had abandoned the law and had begun the literary life which was to receive his undivided attention for nearly sixty years. The struggle was at first extremely hard. Some days, indeed, he is said to have lived on a single bowl of porridge.
While following his work as a novelist, he tried writing for periodicals, served as a newspaper correspondent, and later became a literary adviser for a large London publishing firm. In this capacity, he proved a sympathetic friend to many a struggling young author.
Thomas Hardy says that he received from Meredith"s praise sufficient encouragement to persevere in the field of literature.
Meredith"s marriage in 1849 was unhappy and resulted in a separation.
Three years after his wife"s death, which occurred in 1861, he married a congenial helpmate and went to live in Flint Cottage, near Burford Bridge, Surrey, where most of his remaining years were spent.
Not until late in life were the returns from his writings sufficient to relieve him from unceasing daily toil at his desk. He was widely hailed as a literary master and recognized as a force in fiction before he attained financial independence. After the death of Tennyson, Meredith was elected president of the Society of British Authors. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, his reply to the _Who"s Who_ query about his recreations was, "a great reader, especially of French literature; has in his time been a great walker."
During his last sixteen years of life, he suffered from partial paralysis and was compelled to abandon these long walks, which had been a source both of recreation and of health.
He died in 1909 at the age of eighty-one and was laid beside his wife in the Dorking cemetery. The following words from his novel, _Vittoria_, are on his tombstone: "Life is but a little holding, lent to do a mighty labor."
Poetry.--During his long career, Meredith wrote much verse, which was collected in 1912 in a volume of 578 pages.
The quality of his poetry is very uneven. In such exquisite poems as _Love in the Valley_, _The Lark Ascending_, and _Melanthus_, the fancy and melody are artistically intertwined. Many have admired the felicity of the description and the romance of the sentiment in this stanza from _Love in the Valley_:--