Found in abundance in summer time on our heaths, and on mountains near the sea, this delicate little plant, the _Euphrasia officinalis_, has been famous from earliest times for restoring and preserving the eyesight. The Greeks named the herb originally from the linnet, which first made use of the leaf for clearing its vision, and which pa.s.sed on the knowledge to mankind. The Greek word, _euphrosunee_, signifies joy and gladness. The elegant little herb grows from two to six inches high, with deeply-cut leaves, and numerous white or [176] purplish tiny flowers variegated with yellow; being partially a parasite, and preying on the roots of other plants. It belongs to the order of scrofula-curing plants; and, as proved by positive experiment (H.), the Eyebright has been recently found to possess a distinct sphere of curative operation, within which it manifests virtues which are as unvarying as they are truly potential. It acts specifically on the mucous lining of the eyes and nose, and the uppermost throat to the top of the windpipe, causing, when given so largely as to be injurious, a profuse secretion from these parts; and, if given of reduced strength, it cures the same troublesome symptoms when due to catarrh.
An attack of cold in the head, with copious running from the eyes and nose, may be aborted straightway by giving a dose of the infusion (made with an ounce of the herb to a pint of boiling water) every two hours; as, likewise, for hay fever. A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared from the whole plant with spirit of wine, of which an admirably useful lotion may be made together with rose water for simple inflammation of the eyes, with a bloodshot condition of their outer coats. Thirty drops of the tincture should be mixed with a winegla.s.sful of rosewater for making this lotion, which may be used several times in the day.
What precise chemical const.i.tuents occur in the Eyebright beyond tannin, mannite, and glucose, are not yet recorded. In Iceland its expressed juice is put into requisition for most ailments of the eyes. Likewise, in Scotland, the Highlanders infuse the herb in milk, and employ this for bathing weak, or inflamed eyes. In France, the plant is named _Ca.s.se lunettes_; and in Germany, _Augen trost_, or, consolation of the eye.
[177] Surely the same little herb must have been growing freely in the hedge made famous by ancient nursery tradition:--
"Thessalus acer erat sapiens proe civibus unus Qui medium insiluit spinets per horrida sepem.
Effoditque oculos sibi crudelissimus ambos.
c.u.m vero effosos...o...b..s sine lumine vidit Viribus enisum totis illum altera sepes Accipit, et raptos oculos cito reddit egenti."
"There was a man of Thessuly, and he was wondrous wise; He jumped into a quick set hedge, and scratched out both his eyes; Then, when he found his eyes were out, with all his might and main He jumped into the quick set hedge, and scratched them in again."
Old herbals p.r.o.nounced it "cephalic, ophthalmic, and good for a weak memory." Hildamus relates that it restored the sight of many persons at the age of seventy or eighty years. "Eyebright made into a powder, and then into an electuary with sugar, hath," says Culpeper, "powerful effect to help and to restore the sight decayed through years; and if the herb were but as much used as it is neglected, it would have spoilt the trade of the maker."
On the whole it is probable that the Eyebright will succeed best for eyes weakened by long-continued straining, and for those which are dim and watery from old age. Shenstone declared, "Famed Euphrasy may not be left unsung, which grants dim eyes to wander leagues around"; and Milton has told us in _Paradise Lost_, Book XI:--
"To n.o.bler sights Michael from Adam"s eyes the film removed, Then purged with _Euphrasy_ and rue The visual nerve, for he had much to see."
[178] The Arabians I mew the herb Eyebright under the name _Adhil_, It now makes an ingredient in British herbal tobacco, which is smoked most usefully for chronic bronchial colds.
Some sceptics do not hesitate to say that the Eyebright owes its reputation solely to the fact that the tiny flower bears in its centre a yellow spot, which is darker towards the middle, and gives a close resemblance to the human eye; wherefore, on the doctrine of signatures, it was p.r.o.nounced curative of ocular derangements. The present Poet Laureate speaks of the herb as:--
"The Eyebright this.
Whereof when steeped in wine I now must eat Because it strengthens mindfulness."
Grandmother Cooper, a gipsy of note for skill in healing, practised the cure of inflamed and scrofulous eyes, by anointing them with clay, rubbed up with her spittle, which proved highly successful.
Outside was applied a piece of rag kept wet with water in which a cabbage had been boiled. As confirmatory of this cure, we read reverently in the _Gospel of St. John_ about the man "which was blind from his birth," and for whose restoration to sight our Saviour "spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay." More than one eminent oculist has similarly advised that weak, ailing eyes should be daily wetted on waking with the fasting saliva. And it is well known that "mothers" marks" of a superficial character, but even of a considerable size, become dissipated by a daily licking with the mother"s tongue. Old Mizaldus taught that "the fasting spittle of a whole and sound person both quite taketh away all scurviness, or redness of the face, ringworms, tetters, and all kinds [179] of pustules, by smearing or rubbing the infected place therewith; and likewise it clean puts away thereby all painful swelling by the means of any venomous thing as hornets, spiders, toads, and such like." Healthy saliva is slightly alkaline, and contains sulphocyanate of pota.s.sium.
FENNEL.
We all know the pleasant taste of Fennel sauce when eaten with boiled mackerel. This culinary condiment is made with Sweet Fennel, cultivated in our kitchen gardens, and which is a variety of the wild Fennel growing commonly in England as the Finkel, especially in Cornwall and Devon, on chalky cliffs near the sea. It is then an aromatic plant of the umbelliferous order, but differing from the rest of its tribe in producing bright yellow flowers.
Botanically, it is the _Anethum foeniculum_, or "small fragrant hay" of the Romans, and the _Marathron_ of the Greeks. The whole plant has a warm carminative taste, and the old Greeks esteemed it highly for promoting the secretion of milk in nursing mothers.
Macer alleged that the use of Fennel was first taught to man by serpents. His cla.s.sical lines on the subject when translated run thus:--
"By eating herb of Fennel, for the eyes A cure for blindness had the serpent wise; Man tried the plant; and, trusting that his sight Might thus be healed, rejoiced to find him right."
"Hac mansa serpens oculos caligine purgat; Indeque compertum est humanis posse mederi Illum hominibus: atque experiendo probatum est."
Pliny also a.s.serts that the ophidia, when they cast their skins, have recourse to this plant for restoring their [180] sight. Others have averred that serpents wax young again by eating of the herb; "Wherefore the use of it is very meet for aged folk."
Fennel powder may be employed for making an eyewash: half-a-teaspoonful infused in a winegla.s.sful of cold water, and decanted when clear. A former physician to the Emperor of Germany saw a monk cured by his tutor in nine days of a cataract by only applying the roots of Fennel with the decoction to his eyes.
In the Elizabethan age the herb was quoted as an emblem of flattery; and Lily wrote, "Little things catch light minds; and fancie is a worm that feedeth first upon Fennel." Again, Milton says, in _Paradise Lost_, Book XI:--
"The savoury odour blown, Grateful to appet.i.te, more pleased my sense Than smell of sweetest Fennel."
Shakespeare makes the sister of Laertes say to the King, in _Hamlet_, when wishing to p.r.i.c.k the royal conscience, "There"s Fennel for you." And Falstaff commends Poins thus, in _Henry the Fourth_, "He plays at quoits well, and eats conger, and Fennel."
The Italians take blanched stalks of the cultivated Fennel (which they call _Cartucci_) as a salad; and in Germany its seeds are added to bread as a condiment, much as we put caraways in some of our cakes. The leaves are eaten raw with pickled fish to correct its oily indigestibility. Evelyn says the peeled stalks, soft and white, when "dressed like salery," exercise a pleasant action conducive to sleep.
Roman bakers put the herb under their loaves in the oven to make the bread taste agreeably.
Chemically, the cultivated Fennel plant furnishes a volatile aromatic oil, a fixed fatty principle, sugar, and some [181] in the root; also a bitter resinous extract. It is an admirable corrective of flatulence; and yields an essential oil, of which from two to four drops taken on a lump of sugar will promptly relieve griping of the bowels with distension. Likewise a hot infusion, made by pouring half-a-pint of boiling water on a teaspoonful of the bruised seeds will comfort belly ache in the infant, if given in teaspoonful doses sweetened with sugar, and will prove an active remedy in promoting female monthly regularity, if taken at the periodical times, in doses of a winegla.s.sful three times in the day. Gerard says, "The green leaves of the Fennel eaten, or the seed made into a ptisan, and drunk, do fill women"s brestes with milk; also the seed if drunk a.s.swageath the wambling of the stomacke, and breaketh the winde." The essential oil corresponds in composition to that of anise, but contains a special camphoraceous body of its own; whilst its vapour will cause the tears and the saliva to flow. A syrup prepared from the expressed juice was formerly given for chronic coughs.
W. Coles teaches in _Nature"s Paradise_, that "both the leaves, seeds, and roots, are much used in drinks and broths for those that are grown fat, to abate their unwieldinesse, and make them more gaunt and lank." The ancient Greek name of the herb, _Marathron_, from _maraino_, to grow thin, probably embodied the same notion.
"In warm climates," said Matthiolus, "the stems are cut, and there exudes a resinous liquid, which is collected under the name of fennel gum."
The Edinburgh _Pharmacopoeia_ orders "Sweet Fennel seeds, combined with juniper berries and caraway seeds, for making with spirit of wine, the "compound spirit of juniper," which is noted for promoting a copious flow of urine in dropsy." The bruised plant, if applied [182] externally, will speedily relieve toothache or earache.
This likewise proves of service as a poultice to resolve chronic swellings. Powdered Fennel is an ingredient in the modern laxative "compound liquorice powder" with senna. The flower, surrounded by its four leaves, is called in the South of England, "Devil in a bush." An old proverb of ours, which is still believed in New England, says, that "Sowing Fennel is sowing sorrow." A modern distilled water is now obtained from the cultivated plant, and dispensed by the druggist. The whole herb has been supposed to confer longevity, strength and courage. Longfellow wrote a poem about it to this effect.
The fine-leaved Hemlock Water Dropwort (_Oenanthe Ph.e.l.landrium_), is the Water Fennel.
FERNS.
Only some few of our native Ferns are known to possess medicinal virtues, though they may all be happily p.r.o.nounced devoid of poisonous or deleterious properties. As curative simples, a brief consideration will be given here to the common male and female Ferns, the Royal Fern, the Hart"s Tongue, the Maidenhair, the common Polypody, the Spleenwort, and the Wall Rue. Generically, the term "fern" has been referred to the word "feather," because of the pinnate leaves, or to _farr_, a bullock, from the use of the plants as litter for cattle. Ferns are termed _Filices_, from the Latin word _filum_, a thread, because of their filamentary fronds. Each of those now particularized owes its respective usefulness chiefly to its tannin; while the few more specially endowed with healing powers yield also a peculiar chemical acid "filicic," which is fatal to worms.
In an old charter, A.D. 855, the [183] right of pasturage on the common Ferns was called "fearnleswe," or _Pascua procorum_, the pasturage of swine (from _fearrh_, a pig). Matthiolus when writing of the ferns, male and female, says, _Utriusque radice sues pinguesc.u.n.t_. In some parts of England Ferns at large are known as "Devil"s brushes"; and to bite off close to the ground the first Fern which appears in the Spring, is said, in Cornwall, to cure toothache, and to prevent its return during the remainder of the year.
The common Male Fern (_Filix mas_) or Shield Fern, grows abundantly in all parts of Great Britain, and has been known from the times of Theophrastus and Dioscorides, as a specific remedy for intestinal worms, particularly the tape worm. For medicinal purposes, the green part of the rhizome is kept and dried; this is then powdered, and its oleo-resin is extracted by ether. The green fixed oil thus obtained; which is poisonous to worms, consists of the glycerides of filocylic and filosmylic acids, with tannin, starch, gum, and sugar. The English oil of Male Fern is more reliable than that which is imported from the Continent. Twenty drops made into an emulsion with mucilage should be given every half-hour on an empty stomach, until sixty or eighty drops have been taken. It is imprudent to administer the full quant.i.ty in a single dose. The treatment should be thus pursued when the vigour of the parasite has been first reduced by a low diet for a couple of days, and is lying within the intestines free from alimentary matter; a purgative being said to a.s.sist the action of the plant, though it is, independently, quite efficacious. The knowledge of this remedy had become lost, until it was repurchased for fifteen thousand francs, in 1775, by the French king, under the advice of his princ.i.p.al physicians, from Madame Nouffer, [184] a surgeon"s widow in Switzerland, who employed it as a secret mode of cure with infallible success. Her method consisted in giving from one to three drams of the powdered root, after using a clyster, and following the dose up with a purge of scammony and calomel. The rhizome should not be used medicinally if more than a year old. A medicinal tincture (H.) is now prepared from the root-stock with proof spirit, in the autumn when the fronds are dying.
The young shoots and curled leaves of the Male Fern, which is distinguished by having one main rib, are sometimes eaten like asparagus; whilst the fronds make an excellent litter for horses and cattle. The seed of this and some other species of Fern is so minute (one frond producing more than a million) as not to be visible to the naked eye. Hence, on the doctrine of signatures, the plant--like the ring of Gyges, found in a brazen horse--has been thought to confer invisibility. Thus Shakespeare says, _Henry IV_., Act II., Scene 1, "We have the receipt of Fern seed; we walk invisible."
Bracken or Brakes, which grows more freely than any other of the Fern tribe throughout England, is the _Filix foemina_, or common Female Fern. The fronds of this are branched, whilst the male plant having only one main rib, is more powerful as an astringent, and antiseptic; "the powder thereof freely beaten healeth the galled necks of oxen and other cattell." Bracken is also named botanically, _Pteris aquilina_, because the figure which appears in its succulent stem when cut obliquely across at the base, has been thought to resemble a spread eagle; and, therefore, Linnaeus termed the Fern _Aquilina_. Some call it, for the same reason, "King Charles in the oak tree"; and in Scotland the symbol is said to be an impression of the Devil"s foot. [185] Again, witches are reputed to detest this Fern, since it bears on its cut root the Greek letter X, which is the initial of _Christos_.
In Ireland it is called the Fern of G.o.d, because of the belief that if the stem be cut into three sections, on the first of these will be seen the letter G; on the second O; and on the third D.
An old popular proverb says about this Bracken:--
"When the Fern is as high as a spoon You may sleep an hour at noon, When the Fern is as high as a ladle You may sleep as long as you"re able, When the Fern is looking red Milk is good with faire brown bread."
The Bracken grows almost exclusively on waste places and uncultivated ground; or, as Horace testified in Roman days, _Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris_. It contains much potash; and its ashes were formerly employed in the manufacture of soap.
The young tops of the plant are boiled in Hampshire for hogs" food, and the peculiar flavour of Hampshire bacon has been attributed to this custom. The root affords much starch, and is used medicinally.
"For thigh aches" [sciatica], says an old writer, "smoke the legs thoroughly with Fern braken."
During the Seventeenth Century it was customary to set growing Brakes on fire with the belief that this would produce rain. A like custom of "firing the Bracken" still prevails to-day on the Devonshire moors. By an official letter the Earl of Pembroke admonished the High Sheriff of Stafford to forbear the burning of Ferns during a visit of Charles I., as "His Majesty desired that the country and himself may enjoy fair weather as long as he should remain in those parts."
In northern climates a coa.r.s.e kind of bread is made [186] from the roots of the Brake Fern; whilst in the south the young shoots are often sold in bundles as a salad. (Some writers give the name of Lady Fern, not to the Bracken, but to the _Asplenium filix foemina_, because of its delicate and graceful foliage.) The Bracken has branched riblets, and is more viscid, mucilaginous, and diuretic, than the Male Fern.
Its ashes when burnt contain much vegetable alkali which has been used freely in making gla.s.s.
It was customary to "watch the Fern" on Midsummer eve, when the plant put forth at dusk a blue flower, and a wonderful seed at midnight, which was carefully collected, and known as "wish seed."
This gave the power to discover hidden treasures, whilst to drink the sap conferred perpetual youth.
The Royal Fern (_Osmunda regalis_), grows abundantly in many parts of Great Britain, and is the stateliest of Ferns in its favourite watery haunts. It heeds a soil of bog earth, and is incorrectly styled "the flowering Fern," from its handsome spikes of fructification.
One of its old English names is "Osmund, the Waterman"; and the white centre of its root has been called the heart of Osmund. This middle part boiled in some kind of liquor was supposed good for persons wounded, dry-beaten, and bruised, or that have fallen from some high place. The name "Osmund" is thought to be derived from _os_, the mouth, or _os_, bone, and _mundare_, to cleanse, or from _gross mond kraut_, the Greater Moonwort; but others refer it to Saint Osmund wading a river, whilst bearing the Christ on his shoulders. The root or rhizome has a mucilaginous slightly bitter taste. The tender sprigs of the plant at their first coming are "good to be put into balmes, oyles, and healing plasters." Dodonoeus says, "the harte of the root of [187] Osmonde is good against squattes, and bruises, heavie and grievous falles, and whatever hurte or dislocation soever it be." "A conserve of these buds," said Dr. Short of Sheffield, 1746, "is a specific in the rickets; and the roots stamped in water or gin till the liquor becometh a stiff mucilage, has cured many most deplorable pains of the back, that have confined the distracted sufferers close to bed for several weeks." This mucilage was to be rubbed over the vertebrae of the back each night and morning for five or six days together. Also for rickets, "take of the powdered roots with the whitest sugar, and sprinkle some thereof on the child"s pap, and on all his liquid foods." "It maketh a n.o.ble remedy," said Dr. Bowles, "without any other medicine." The actual curative virtues of this Fern are most probably due to the salts of lime, potash, and other earths, which it derives in solution from the bog soil, and from the water in which it grows. On July 25th it is specially dedicated to St. Christopher, its patron saint.