=New articles of dress and furniture.=--These same newcomers brought with them a greater variety of fabrics and garments, such as Cilician goat"s-hair cloth, out of which coa.r.s.e cloaks and curtains, as well as tents, were made; also felt for hats and sandals. The Greeks also introduced the custom of carrying handkerchiefs. Many new kinds of household utensils came into Jewish homes as a result of the example of their Greek a.s.sociates, for example, arm chairs, mirrors, table cloths, plates, and cups. Hemp and hempen cords and ropes came from the Greeks. From this same source came the custom of placing food at meals on dining tables, like ours, while the diners, unlike ourselves, lay on couches with their heads toward the table. It may also have been the Greeks--although possibly it was the Persians--who first brought coined money into Canaan, so that in making each purchase it was not necessary to weigh the silver or the gold.
All these useful and beautiful things helped to win over sensible people among the Jews to look with favor on their new neighbors. And when Jewish travelers found themselves stopping at new and more comfortable inns managed by Greek innkeepers, and went to bathe in the public baths which were erected in the larger cities by the Greek authorities, they were sure to spread the idea that even Jews might learn something from the Greeks.
BROAD-MINDED PATRIOTS AMONG THE JEWS
Fortunately there were some among the Jews who could appreciate the good and beautiful things in Greek civilization without being disloyal to their own race and their own religion; and, on the other hand, could be proud of the great teachings of the prophets without hating and despising men of other races. They had learned well the lesson of that great prophet whom we call the Second Isaiah, that Jehovah chose Israel, not as his special "pet" or favorite, but as his servant to teach all nations about the true G.o.d and his righteous rule. Such men realized that the Greeks and Egyptians and other foreigners were Jehovah"s children like themselves, and that instead of despising them they ought to make friends with them and try to teach them the religion of Jehovah.
=Jewish religious books written for Greeks.=--It was by men of this broad spirit that a number of books were written for the sake of winning Greeks to the Jewish religion. These books were written in the Greek language and explained to Greek readers the law of Moses and the teachings of the prophets. Among the most important of these books was the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. This translation was made, indeed, chiefly for the benefit of Jews living in Greek countries who had forgotten the old Hebrew tongue. But the translators also had in mind the great non-Jewish Greek world.
And the new translation, sometimes called the Septuagint (that is, the book of the seventy translators who are said to have worked on it), found its way into the hands of many a Greek reader who learned from it for the first time something about the religion of Jehovah.
The author of the story of Jonah, in the Bible, was another Jew of this broad spirit. He had traveled in Egypt. He had seen the vices and sins of the heathen. And he had tried to tell them of the just and merciful laws of the one G.o.d of all the world, Jehovah. Many of his fellow Jews criticised him for this. "Why do you have anything to do with these Gentile dogs?" they asked. It was in answer to this question that he wrote about Jonah, the prophet whom Jehovah had sent to preach to the wicked heathen city of Nineveh. He had tried to avoid obeying the command, but at last had gone; and when the Ninevites listened to his preaching and repented and turned to Jehovah he was angry. And Jehovah said unto him, "Should not I have regard for Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more than six score thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand?" (That is, six score thousand little children.)
Jonah in this story is a type of the Jewish people. As Jehovah sent Jonah to preach to the Ninevites, so he would send the Jews to teach the nations of his love. What a pity to be so narrow-minded, so blinded by pride of race, as to have no sympathy or good will for any other race of men! This is the lesson the author of the book meant to teach.
Probably very few of the Jews who heard this man, or read his book, understood or appreciated him. But there were enough of them who cared for him to preserve his book, so that it became a part of their sacred writings; and perhaps more than any other book in the Old Testament it prepared the way for a broadening of the dreams and plans of Abraham and Moses and the prophets to include not only Jews but all mankind--that broadening which we call Christianity.
STUDY TOPICS
1. Read Isaiah 19. 19-24.
2. What do you think this writer would have thought of our American habit of calling names at foreigners?
3. What advice would these writers have given us, in regard to our "j.a.panese" problem?
4. If you have time, look into the book of Jonah.
CHAPTER XXVII
OUTDOOR TEACHERS AMONG THE JEWS[5]
All children among all races receive as they grow up some kind of an education. Isaac learned from his father Abraham and from the other older people about him how to set up a tent, how to milk a goat, how to recognize the tracks of bears and other wild beasts, and all the other bits of knowledge so necessary to wandering shepherds. Not till many centuries after Abraham in Hebrew history were there any special schools apart from the everyday experiences of life, or any man whose special work was that of teaching. But in the centuries following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians and its gradual restoration, the people came more and more to see the importance of education. And in the course of these three or four centuries before the coming of Christ there grew up two kinds of schools and two kinds of teachers, first, an _open air_ school where life itself was studied, and then later, in the second place, an _indoor_ school, where the chief study was that of books.
SCHOOLS IN THE OPEN AIR
These open-air schools were most often to be seen in the "city gate."
The Jews meant by the "gate" of the city the broad open s.p.a.ce in front of the actual opening in the city wall. It was like the public square in our modern towns.
=Scenes in the "Gate."=--Suppose we visit one of the "gates." It is early morning. Everything is noise and confusion. Here are merchants peddling their wheat, or dates, or honey, their wool or their flax.
Customers are haggling over prices. Each one is shouting with a shrill voice and with many gestures that the price asked is an outrage. Besides the merchants there are judges. Here sits one of the city elders with a long white beard. Before him are two farmers disputing over a boundary line--also witnesses and spectators.
Out in the middle of the area children are playing. Every now and then a mangy yellow dog noses his way through the crowd looking for sc.r.a.ps of food. And everywhere are the folks who came out just to see their neighbors and to hear the news.
In one corner of the open s.p.a.ce by the "gate" we notice a dignified figure, an old man with a circle of friends and listeners. He is watching the varied scenes around him and occasionally talking with those about him.
"Who is that old man?" we ask.
"That is one of the wise men," we are told.
These "wise men" among the Hebrews studied human nature, and gave to young men and to any less-experienced people who cared to listen, the benefit of their practical good sense. They loved to teach through "proverbs," that is, short and witty sentences. A large number of the "proverbs" of these teachers are preserved in the Book of Proverbs in our Old Testament.
THE TEACHING OF THE WISE MEN
One of the most important keys to success in life is a knowledge of people. This the wise men helped their students to obtain. Let us sit for a while beside one of them and look through his eyes at the people who pa.s.s by. Here comes young Mr. Know-it-all. He wears a very fine garment, and walks with a swagger. His father and mother and all his aunts and uncles have always told him that he is the most clever person in the world. And, of course, he agrees with them. He will listen to advice from n.o.body. The wise man watches him pa.s.s, then says to his hearers:
="Seest thou a wise man in his own conceit?
There is more hope of a fool than of him."= (=Proverbs 26. 12.=)
The wise man has a sense of humor. He loves to smile at the little inconsistencies of life. He has been listening to the talk between a merchant and his customer. And this is his comment on it.
="It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer: But when he is gone his way, then he boasteth."= (=Proverbs 20. 14.=)
But though he is so quick to laugh at human follies the wise man has a tender heart. He helps his hearers to sympathize with those who are anxious and discouraged. And he knows the value of friendly encouragement.
="Heaviness in the heart of a man maketh it stoop; But a good word maketh it glad."= (=Proverbs 12. 25.=)
=A practical advice of the wise men.=--With this knowledge of human nature these teachers were able to give much good counsel in matters of business. For example, there were tricksters in those days just as now. One of their favorite tricks was to persuade some "greenhorn" to act as surety for a loan. "Just shake hands with me before witnesses," the smooth tongued one would say, "and the banker will lend me money; there is a caravan of silks coming from Damascus which I can buy for a song. We will both be rich." So the poor fool would shake hands before witnesses, which was like our modern custom of signing one"s name on a note. The man would then take the money and disappear, leaving his victim to repay the loan or be sold into slavery. "Be on your guard against these sharpers," the wise men were constantly saying.
HELPING PEOPLE TO LIVE LOVINGLY TOGETHER
The best part of the teaching of the wise men had to do with even more important matters than how to keep from being cheated. They helped people live together. They had many sensible things to say about good manners. For example, Joshua the son of Sirach, a wise man whose sayings are found in the book of Ecclesiasticus in the Apocrypha, gives much wise counsel about table manners:
="Consider thy neighbor"s liking by thine own, And be discreet in every point.
Eat as becometh a man, those things which are set before thee; And eat not greedily, lest thou be hated.
Be first to leave off, for manner"s sake, And be not insatiable, lest thou offend."=
Surely courtesy at the table is one of the things which make life happy and n.o.ble. Truly civilized people do not eat like pigs in a trough.
As they looked out upon the lives of men what made the wise men most sorry was the hatred and bitterness which they so often saw between those who should have been friends. One of their most frequent teachings was the need for the control of one"s anger and for charity and forgiveness.
="A fool uttereth all his anger, But a wise man keepeth it back."= (=Proverbs 29. 11.=)
="He that covereth a transgression seeketh love: But he that harpeth on a matter separateth chief friends."= (=Proverbs 17. 9.=)
=Their condemnation of tale-bearing.=--Since the wise men felt so strongly on this point, it is not surprising that they kept their most scathing denunciations for tale-bearers and troublemakers. Too often they saw men who were formerly dear friends pa.s.sing by each other with dark looks. Some liar had been sowing his evil seed. If you have anything to say against a man, the wise men urged, say it to his face.
Don"t talk against him behind his back.
="A froward man scattereth abroad strife: And a whisperer separateth chief friends."= (=Proverbs 16. 28.=)