APPENDIX VII.
NOTE
The following Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature are intended to ill.u.s.trate the pa.s.sages selected for translation. Important events and writers in contemporary History and Literature are added, in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating History.
The names of those Latin authors from whose works pa.s.sages have been selected are printed in capitals in the Literature Column.
A fuller outline of the Imperial Period will be given in a later volume.
PERIODS OF LATIN LITERATURE.
PERIOD I. The Growth of Latin Literature 250-80 B.C.
PERIOD II. The Golden Age of Latin Literature 80 B.C.-14 A.D.
PERIOD III. The Silver Age of Latin Literature 14-117 A.D.
PERIOD IV. The Later Empire from 117 A.D.
CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE
---------------------------------------- B.C.
ROME.
OTHER NATIONS. B.C.
LITERATURE. B.C.
---------------------------------------- PART I.--REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C.
---------------------------------------- +Foundation of Carthage+ 878 Amos _c._ 760
753 +Foundation of Rome+ Rise of Corinth 745 Isaiah _c._ 720
753-716 ROMULUS. Roman Senate of 200. _Spolia opima_ (1) Captivity of Israel 721 Hesiod _c._ 700
716-673 NUMA POMPILIUS. Religious Inst.i.tutions Carentum founded 708
673-640 TULLUS HOSTILIUS. Destruction of _Alba_ Destruction of Sennacherib"s host 701 Tyrtaeus (Sparta) _c._ 680 Legend of +Horatii+ and +Curiatii+ Cyrene founded 641 Archilochus. 650
640-616 ANCUS MARTIUS. Conquest of Latin Towns Josiah"s reformation 625 Jeremiah _c._ 625 _Ostia_, first maritime colony Periander, tyrant of Corinth 625-585
616-578 TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. Public Works: the _Circus Maximus_, _Cloaca Maxima_, and Temple of Jupiter Draco, the law-giver at Athens 621 Alcaeus } Sappho } 600 Solon } +Ma.s.silia founded+ 600
578-534 SERVIUS TULLIUS. The Census, basis of _Comitia Centuriata_.
The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills, i.e. Rome of Republican times.
Captivity of Judah 606-536 Solon at Athens 594 Thales 590 Peisistratus at Athens 560-527 Ezekiel 585 Croesus in Lydia 560-546 Aesop _c._ 570
534-509 TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. Conquest of _Gabii_. Tyranny leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and abolition of the monarchy Cyrus enters Babylon 538 Theognis 540 Return of Jews under Zerubbabel 536 Pythagoras 530 Expulsion of Peisistratidae 510 Anacreon 530 ---------------------------------------- PART II.--EARLY REPUBLIC, 509-366 B.C.
---------------------------------------- 509 +Two Consuls (Praetors) first appointed+ Darius Hystaspes 521-486 Aeschylus 525-456 _Lex Valeria_ establishes right of appeal Pindar 518-_c._ 443
507 Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena Ionian Revolt 501-493 Heracleitus 500
498 +Latin War. Dictator first appointed.+ Miltiades at Athens 493-489 Simonides (Ceos) 490 Battle of _Lake Regillus_ Ionians defeated at Lade 494
494 First Session of the Plebs. _Tribuni Plebis_ Battle of Marathon 490
489 Volscian War (+Coriola.n.u.s+) Aristides and Themistocles 490-470 Parmenides 490
486-5 Agrarian Law. Spurius Ca.s.sius put to death Xerxes 485-465 Bacchylides 470
477 Destruction of the +Fabii+ at _Cremera_ Thermopylae. Salamis. Himera 480 Anaxagoras 460
458 War with Aequians--Battle of _Mt. Algidus_ Plataea (Pausanians). Mycale 479 Sophocles 496-406 Cincinnatus Dictator Hiero I at Syracuse 478-467 Euripides 480-406
451 +First Decemvirate. Ten Tables+ Pericles at Athens 469-429 Herodotus _c._ 484-425
450 Second Decemvirate. Two new Tables. (+Appius Claudius+) Cimon at Athens 466-449 _Phidias (Parthenon)_ 448
448 Second Secession of the Plebs, resulting in the _Valerio-Horatian_ Laws Athenian defeat at Coronea 447 Empedocles 445 Ezra and Nehemiah _c._ 444
445 Military tribunes with consular power appointed Athenian colony to Thurii 444 Era of the Sophists 440 (Gorgias, Protagoras)
443 Censors first appointed
439 Spurius Maelius killed
437 War with Etruscans. +Cossus+ wins _Spolia opima_ (2) War of Corinth and Corcyra 435 Antiphon _c._ 480-411
424 Capua taken by the Samnites Peloponnesian War 431-405 Thucydides _c._ 471-402 Sphacteria (Demosthenes, Cleon) 425 _Zeuxis_ } _Parrhasius_} _painters_ _c._ 420 Alcibiades at Athens 424-404 Syracusan Expedition 415-413 Lysias _c._ 445-378
+406-396+ +War with Veii. Camillus Dictator+ Battle of Aegospotami 405 Aristophanes _c._ 450-385
406 Roman soldiers first receive pay Lysander enters Athens 404 Cratinus 449 Critias and Thirty Tyrants 404 Eupolis 429 Democracy restored (Thrasybulus) 403
390 +Invasion of the Gauls+. Battle of the _Allia_ Artaxerxes II 405-359 Burning of Rome (+Brennus+) Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The _Anabasis_ of Xenophon) 401 +Manlius Capitolinus+. +Camillus+ _Parens Patriae_ Xenophon _c._ 430-355 _History based on doc.u.ments begins_ Socrates condemned 399 Socrates 468-399
389 Rome rebuilt Dionysius I of Syracuse, Wars of Syracuse and Carthage 405-368 Plato 420-348 Isocrates 436-338
376-366 +The Licinian Laws+ Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes) 378-362 Isaeus 420-348 Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra) 371 +First Plebeian Consul+ Death of Epaminondas (Mantinea) 362 First Praetor (Judge) appointed ---------------------------------------- PART III.--THE CONQUEST OF ITALY, 366-266 B.C.
---------------------------------------- 361 Second Invasion of the Gauls Dionysius II of Syracuse 368-343 Diogenes (Cynic) _c._ 419-324 Legend of +Manlius Torquatus+ Battle of Mantinea 362 +Ludi Scenici at Rome+ 365
356 C. Marcius Rutilus, First Plebeian Dictator Philip of Macedon 359-336
349 War with Gauls. Legend of +M. Valerius Corvus+ Dion at Syracuse 357-353 _Praxiteles_ (_sculptor_) _fl._ 360
348 _Treaty of Rome with Carthage_ Olynthus taken by Philip 348 Aeschines 389-314
+343-341+ +First Samnite War+ Demosthenes 384-322 Battle of _Mt. Gaurus_ (M. Valerius Corvus) Aristotle 384-322