A few days of actual work on the ca.n.a.l, however proved that Count Platen had made no mistake. John knew what ought to be done, and he could show the soldiers new and better ways of getting results, although he was actually too small to reach the eyepiece of his leveling instrument without the aid of a camp-stool which he carried about with him. He brought out some of the mechanical drawings he had worked over, and had machinery made after them, and whenever his inventions were tried they met with success.
For several years John commanded his six hundred men at the Gota Ca.n.a.l, and then he decided to enter the army. He had grown tall, and was noted for his great strength and skill in feats of arms. At seventeen he was made an Ensign in the Rifle Corps, and soon after Lieutenant in the Royal Cha.s.seurs. He was fond of the life of the army, but he saw there was no great future in it for him, and he could not give up his pa.s.sion for science and invention. He procured an appointment as surveyor for the district of Jemtland, and found himself free again to work on his own lines.
Sweden is a rugged country, its northern part serried by great fiords, its mountains steep and often desolate, its forests thick and many. The young surveyor was in his element roughing it through the wild country, with an eye to improving it for cultivation and for defense, making elaborate maps of its hills and valleys, and charts of its fiords and bays. He had a genius for such work, and the drawings he sent back to Stockholm were invaluable for the development of Sweden. The surveyors were paid according to the work they did, but John Ericsson worked so rapidly that the officials were afraid it would cause a scandal if it were known how much money he was receiving, and so they carried him on their account-books as two different men and paid him for two men"s work.
In his spare hours in Jemtland and Norrland John was busy with inventions. As a boy he had been delighted to watch his father make a vacuum in a tube by means of fire. Now he worked over uses to which he could put that idea, and finally invented a flame engine based largely on that principle. That success led him to study engines more deeply, and had much to do with deciding his later career.
Sweden had shown the world much that was new in the building of the Gota Ca.n.a.l, and many of the improvements had been due to the boy cadet Ericsson. He was now persuaded to write a book on "Ca.n.a.ls," explaining his inventions and describing the Swedish plans. In such a scientific book the drawings of diagrams were as important as the writing. As soon as John realized that, he could not resist the temptation to try his hand at inventing a machine which should properly engrave the plates he was drawing. It was pure delight to him to exercise his wits on such a problem, and as a result in a short time he had made a machine for engraving plates which was used successfully in preparing the ill.u.s.trations for his book on "Ca.n.a.ls."
The youth had now won wide recognition throughout Sweden for his inventive skill. But his own country offered him small opportunities, devoted though he was to the land and the people. There was more chance for such a man in a country like England, and there he now went.
Stephenson was working then on his steam-engine, and Ericsson studied the same subject, and built an engine which in many ways was superior to the Englishman"s. In whatever direction he turned his mind he was able to find new ideas for improving on old methods.
Ericsson soon built a locomotive for the directors of the railway between Liverpool and Birmingham which was the lightest and fastest yet constructed, starting off at the rate of fifty miles an hour. He could not find the opportunities he wished, however, in England, and went to Germany, and from there came to the United States.
It was in America that Ericsson won his greatest triumphs. He had invented a screw propeller for boats, and found a splendid market for this type of machinery. He built the steamship _Princeton_, the first screw steamer with her machinery under the water line. This was a great improvement on the old top-heavy style of steamboats, but how great was only to be known when war showed that ironclads with machinery safely sunk beneath the water line and so out of reach of the enemy"s guns were to revolutionize naval warfare.
By the time of the American Civil War men in all countries were experimenting with these new ideas for ships which Ericsson had launched upon the world. News came to Washington that the Confederate government had an all-iron boat, low in the water, which could ram the high-riding wooden ships of the Union navy, and would furnish little target for their fire. The Union was in great alarm, for it looked as though this small iron floating battery could do untold damage to the Union shipping. There was only one man to appeal to if the North were to offset this Southern ship, which had been christened the _Merrimac_.
John Ericsson was the man, and he agreed to build an ironclad which should be superior to the _Merrimac_, and to build her in one hundred days.
On March 8, 1862, the _Merrimac_ steamed into Hampton Roads, fully expecting to destroy the Union fleet there. But instead, to the great amazement of her officers and men a little iron boat, so small that she looked like a tiny pill-box on a plank, steamed out to meet her. She was so tiny it was almost impossible to hit her; she was almost entirely under water, and her gun turret was built to revolve so that she could fire in any direction. It was like a battle between David and Goliath, and when the day was over David had won, and the _Merrimac_ had to bow to the iron "pill-box" which had been named the _Monitor_. Proud was John Ericsson then, and rightly so, for he had invented an entirely new kind of ship, and one which was to give its name of _Monitor_ to all ships of its kind.
The building of the _Monitor_ for its successful battle with the _Merrimac_ was the most dramatic incident in Ericsson"s career as an inventor, but his whole life showed a series of wonderful inventions which for value and wide range can probably only be compared with those of Edison. The prophecy which the fairy had made to the shepherd in Sweden had come true, the name of Ericsson was known throughout the world. And in addition to John, the older brother Nils had won great renown in Sweden. He was made Director of Ca.n.a.ls there, and created a n.o.bleman for his great services to science and to his native land.
On the Battery in New York City, overlooking the wonderful harbor that is filled with ships of every country, stands the statue of a tall, handsome man, somewhat of the type of those Nors.e.m.e.n who were the great adventurers of the Atlantic seas. The statue is of the man who built the _Monitor_, and who brought to the new world the genius for invention which he had first shown on the hills and in the woods of Sweden in the days when, a boy of fourteen, he had taught men how to build the great ca.n.a.l at Gota.
XVIII
Garibaldi
The Boy of the Mediterranean: 1807-1882
The town of Nice lay blazing with color under the hot August sun. The houses, with their shining red-tiled roofs, their painted yellow walls, their striped and checkered awnings, were scarcely less vivid than the waters of the bay, which sparkled like a sea of opals under the rich blue Mediterranean sky. Color was everywhere, brilliant even in the sun-tanned cheeks, the black hair and eyes, the orange and gold and red caps and sashes of the three boys who stood on the beach, looking out at the home-coming fleet of feluccas and fishing-smacks.
"If only I were a man!" exclaimed one of the boys. "No more Latin lessons with the Padre. I could sail and fish all day like brother Carlo. And sometimes I"d visit strange lands, like Africa, and have the sort of adventures father tells of."
"I"ll be a sailor too, Cesare," agreed the tallest of the three, nodding his head. "Only poor Giuseppe here will have to stay ash.o.r.e and be a priest." He turned a sympathetic face toward Giuseppe, who stood with his arms folded, his black eyes looking hungrily out to sea.
"Aye, he"ll be teaching other boys just as the Padre teaches us," said Cesare.
This prophecy was more than the third boy could stand. He turned quickly toward his friends. "I"ll have adventures, too," he exclaimed. "I"ll not stay here in Nice all my life; I"ll go to Genoa and to Rome, and perhaps I"ll fight the Turks. I want to do things, too." His deep eyes shone with excitement and his face glowed. "Look you, Cesare and Raffaelle, why shouldn"t we turn sailors now?"
Both boys laughed; they were used to the mad ideas of young Giuseppe Garibaldi. He, however, was not laughing. "Why not? I"ve been out to sea a hundred times with father. He lets me handle his boat sometimes, though he does say that I"m to enter the Church. Your brother, Cesare, has a boat that he never uses. Why shouldn"t we sail in her to Genoa?"
Giuseppe was a born leader. The other boys looked doubtfully at each other, then back at him. The gleam in his eyes held them.
"Let"s sail to-morrow at dawn! You, Cesare, furnish the boat, I"ll bring bread and sausage from home, and Raffaelle shall get a jug of water.
Your brother"s boat is sound, Cesare? We"ll sail along the sh.o.r.e to Genoa!"
"Some one will catch sight of us and stop us," objected Raffaelle.
"Nay, we"ll wait till the other boats are out. They"ll all be off before dawn and we"ll have the beach to ourselves."
"I"ve a compa.s.s my uncle gave me on my name day," said Cesare. "I"ll bring that."
"And I"ll bring some fishing lines," put in Raffaelle, unwilling to be outdone.
So almost before they knew it the other two boys had agreed to Giuseppe"s plan, just as the boys of Nice usually unconsciously followed his lead.
The Mediterranean was all silver and blue when the three boys met next day in the early summer dawn at the pier near the Porto Olimpio where Carlo Parodi"s boat lay. Raffaelle had brought a jug of water and some fishing lines, Giuseppe a basket of provisions, and Cesare his compa.s.s.
They could hardly wait until the last of the fishing boats had put out to sea before they ran down the pier to embark in their own small craft.
The _Red Dragon_ was the boat"s name, given her because of the painted picture of a terrible monster that sprawled across the sail. She was old and weather-beaten, a simple sailboat with only a shallow cabin, such as is used in the Mediterranean to coast along the sh.o.r.e.
Under Giuseppe"s leadership the food and water were stowed on board, the sail raised, and the boat cast off from the pier. Cesare took the tiller and with a light morning breeze the _Red Dragon_ drew proudly away from the beach and headed eastward toward Genoa.
As the sun rose higher the breeze stiffened, the sail filled and the brilliant dragon spread out his red body and tail. Each of the boys had sailed this inland sea a hundred times before, but never had it seemed so wonderful a place as on this summer morning. The water dashed along the gunwale and sometimes sent a warm spray into their faces. Behind them lay the curving harbor, beyond that the red and yellow and brown roofs and walls of Nice, and still farther back the dim blue outlines of the mountains.
They were so excited that for some time they forgot they had had no breakfast. Presently Raffaelle remembered it, and Giuseppe"s basket was opened and its stock of rye bread, bologna sausage and olives handed around. The boys were surprised to find how hungry they were, but like a prudent captain Giuseppe would only let them eat a small part of the rations. "Suppose we should run into a spell of calm weather before we sighted Genoa," said he.
After breakfast Raffaelle took the helm and Cesare and Giuseppe lay up in the bow and planned what they would do after they landed at Genoa.
Meanwhile the three families of Parodi, Deandreis and Garibaldi in Nice were considerably excited. A boy in each family had disappeared. Knowing what close friends the three boys were the fathers sought each other.
Each family had the same tale to tell.
Then came word that Carlo Parodi"s boat was missing, and this gave the searchers a clue. They went to the beach, but only to find that all the fishing-boats had put out to sea some time ago. Signor Garibaldi, however, was a man of resource and influence, and within an hour he had found a coast-guard captain who would take him in pursuit. The coast-guard boat was big and she could triple the speed of the small _Red Dragon_. By ten o"clock the runaway boat was sighted just opposite Monaco. The boys saw the pursuers coming, but even by crowding on all their sail they could not gain a lead. So when the coast-guard came alongside of them they surrendered.
Even though they had not reached Genoa, the lads had tasted the salt of adventure. Giuseppe"s father boarded the _Red Dragon_, and, treating the whole matter as a summer"s lark, helped the young sailors to bring their boat about, and tacking across toward Monaco and then out to the deeper sea, gave them a lesson in sailing that made them quickly forget that they were going back to Nice.
On that sail home the father learned a good deal about Giuseppe. He heard the boys talk freely to each other, and as he listened he realized that this son of his was not the quiet type of boy who would make a good priest, but that he craved the roving life of the sea, descended as he was from generations of sailors. He himself knew the perils of the sea only too well, how hard a man must work in its service, and how little he might gain, and how much securer was the life on sh.o.r.e. But he also knew that when once the sea called to a boy of Nice it was useless to try to make him forget the call. Giuseppe would not make a good priest, and he might make a good sailor. So the watchful father decided, as he brought the little boat back to sh.o.r.e, to let his son follow his natural bent.
After their adventure Giuseppe and his two friends went quietly on with their school life. Giuseppe"s father had promised to teach him something about navigation in the evenings, and had told him that, if he would only be patient and wait a short time, he should make a cruise in earnest. One day, as the boy and his father were coming home from church a tall, black-haired man stepped up to them, and, holding out his hand, said, "Signor, will you give us something for the refugees of Italy?"
Giuseppe"s father gave the man a few coins, which he received with the greatest thanks. As they walked on the boy kept turning back to look at the tall gaunt-faced man they had met. Finally he said, "Who was he, father, and what did he mean by the refugees of Italy?"
The father looked down into the boy"s eager eyes. "Our poor country,"
said he, "has been thrown to the ground, and different people have been beating her and trying to keep her down, but chiefly the big, white-coated Austrians, Giuseppe boy. Every once in a while some of our men band together and try to do something to help Italy get to her feet again. That man who asked for money was such a man."
"But why did he look so sad and white, father, and why did he say the refugees?"
"Our men are very few, Giuseppe, and have poor arms, and the enemy"s army is very large and their men are veteran soldiers, so that we always lose. Then those who fought, like that poor fellow, have to fly and seek refuge out of Italy until the storm blows past."
Giuseppe clasped his hands behind his back, and his face grew very thoughtful. "So that man has been to war," he said, "and for us, and the money you gave him is going to help them the next time?"