21 Jeremy Fairbank and others, aRandomised Controlled Trial to Compare Surgical Stabilisation of the Lumbar Spine with an Intensive Rehabilitation Programme for Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: The MRC Spine Stabilisation Trial,a British Medical Journal 330 (2005): 1233-1238.
22 This was the mind-set at Klinik.u.m Neustadt in Holstein, a huge German spine center, where many patients are treated after previous surgery.
23 Jens Ivar Brox and others, aLumbar Instrumented Fusion Compared with Cognitive Intervention and Exercises in Patients with Chronic Back Pain After Previous Surgery for Disc Herniation,a Pain 122 (2006): 145-155.
24 Ibid.
25 A. Mannion and others, aComparison of Three Active Therapies for Chronic Low Back Pain: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial with One-Year Follow-Up,a Rheumatology 40 (2001): 772-778.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Kolata.
CHAPTER 9: EXERCISE AND BRAIN POWER.
1 Wildor Hollmann and Heiko Strder, aGehirngesundheit, Leistungsfhigkeit und krperliche Aktivitt,a Deutsche Zeitschrift fr Sportmedizin 9 (2003): 265-266.
2 Wildor Hollmann and others, aKrperliche Aktivitt frdert Gehirngesundheit und Leistungsfhigkeit,a Nervenheilkunde 9 (2003): 467-474.
3 Christine Graf and others, aZusammenhnge zwischen Krperlicher Aktivitt und Konzentration im Kindesaltera"Eingangsergebnisse des CHILT-Projekts,a Deutsche Zeitschrift fr Sportmedizin 9 (2003): 242-246.
4 Claudia Voelker-Rehage, aDer Zusammenhang zwischen Motorischer und kognitiver Entwicklung im frhen Kindesaltera"ein Teilergebnis der MODALIS-Studie,a Deutsche Zeitschrift fr Sportmedizin 10 (2005): 358-363.
5 Adele Diamond, aClose Interrelation of Motor Development and Cognitive Development and of the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex,a Child Development 71 (2000): 44-56.
6 A. Busche and others, aLernen braucht Bewegung,a Praxis der Naturwissenschaftena"Biologie in der Schule 4.55 (2006): 40-44.
7 Diamond, 44-56 8 Ciba-Geigy fused in 1996 with Sandoz to become Novartis, the current manufacturer of Ritalin.
9 accessed October 18, 2008.
10 Nora D. Volkow and others, aTherapeutic Doses of Oral Methylphenidate Significantly Increase Extracellular Dopamine in the Human Brain,a The Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): 1-5, reprint at: www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/21/2/RC121.
11 Personal communication, March 2, 2007.
12 Diamond, 44-56.
13 Personal communication, February 19, 2007.
14 Personal communication, Christina Hahn, March 2, 2007.
CHAPTER 10: LIFTING THE SPIRIT.
1 Andreas Broocks, aKrperliches Training in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen,a Bundesgesundheitsbla"Gesundheitsforscha"Gesundheitsschutz 8 (2005): 914-921.
2 Norbert-Ullrich Neumann and Karel Frasch, aBiologische Mechanismen antidepressiver Wirksamkeit von krperlicher Aktivitt,a Psychoneuro 31 (2005): 513-517.
3 Broocks, 914-921.
4 Michael Babyak and others, aExercise Treatment for Major Depression: Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months,a Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (2000): 633-638.
5 Compare to the press release from the DukeMed news office on October 24, 1999: aExercise May Be Just as Effective as Medication for Treating Major Depression.a 6 Andrea Dunn and others, aExercise Treatment for Depression,a American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (2005): 1-8.
7 Broocks, 914-921.
8 Ibid.
9 The Latin proverb about the sound mind in a sound body (mens sana in corpore sano) is a truncated quotation that took on a life of its own. Juvenal actually said thata"rather than for wealth, power, or childrena"men should pray for a sound mind in a sound body.
10 Paul A. Adlard and others, aVoluntary Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimeras Disease,a The Journal of Neuroscience 25.17 (April 27, 2005): 4217-4221.
11 Shari Roan, aTo Keep the Brain Sharp, Hone the Body,a Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2006.
12 Norbert-Ullrich Neumann and Karel Frasch: aPrvention und Therapie demenzieller Erkrankungen mittels krperlicher Akivitt,a Krankenhauspsychiatrie 17 (2006): 155-159.
13 Robert Abbott and others, aWalking and Dementia in Physically Capable Elderly Men,a Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 292 (2004): 1447-1453.
14 Suvi Rovio and others, aLeisure-Time Physical Activity at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimeras Disease,a Lancet Neurology 4 (2005): 705-711.
15 Stanley Colcombe and others, aAerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans,a Journal of Gerontology 61A (2006): 1166-1170.
16 Ibid.
CHAPTER 11: A FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH IN THE BRAIN.
1 Personal communication. Jeffrey Macklis granted me an interview on March 30, 2006, in his lab at Ma.s.sachusetts General Hospital, originally reported in Der Spiegel magazine number 20 (2006).
2 Elkhonon Goldberg granted me an interview on March 22, 2006, in Manhattan for my reporting in Der Spiegel magazine number 20 (2006). His book The Wisdom Paradox was published in the United States and the United Kingdom.
3 Gerd Kempermann, Adult Neurogenesis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
4 Ana Pereira and others, aAn In Vivo Correlate of Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis in the Adult Dentate Gyrus,a Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (2007): 5638- 5643.
5 Henriette van Praag, Gerd Kempermann, and Fred Gage, aRunning Increases Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus,a Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999): 266-270.
6 Henriette van Praag and others, aExercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice,a The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005): 8680-8685.
7 Ibid.
8 Johannes Thome and Amelia Eisch, aNeuroneogenese,a Der Nervenarzt 76 (2005): 11-19.
9 Michael Specter, aRethinking the Brain,a The New Yorker, July 23, 2001.
10 Personal communication, March 2006.
11 Thome and Eisch, 11-19.
12 Jean Marx, aPreventing Alzheimeras: A Lifelong Commitment?a Science 309 (2005): 864-866.
13 Ibid.
14 Heather A. Lindstrom and others, aThe Relationships Between Television Viewing in Midlife and the Development of Alzheimeras Disease in a Case-Control Study,a Brain and Cognition 58 (2005): 157-165.
15 Ibid.
16 Martin Lvdn and others, aSocial Partic.i.p.ation Attenuates Decline in Perceptual Speed in Old and Very Old Age,a Psychology and Aging 20 (2005): 423-434.
CHAPTER 12: CANCER: A GROWING CASE FOR EXERCISE.
1 Anne McTiernan and others, aEffect of a 12-Month Exercise Intervention on Patterns of Cellular Proliferation in Colonic Crypts: A Randomized Controlled Trial,a Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 15.9 (2006): 1588-1597.
2 Petra Lahmann and others, aPhysical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition,a Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10.1158/doi: 1055-9965.EPI-06-0582, published online December 19, 2006.
3 Kim Westerlind, aPhysical Activity and Cancer Preventiona"Mechanisms,a Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35 (2003): 1834-1840.
4 Anne McTiernan and others, aRelation of BMI and Physical Activity to s.e.x Hormones in Postmenopausal Women,a Obesity 14 (2006): 1662-1677.
5 www.fhcrc.org/about/pubs/center_news/2006/oct19/art1.html.
6 These proteins are called s.e.x hormone binding globuline (SHBG).
7 Inger Gram, Ellen Funkhouser, and Laszlo Tabar, aModerate Physical Activity in Relation to Mammographic Patterns,a Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 8 (1999): 117-122.
8 aWriting Group for the Womenas Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women,a Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 288 (2002): 321-333.
9 L. Hoffman-Goetz and others, aEffect of 17 Beta-Estradiol and Voluntary Exercise on Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Mice,a Physiology & Behavior 74 (2001): 653-658.
10 Westerlind, 1834-1840.
11 Robert S. Mazzeo, aThe Influence of Exercise and Aging on Immune Function,a Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26.5 (1994): 586-592.
12 Westerlind, 1834-1840.
13 Andrew G. Renehan and others, aBody-Ma.s.s Index and Incidence of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-a.n.a.lysis of Prospective Observational Studies,a The Lancet 371 (2008): 569-578.
14 Zhihong Gong and others, aObesity, Diabetes, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial,a Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 15 (2006): 1977-1983.
15 Thomas Hawighorst and Gnter Emons, aAdipositas und Krebs,a Der Gynkologe 12 (2006): 975-980.
16 Eugenia E. Calle and others, aOverweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults,a New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 1625-1638.
17 Kristin Campbell and Anne McTiernan, aExercise and Biomarkers for Cancer Prevention Studies,a The Journal of Nutrition 137 (2007): 161S-169S.
18 Hawighorst and Emons, 975-980.
19 Westerlind, 1834-1840.
20 Personal communication, Freerk Baumann, Inst.i.tute for Rehabilitation at the German Sport University in Cologne, January 23, 2007.
21 Fernando Dimeo, aWelche Rolle Spielt krperliche Aktivitt in der Prvention, Therapie und Rehabilitation von neoplastischen Erkrankungen?a Deutsche Zeitschrift fr Sportmedizin 7/8 (2004): 177-182.
22 Anna Schwartz and others, aExercise Reduces Daily Fatigue in Women with Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy,a Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33.5 (2001): 718-723; see also Anna Schwartz, aExercise and Weight Gain in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy,a Cancer Practice 8.5 (2000): 231-237.
23 Anna Schwartz: Cancer Fitness: Exercise Programs for Patients and Survivors (Riverside, N.J.: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
24 John Horn, aLike Lance, They Live and Ride Strong,a Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2005.
25 Margaret McNeely and others, aEffect of Exercise on Breast Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-a.n.a.lysis,a Canadian Medical a.s.sociation Journal 175.1 (2006): 34-41.
26 Tetsuya Ohira and others. aEffects of Weight Training on Quality of Life in Recent Breast Cancer Survivors. The Weight Training for Breast Cancer Survivors (WTBS) Study,a Cancer 106 (2006): 2076-2083.
27 Press release of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, July 17, 2006.
28 Freeke Baumann and others, aAuswirkungen von Bewegungstherapien bei und nach Knochenmark-/Stammzelltransplantation,a Deutsche Zeitschrift fr Onkologie 37.4 (2005): 152-158.
29 Jeffrey Meyerhardt and others, aImpact of Physical Activity on Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients with Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings from CALGB 89803,a Journal of Clinical Oncology 24.22 (2006): 3535-3541.
30 Jeffrey Meyerhardt and others, aPhysical Activity and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis,a Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 (2006): 3527-3534.
31 Mich.e.l.le Holmes and others, aPhysical Activity and Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis,a Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation 293.20 (2005): 2479-2486.
32 www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/herceptinCombination 2005.