This was a poor literary gentleman. The First Gentleman in Europe had a wife and daughter too. Did he love them so? Was he faithful to them? Did he sacrifice ease for them, or show them the sacred examples of religion and honour? Heaven gave the Great English Prodigal no such good fortune.
Peel proposed to make a baronet of Southey; and to this advancement the king agreed. The poet n.o.bly rejected the offered promotion.
"I have," he wrote, "a pension of 200_l._ a year, conferred upon me by the good offices of my old friend C. Wynn, and I have the laureateship. The salary of the latter was immediately appropriated, as far as it went, to a life insurance for 3,000_l._, which, with an earlier insurance, is the sole provision I have made for my family. All beyond must be derived from my own industry. Writing for a livelihood, a livelihood is all that I have gained; for, having also something better in view, and never, therefore, having courted popularity, nor written for the mere sake of gain, it has not been possible for me to lay by anything. Last year, for the first time in my life, I was provided with a year"s expenditure beforehand. This exposition may show how unbecoming and unwise it would be to accept the rank which, so greatly to my honour, you have solicited for me."
How n.o.ble his poverty is, compared to the wealth of his master! His acceptance even of a pension was made the object of his opponents" satire: but think of the merit and modesty of this state pensioner; and that other enormous drawer of public money, who receives 100,000_l._ a year, and comes to Parliament with a request for 650,000_l._ more!
Another true knight of those days was Cuthbert Collingwood; and I think, since Heaven made gentlemen, there is no record of a better one than that.
Of brighter deeds, I grant you, we may read performed by others; but where of a n.o.bler, kinder, more beautiful life of duty, of a gentler, truer heart? Beyond dazzle of success and blaze of genius, I fancy shining a hundred and a hundred times higher, the sublime purity of Collingwood"s gentle glory. His heroism stirs British hearts when we recall it. His love, and goodness, and piety make one thrill with happy emotion. As one reads of him and his great comrade going into the victory with which their names are immortally connected, how the old English word comes up, and that old English feeling of what I should like to call Christian honour!
What gentlemen they were, what great hearts they had! "We can, my dear Coll," writes Nelson to him, "have no little jealousies; we have only one great object in view,-that of meeting the enemy, and getting a glorious peace for our country." At Trafalgar, when the _Royal Sovereign_ was pressing alone into the midst of the combined fleets, Lord Nelson said to Captain Blackwood: "See how that n.o.ble fellow Collingwood takes his ship into action! How I envy him!" The very same throb and impulse of heroic generosity was beating in Collingwood"s honest bosom. As he led into the fight, he said: "What would Nelson give to be here!"
After the action of the 1st of June, he writes:-"We cruised for a few days, like disappointed people looking for what they could not find, _until the morning of little Sarah"s birthday_, between eight and nine o"clock, when the French fleet, of twenty-five sail of the line, was discovered to windward. We chased them, and they bore down within about five miles of us. The night was spent in watching and preparation for the succeeding day; and many a blessing did I send forth to my Sarah, lest I should never bless her more. At dawn, we made our approach on the enemy, then drew up, dressed our ranks, and it was about eight when the admiral made the signal for each ship to engage her opponent, and bring her to close action; and then down we went under a crowd of sail, and in a manner that would have animated the coldest heart, and struck terror into the most intrepid enemy. The ship we were to engage was two ahead of the French admiral, so we had to go through his fire and that of two ships next to him, and received all their broadsides two or three times, before we fired a gun. It was then near ten o"clock. I observed to the admiral, that about that time our wives were going to church, but that I thought the peal we should ring about the Frenchman"s ears would outdo their parish bells."
There are no words to tell what the heart feels in reading the simple phrases of such a hero. Here is victory and courage, but love sublimer and superior. Here is a Christian soldier spending the night before battle in watching and preparing for the succeeding day, thinking of his dearest home, and sending many blessings forth to his Sarah, "lest he should never bless her more." Who would not say Amen to his supplication? It was a benediction to his country-the prayer of that intrepid loving heart.
We have spoken of a good soldier and good men of letters as specimens of English gentlemen of the age just past: may we not also-many of my elder hearers, I am sure, have read, and fondly remember his delightful story-speak of a good divine, and mention Reginald Heber as one of the best of English gentlemen? The charming poet, the happy possessor of all sorts of gifts and accomplishments, birth, wit, fame, high character, competence-he was the beloved parish priest in his own home of Hoderel, "counselling his people in their troubles, advising them in their difficulties, comforting them in distress, kneeling often at their sick-beds at the hazard of his own life; exhorting, encouraging where there was need; where there was strife the peacemaker; where there was want the free giver."
When the Indian bishopric was offered to him he refused at first; but after communing with himself (and committing his case to the quarter whither such pious men are wont to carry their doubts), he withdrew his refusal, and prepared himself for his mission and to leave his beloved parish. "Little children, love one another, and forgive one another," were the last sacred words he said to his weeping people. He parted with them, knowing, perhaps, he should see them no more. Like those other good men of whom we have just spoken, love and duty were his life"s aim. Happy he, happy they who were so gloriously faithful to both! He writes to his wife those charming lines on his journey:-
If thou, my love, wert by my side, my babies at my knee, How gladly would our pinnace glide o"er Gunga"s mimic sea!
I miss thee at the dawning grey, when, on our deck reclined, In careless ease my limbs I lay and woo the cooler wind.
I miss thee when by Gunga"s stream my twilight steps I guide; But most beneath the lamp"s pale beam I miss thee by my side.
I spread my books, my pencil try, the lingering noon to cheer; But miss thy kind approving eye, thy meek attentive ear.
But when of morn and eve the star beholds me on my knee, I feel, though thou art distant far, thy prayers ascend for me.
Then on! then on! where duty leads my course be onward still,- O"er broad Hindostan"s sultry meads, o"er bleak Almorah"s hill.
That course nor Delhi"s kingly gates, nor wild Malwah detain, For sweet the bliss us both awaits by yonder western main.
Thy towers, Bombay, gleam bright, they say, across the dark blue sea: But ne"er were hearts so blithe and gay as there shall meet in thee!
Is it not Collingwood and Sarah, and Southey and Edith? His affection is part of his life. What were life without it? Without love, I can fancy no gentleman.
How touching is a remark Heber makes in his _Travels through India_, that on inquiring of the natives at a town, which of the governors of India stood highest in the opinion of the people, he found that, though Lord Wellesley and Warren Hastings were honoured as the two greatest men who had ever ruled this part of the world, the people spoke with chief affection of Judge Cleaveland, who had died, aged twenty-nine, in 1784.
The people have built a monument over him, and still hold a religious feast in his memory. So does his own country still tend with a heart"s regard the memory of the gentle Heber.
And Cleaveland died in 1784, and is still loved by the heathen, is he?
Why, that year 1784 was remarkable in the life of our friend the First Gentleman of Europe. Do you not know that he was twenty-one in that year, and opened Carlton House with a grand ball to the n.o.bility and gentry, and doubtless wore that lovely pink coat which we have described. I was eager to read about the ball, and looked to the old magazines for information.
The entertainment took place on the 10th February. In the _European Magazine_ of March, 1784, I came straightway upon it:-
"The alterations at Carlton House being finished, we lay before our readers a description of the state apartments as they appeared on the 10th instant, when H.R.H. gave a grand ball to the princ.i.p.al n.o.bility and gentry.... The entrance to the state room fills the mind with an inexpressible idea of greatness and splendour.
"The state chair is of a gold frame, covered with crimson damask; on each corner of the feet is a lion"s head, expressive of fort.i.tude and strength; the feet of the chair have serpents twining round them, to denote wisdom.
Facing the throne, appears the helmet of Minerva; and over the windows, glory is represented by St. George with a superb gloria.
"But the saloon may be styled the _chef-d"uvre_, and in every ornament discovers great invention. It is hung with a figured lemon satin. The window-curtains, sofas, and chairs are of the same colour. The ceiling is ornamented with emblematical paintings, representing the Graces and Muses, together with Jupiter, Mercury, Apollo, and Paris. Two ormolu chandeliers are placed here. It is impossible by expression to do justice to the extraordinary workmanship, as well as design, of the ornaments. They each consist of a palm, branching out in five directions for the reception of lights. A beautiful figure of a rural nymph is represented entwining the stems of the tree with wreaths of flowers. In the centre of the room is a rich chandelier. To see this apartment _dans son plus beau jour_, it should be viewed in the gla.s.s over the chimney-piece. The range of apartments from the saloon to the ballroom, when the doors are open, formed one of the grandest spectacles that ever was beheld."
In the _Gentleman"s Magazine_, for the very same month and year-March, 1784-is an account of another festival, in which another great gentleman of English extraction is represented as taking a princ.i.p.al share:-
"According to order, H.E. the Commander-in-Chief was admitted to a public audience of Congress; and, being seated, the president, after a pause, informed him that the United States a.s.sembled were ready to receive his communications. Whereupon he arose, and spoke as follows:-
" "Mr. President,-The great events on which my resignation depended having at length taken place, I present myself before Congress to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country.
" "Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, I resign the appointment I accepted with diffidence; which, however, was superseded by a confidence in the rect.i.tude of our cause, the support of the supreme power of the nation, and the patronage of Heaven. I close this last act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty G.o.d, and those who have the superintendence of them to His holy keeping. Having finished the work a.s.signed me, I retire from the great theatre of action; and, bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission and take my leave of the employments of my public life." To which the President replied:-
" "Sir, having defended the standard of liberty in the New World, having taught a lesson useful to those who inflict and those who feel oppression, you retire with the blessings of your fellow citizens; though the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military command, but will descend to remotest ages." "
Which was the most splendid spectacle ever witnessed:-the opening feast of Prince George in London, or the resignation of Washington? Which is the n.o.ble character for after-ages to admire;-yon fribble dancing in lace and spangles, or yonder hero who sheathes his sword after a life of spotless honour, a purity unreproached, a courage indomitable, and a consummate victory? Which of these is the true gentleman? What is it to be a gentleman? Is it to have lofty aims, to lead a pure life, to keep your honour virgin; to have the esteem of your fellow citizens, and the love of your fireside; to bear good fortune meekly; to suffer evil with constancy; and through evil or good to maintain truth always? Show me the happy man whose life exhibits these qualities, and him we will salute as gentleman, whatever his rank may be; show me the prince who possesses them, and he may be sure of our love and loyalty. The heart of Britain still beats kindly for George III,-not because he was wise and just, but because he was pure in life, honest in intent, and because according to his lights he worshipped Heaven. I think we acknowledge in the inheritrix of his sceptre, a wiser rule, and a life as honourable and pure; and I am sure the future painter of our manners will pay a willing allegiance to that good life, and be loyal to the memory of that unsullied virtue.
FOOTNOTES
1 The influence of Scott on Thackeray is undoubted and freely confessed. But I cannot fall in with "certain persons of distinction" in making _Esmond_ very specially indebted to _Woodstock_. _Woodstock_ is a very great book in itself and amazing when one knows its circ.u.mstances: but it is, even for Scott, very specially and exclusively _objective_. _Esmond_ is subjective also in the highest degree.
2 This form, which he used elsewhere than in the _Biographia Literaria_, is better than _esemplastic_ which he employed there.
3 The justice or accuracy of his individual presentments and even of his general view of the time is quite another matter. We may touch on part of it presently. But the real point is that the whole is of a piece at least _in potentia_: that it gives a world that might have existed.
4 The lectures on the _Humourists_ were, of course, delivered before _Esmond_ was published; but, in another sense, they are only aftercrops or by-products. The notes, sometimes very interesting, are James Hannay"s.
5 As might perhaps have been expected from its original appearance, not piecemeal but in the regular three-volume form, _Esmond_ was not very much altered by its author in later issues. There was, indeed, a "revised" edition in 1858, in which a considerable number of minor changes, nearly all for the better, were made. These have been carefully considered, but in practically every case there was really nothing to do but to follow them silently. For it would be absurd, in the present edition, to chronicle solemnly the rectification of mere misprints like "H_o_xton" for "H_e_xton", or the change from "was never" to "never was". In some points of orthography "Chelse_a_" and "Chelse_y_", for instance, Thackeray never reached full consistency, and he has sometimes been caught in the intricacies of the Castlewood relations and nomenclature, &c. So, too, Walcote, which is near _Wells_ at first, moves to the neighbourhood of _Winchester_ later; and there are other characteristic oversights. But, on the whole, there is little need of comment, and none of variants, save in a very few instances, where the "revised" edition seems to have been altered for the worse.
On the other hand, in recent editions of Thackeray, published by his representatives, considerable alterations to _The English Humourists_, &c., in text and notes have been introduced, dates being changed in accordance with later researches, quotations (in which Thackeray was pretty lax) adjusted to their originals, and so forth. As the chief authorities consulted in making these alterations were the late Sir Leslie Stephen, Mr. Austin Dobson, and Mr. Sidney Lee, there need not be much question as to their accuracy: and it perhaps shows undue hardihood in the present editor not to adopt them. But it seems to him that Thackeray"s books are not so much text-books of history, literary and other, where accuracy is the first point, as literature, where it is not. Such corrections could be most properly introduced in the notes of a fuller commentated edition: less so, it may seem, in an almost unannotated text. In particular, Thackeray"s _mis_quotations (they are not seldom distinct improvements) sometimes directly form the basis of his own remarks, which become less apposite if the citations are corrected.
As the text of this volume has few original ill.u.s.trations some miscellaneous sketches are added to it.
6 Lionel Tipton, created Baron Bergamot, ann. 1686, Gentleman Usher of the Back Stairs, and afterwards appointed Warden of the b.u.t.teries and Groom of the King"s Posset (on the decease of George, second Viscount Castlewood), accompanied his Majesty to St. Germains, where he died without issue. No Groom of the Posset was appointed by the Prince of Orange, nor hath there been such an officer in any succeeding reign.
7 To have this rank of marquis restored in the family had always been my lady viscountess"s ambition; and her old maiden aunt, Barbara Topham, the goldsmith"s daughter, dying about this time, and leaving all her property to Lady Castlewood, I have heard that her ladyship sent almost the whole of the money to King James, a proceeding which so irritated my Lord Castlewood that he actually went to the parish church, and was only appeased by the marquis"s t.i.tle which his exiled majesty sent to him in return for the 15,000_l._ his faithful subject lent him.
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9 My mistress before I went this campaign sent me John Lockwood out of Walcote, who hath ever since remained with me.-H. E.
10 This pa.s.sage in the memoirs of Esmond is written on a leaf inserted into the MS. book, and dated 1744, probably after he had heard of the d.u.c.h.ess"s death.