By the autumn, however, a rumour was abroad that the now famous author of _Tom Jones_ was engaged on pages of a very different nature. The _General Advertiser_, for October 9, announces:--
"We hear that an eminent Magistrate is now employed in preparing a Pamphlet for the Press in which the several causes that have conspired to render Robberies so frequent of late will be laid open; the Defects of our Laws enquired into, and Methods proposed which may discourage and in a great measure prevent this growing Evil for the future."
This pamphlet, in which many a later reform was urged by Fielding"s far-sighted zeal, seems to have been still in preparation for the next two months. And in November the reform of the law had to give place to a more immediate urgency in protecting the Lord Chancellor. The keepers of three gaming houses, closed by his lordship"s orders, were reported to be plotting against that exalted dignitary; and the case, as appears from the following letter to a lawyer, Mr Perkins, was in Fielding"s hands. [5]
"Sir
"I have made full enquiry after the three Persons and have a perfect account of them all. Their characters are such that perhaps three more likely Men could not be found in the Kingdom for the h.e.l.lish Purpose mentioned in the Letter. As the Particulars are many and the Affair of such Importance I beg to see you punctually at six this evening when I will be alone to receive you--and am, Sir,
"Yr. most obed; "humble servant
"He Ffielding.
"Bow Street. Nov. 25. 1750."
When the keepers of gambling houses dared to fly at such high game as the person of the Lord Chancellor, there is no wonder that the safety of his Majesty"s ordinary lieges was of small account. "Robbery," writes Horace Walpole, a few weeks before the date of the above letter, "is the only thing which goes on with any vivacity." And at the close of the year a Royal Proclamation was actually published, promising 100 over and above other rewards, and a free pardon, to any accomplice who should apprehend offenders committing murder, or robbery by violence, in London streets or within five miles of London, providing such an accomplice had not himself dealt a mortal wound. So startling a confession of impotence on the part of the Government served very fitly to introduce the pamphlet, then on the eve of publication. And if further proof be needed of the conditions of public safety at the beginning of the year 1751, it may be seen in the pa.s.sage of the King"s Speech delivered at the opening of Parliament on the 17th of January, in which his Majesty exhorted the Commons to suppress outrages and violences on life and property; words representing, of course, the policy of the Ministry.
The t.i.tle of Fielding"s little book, dedicated to Lord Hardwick, and published about January 22, is _An Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers &c. with some Proposals for remedying this growing Evil. In which the Present Reigning Vices are impartially exposed; and the Laws that relate to the Provision for the Poor and to the Punishment of Felons are largely and freely examined_. The _Enquiry_ opens with a powerful denunciation of the licence then allowed to the three great causes, in Fielding"s opinion, of the increasing demoralisation of the "most useful Part" of the people. These were, first, the immense number of places of amus.e.m.e.nt, all seducing the working cla.s.ses to squander both their money and their time; this being "indeed a certain Method to fill the Streets with Beggars and the Goals with Debtors and Thieves." Here, in Fielding"s view, new legislation was demanded. The second cause of the late excessive increase of crime, according to the _Enquiry_, was an epidemic of gin drinking, "a new Kind of Drunkenness unknown to our Ancestors [which] is lately sprung up amongst us." Gin, says Fielding, appeared to be the princ.i.p.al sustenance of more than an hundred thousand Londoners, "the dreadful Effects of which I have the Misfortune every Day to see, and to smell too." The crime resulting from such drunkenness was obvious; but Fielding, looking far beyond the narrow confines of his court-room, beheld a future gin-sodden race, and he appeals to the legislature to put a stop to a practice, the consequences of which must alarm "the most sluggish Degree of Public Spirit." It is surely something more than a coincidence that a few weeks after these warnings were published, Hogarth issued his awful plate of _Gin Lane_. A third source of crime, in Fielding"s eyes, was the gambling among the "lower Cla.s.ses of Life,"--a school "in which most Highwaymen of great eminence have been bred," and a habit plainly tending to the "Ruin of Tradesmen, the Destruction of Youth, and to the Multiplication of every Kind of Fraud and Violence." In this case the "Eminent Magistrate" finds new legislation less needed than a vigorous enforcement of existing laws; such, he adds, "as hath lately been executed with great Vigour within the Liberty of Westminster." Before long the pages of _Amelia_ were to bring home yet more forcibly to Fielding"s readers the cruel results of the pleasures (or speculations) of the needy gambler,--the "Destruction of Familys," thereby incurred, no less than the breeding of highwaymen. Who does not remember "that famous scene when Amelia is spreading, for the recreant who is losing his money at the Kings Arms, the historic little supper of hashed mutton, which she has cooked with her own hands, and denying herself a gla.s.s of white wine to save the paltry sum of sixpence, "while her Husband was paying a Debt of several Guineas incurred by the Ace of Trumps being in the hands of his Adversary"--a scene which it is impossible to read aloud without a certain huskiness in the throat." [6] The last great cause of crime which the _Enquiry_ considers, and with much learning and detail, is the condition of the poor. Here Fielding"s views on our modern problem of the unemployed may be read. And here occurs a splendid denunciation of the "House of Correction" or Bridewell of the period, a prison for idle and disorderly persons where "they are neither to be corrected nor employed: and where with the conversation of many as bad and sometimes worse than themselves they are sure to be improved in the Knowledge and confirmed in the Practice of Iniquity." The most impudent of the wretches brought before him, Fielding tells us, were always "such as have been before acquainted with the Discipline of Bridewell." These prisons, from which the disorderly and idle came out, "much more idle and disorderly than they went in," were, says Fielding, no other than "Schools of Vice, Seminaries of Idleness, and Common-sewers of Nastiness and Disease." A fixed (and lower) rate of wages, it is curious to note, is one remedy advocated in the _Enquiry_, for raising the condition of the poor.
Such were the "temptations" to robbery that Fielding would have removed, n.o.bly conceiving the highest office of the legislature to be that of prevention rather than cure. The _Enquiry_ concludes with offering some more immediate palliatives for the diseased state of the body politic, in the removing of actual "Encouragement to Robbery." First among such encouragements Fielding places the fact that "the Thief disposes of his goods with almost as much safety as the honestest Tradesman"; and he urged the need of legislation to prohibit the amazing advertis.e.m.e.nts by which our ancestors promised to give rewards for the recovery of stolen goods "_and no questions asked_." Such advertis.e.m.e.nts he declares to be "in themselves so very scandalous and of such pernicious Consequence, that if Men are not ashamed to own they prefer an old Watch or a Diamond Ring to the Good of [the] Society it is a pity some effectual Law was not contrived to prevent their giving this public Countenance to Robbery for the future." And, under this head, he advocates legislation either for the regulating of p.a.w.nbrokers, or for the entire extirpation of a "Set of Miscreants which, like other Vermin, harbour only about the Poor and grow fat sucking their Blood." The subsequent legislation by which prosecutors were recompensed for loss of time and money, when prosecuting the "wolves in society," may be added to the measures forseen if not actually promoted by Fielding"s enlightened zeal. And in nothing was he more in advance of his age than in his denunciation of that scandal of the eighteenth century, the conduct and frequency of public executions. It has taken our legislators a hundred years to provide the swift, solemn and private executions urged by Henry Fielding, in place of the brutal "Tyburn holiday" enacted every six weeks for the benefit of the Georgian mob.
Another matter demanding legislation was the great probability of escape afforded to thieves by the narrow streets and the common-lodging houses of the day. Of the latter, crowded with miserable beds from the cellar to the garret, let out, at twopence a night the single beds, and threepence the double ones, Fielding draws a picture as terrible as any of his friend Hogarth"s plates. And he concludes "Nay I can add what I myself once saw in the Parish of Sh.o.r.editch where two little Houses were emptied of near seventy Men and Women," and where the money found on all the occupants (with the exception of a pretty girl who was a thief) "did not amount to one shilling." In all these houses gin, moreover, was sold at a penny the quartern. Housed thus, in conditions destructive of "all Morality, Decency and Modesty," with the street for bed if they fall sick ("and it is almost a Miracle that Stench, Vermin, and Want should ever suffer them to be well"), oppressed with poverty, and sunk in every species of debauchery, "the Wonder in Fact is," cries Fielding, "... that we have not a thousand more Robbers than we have; indeed that all these wretches are not thieves must give us either a very high Idea of their Honesty or a very mean one of their Capacity and Courage." And, leaving for a moment legislative reform, Fielding delivers a vigorous attack on the national sluggishness of public spirit which helped to render robbery a fairly safe profession.
With such sluggishness his ardent nature had very little sympathy. "With regard to Private Persons," he protests, "there is no Country I believe in the World where that vulgar Maxim so generally prevails that what is the Business of every Man is the business of no Man; and for this plain Reason, that there is no Country in which less Honour is gained by serving the Public. He therefore who commits no crime against the Public, is very well satisfied with his own Virtue; far from thinking himself obliged to undergo any Labour, expend any Money, or encounter any Danger on such Account." And in no part of the _Enquiry_ does the writer more truly show his wisdom than in the pages on "false Compa.s.sion" that plausible weakness which refuses to prosecute the oppressors of the helpless and innocent, and which at that time, in the person of his Majesty, King George II. was, it appears, very active in pardoning offenders when convicted. Fielding"s arguments are incontestable; but his apologue may have found even more favour in the age of wit. He hopes such good nature may not carry those in power so far, "as it once did a Clergyman in _Scotland_ who in the fervour of his Benevolence prayed to G.o.d that He would be graciously pleased to pardon the poor Devil."
To the devil, whether in man or in society, Fielding was ever a "spirited enemy"; and his first biographer tells us that "to the unworthy he was rather harsh." But the last page of this little book breathes that spirit of tenderness for hard pressed humanity which in Fielding was so characteristically mingled with a wholesome severity. If the legislature would take proper care to raise the condition of the poor, then he declares the root of the evil would be struck: "nor in plain Truth will the utmost severity to Offenders be justifiable unless we take every possible Method of preventing the offence ... the Subject as well as the child should be left without Excuse before he is punished: for in that Case alone the Rod becomes the Hand either of the Parent or the Magistrate." And his last word is one of compa.s.sion for the "many Cart-loads of our Fellow-creatures [who] once in six weeks are carried to Slaughter"; of whom much the greater part might, with "proper care and Regulations" have been made "not only happy in themselves but very useful Members of the Society which they now so greatly dishonour in the Sight of all Christendom."
Henry Fielding is himself his own best ill.u.s.tration when he declares that the "good Poet and the good Politician do not differ so much as some who know nothing of either art affirm; nor would _Homer_ or _Milton_ have made the worst Legislators of their Times."
To the reader of to-day the _Enquiry_ betrays no party flavour, but its sedate pages clearly stirred up the hot feeling of the times. Early in February the Advertiser announced "_This Day is published A Letter to Henry Fielding Esqre. occasioned by his Enquiry into the causes of the late increase of Robbers &c_." And about the end of the month there appeared _Considerations_, in two numbers of the _True Briton_, "on Justice Fielding"s "Enquiry," shewing his Mistakes about the Const.i.tution and our Laws and that what he seems to propose is dangerous to our Properties, Liberties and Const.i.tution." On March 7 was announced _Observations on Mr Fielding"s Enquiry_, by one B. Sedgley. Some opposition squib, too, must have been launched, to judge by the following item from an advertis.e.m.e.nt column of the same date: "a Vindication of the Rights and Privileges of the Commonality of England, in Opposition to what has been advanced by the Author of the Enquiry, or to what may be promulgated by any Ministerial Artifices against the public Cause of Truth and Liberty. _By_ Timothy Beck_ the Happy Cobler of Portugal-street_."
[7] Perhaps some collector of eighteenth century pamphlets may be able to reveal these comments of the "_Happy Gobler of Portugal-street_" upon the "artifices" of Henry Fielding. [8]
In the February following the publication of the _Enquiry_ a Parlimentary Committee was appointed "to revise and consider the Laws in being, which relate to Felonies and other Offences against the Peace." [9] The Committee included Lyttelton and Pitt, and there is of course every probability that Fielding"s evidence would be taken; but it seems impossible now to discover what share he may have had in this move by the Government towards fresh criminal legislation. There is, however, the evidence of his own hand that in the matter of prison administration his efforts were not limited to academic pamphlets, or to the indictment, so soon to be published, contained in the terrible prison scenes of _Amelia_.
The following letter to the Duke of Newcastle [10] shows an anxious endeavour to secure such good government as was possible for at least one of the gaols.
"My Lord
"It being of the utmost consequence to the Public to have a proper Prison Keeper of the new Prison at the Time, I beg leave to recommend Mr William Pentlow a Constable of St George Bloomsbury to your Grace"s Protection in the present Vacancy. He is a Man of whose Courage and Integrity I have seen the highest Proofs, and is indeed every way qualified for the charge. I am with the most Perfect Respect,
"My Lord, "Your Grace"s most obedient "and most humble servant,
"Henry Ffielding "Bow Street Jan. 15. 1750 [1751]."
A second edition of the _Enquiry_ appeared early in the spring; and according to the _Journals of the House of Commons_ it was resolved, in April, that a Bill be brought in on the resolution of the Committee appointed two months previously to consider criminal legislation. Again it can only be surmised that Fielding"s a.s.sistance would be invoked in the drafting of this Bill. That his vigorous denunciations of the national danger of the gin curse were in complete accord with the feeling of the Government is apparent from the fact that two months later, in June 1751, the _Tippling Act_ [11] received the royal a.s.sent, by which Act very stringent restrictions were imposed on the sale of spirits.
In June Fielding again appears as Chairman of the Westminster Sessions.
[12] And in September cases occur as brought before John Fielding and others "at Henry Fielding"s house in Bow Street," [13] from which it appears that Fielding"s blind half-brother was already acting as his a.s.sistant. In the following month John Fielding appears among the Justices of the Westminster Quarter Sessions. [14]
The year that had seen the publication of the _Enquiry_, affords proof enough of Fielding"s active labours in criminal and social reform; but the last month of this year is marked by an occurrence of much greater import for English literature, the publication of the third great novel, _Amelia_.
[1] Doubtless faithfully rendered in the old print, here reproduced, of Fielding"s blind half-brother, a.s.sistant, and successor, Sir John Fielding, hearing a Bow Street case.
[2] See Appendix.
[3] Middles.e.x Records. _MSS. Sessions Books_. 1750.
[4] From the hitherto unpublished autograph, now at Woburn Abbey.
[5] This. .h.i.therto unpublished letter is now in the British Museum. It is addressed to "--Perkins, Esq. at his Chambers No. 7, in Lincolns Inn Square," and is sealed with Fielding"s seal, a facsimile of which appears on the cover of the present volume.
[6] _Fielding_. Austin Dobson. p. 156.
[7] _The General Advertiser_. March 7, 1751.
[8] The _London Magazine_ for February devoted five columns to an "Abstract of Mr Fielding"s Enquiry"; and in the following month the _Magazine_ again noticed the book, by printing a long anonymous letter in which Fielding is attacked as a "trading author" and a "trading justice,"
and in which the writer shows his intellectual grasp by advocating in all seriousness a law prohibiting the sovereign from gambling!
[9] See _Journals of the House of Commons_. Vol. xxii. p. 27, and the _London Magazine_. Vol. xx. p. 82. The _Catalogue of Printed Papers. House of Commons_, 1750-51, includes "A Bill for the more effectual preventing Robberies Burglaries and other Outrages within the City and Liberty of Westminster--" &c.
[10] This. .h.i.therto unpublished letter is now in the British Museum. It is endorsed "Jan. 15, 1750(1)."
[11] 24 George II. c. 40. June 1751.
[12] Middles.e.x Records. _Sessions Book_. 1751.
[13] _General Advertiser_. Sept. 9. 1751.
[14] Middles.e.x Records. _Sessions Book_. October, 1751.
CHAPTER XIV
AMELIA
"of all my Offspring she is my favourite Child."
The _Covent Garden Journal_. No. 8.
On the 2nd of December 1751 the _General Advertiser_ announces that
_On Wednesday the 18th of this Month will be published_
IN FOUR VOLUMES DUODECIMO
AMELIA
By HENRY FIELDING, Esq; _Beati ter et amplius Quos irrupta tenet Copula_. HOR.