Since 1570, the _Corpora Doctrinae_ give the t.i.tle, "The Large Catechism, German. _Der Grosse Katechismus, deutsch._" So also the Book of Concord of 1580. In the Leipzig edition and in Walch"s the word "deutsch" is omitted. (W. 30, 1, 474f.)
"German Catechism," corresponding to the t.i.tle "German Ma.s.s," means German preaching for children, German instruction in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity. Luther wrote "German Ma.s.s" in order to distinguish it from the Latin, which was retained for many years at Wittenberg beside the German service (this is also what Wolfgang Musculus meant when he reported in 1536 that in Wittenberg services were conducted predominantly in papistic fashion, _ad morem papistic.u.m_). So also "German Catechism" is in contrast to the Latin instruction in the churches and especially in the schools. Concerning the latter we read, _e.g._, in the instruction of the visitors: "The boys shall also be induced to speak Latin, and the schoolteachers shall, as far as possible, speak nothing but Latin with them." (26, 240.) Ever since the early part of the Middle Ages the Latin Credo, Paternoster, etc., had been regarded and memorized as sacred formulas, the vernacular being permitted only rarely, and reluctantly at that. Also in the Lutheran Church the Latin language was not immediately abolished. A number of Evangelical catechisms, antedating Luther"s, were written in, and presuppose the use of, the Latin language, for example, Melanchthon"s _Enchiridion,_ Urerius"s _Paedagogia,_ Agricola"s _Elementa Pietatis,_ etc. The Brunswick Liturgy of 1528, drafted by Bugenhagen, prescribed that on Sat.u.r.day evening and early on Sunday morning the chief parts of the Catechism be read in Latin in the churches "on both galleries, slowly, without chanting (_sine tono_), alternately (_ummeschicht_)."
The Wittenberg Liturgy provided: "Before the early sermon on Sundays or on festival-days the boys in the choir, on both sides, shall read the entire Catechism in Latin, verse by verse, without ornamental tone (_sine tono distincto_)." (477.) Accordingly, when Luther began to preach on the chief parts in German, he was said to conduct "German Catechism." And since German services with German instruction were inst.i.tuted by Luther in the interest of the unlearned and such as were unable to attend the Latin schools, the term "German Catechism" was equivalent to popular instruction in religion. That Luther"s Catechism, also in point of racy language, was German to the core, appears from the frequent use of German words and expressions which, in part, have since become obsolete. (Mueller, _Symb. Buecher,_ 857--860.)
108. Editions of Large Catechism.
The first edition (quarto) of the Large Catechism, of which Roerer forwarded copies on April 23, 1529, contains, as text, the Commandments, the Creed, the Lord"s Prayer, and the words of inst.i.tution of the Sacraments. The text is preceded by a Brief Preface, which, however, Luther, considering it a part of the Catechism, did not designate and superscribe as such. Some instructions and admonitions are inserted between the Catechism-text, which is followed by the detailed explanation. Such is the form in which the Large Catechism first appeared, and which, in the main, it also retained. The second edition (also in quarto and from the year 1529) reveals numerous textual corrections and adds a longer section to the Lord"s Prayer, _viz._, paragraphs 9 to 11: "at the risk of G.o.d"s wrath.... seek His grace."
(699.) This addition, though not found in the German Book of Concord of 1580, was received into the official Latin Concordia of 1584.
Furthermore, the second edition of 1529 adds the "Short Admonition to Confession;" hence the sub-t.i.tle: "Increased by a New Instruction and Admonition to Confession." This addition, however, was embodied in neither the German nor the Latin Concordia. In the Seventh Commandment the second edition of 1529 omits the words "with whom [arch-thieves]
lords and princes keep company" (644, 230), which, according to Albrecht, was due to a timid proof-reader. Numerous marginal notes, briefly summarizing the contents, were also added to this edition and retained in the Latin Concordia of 1584. Furthermore, it contained 24 woodcuts, the first three of which were already used in Melanchthon"s fragmentary Catechism sermons of 1528, for which book probably also the remaining cuts were originally intended. Albrecht remarks: "Let it remain undecided whether the cuts, which Melanchthon probably was first to select for his catechism sermons of 1528, were received into the edition of 1529 (which Luther corrected) upon a suggestion of the printer Rhau, or Bugenhagen, or Luther himself." (W. 30, 1, 493.)
Two Latin as well as a Low German translation (by Bugenhagen) also appeared in 1529. The Low German edition, printed by Rhau, seems to have paved the way in using the aforementioned pictures. Of the Latin translations, one was prepared by Lonicer and printed at Marburg, while the other, by Vicentius Obsopoeus, rector of the school at Ansbach, was printed at Hagenau. After making some changes, which were not always improvements, Selneccer embodied the latter in the Latin Concordia, adding the longer Preface from the Frankfurt edition of 1544. In the Large Catechism this new Preface is found for the first time in Rhau"s quarto edition of 1530. Literal allusions to Luther"s letter of June 30, 1530, to J. Jonas have given rise to the a.s.sumption that it was written at Castle Coburg. (Enders, 8, 47. 37.) In the Jena edition of Luther"s Works, the Dresden edition of the Book of Concord of 1580, the Magdeburg edition of 1580, the Heidelberg folio edition of 1582, and the Latin edition of 1580, this longer Preface follows the shorter. However, since the shorter Preface forms part of the Catechism itself, the longer Preface ought to precede it, as is the case in the official Latin Concordia of 1584. In the Low German edition of 1531 Bugenhagen defends the expressions, criticized by some: I believe "an Gott, an Christum" in the Low German edition of 1529, instead of "in Gott, in Christum." (W.
30, 1, 493.) In Rhau"s edition of 1532 and 1535 the morning and evening prayers are added, probably only as fillers. The changes in Rhau"s edition of 1538, styling itself, "newly corrected and improved," consist in linguistic improvements and some additions and omissions. Albrecht believes that most, but not all, of these changes were made by Luther himself, and that the omissions are mostly due to inadvertence.
109. t.i.tle of Small Catechism.
Luther seems to have published the chart catechism of January, 1529, without any special t.i.tle, though Roerer, from the very first, calls it a catechism. In the first Wittenberg book edition, however, one finds inserted, between the Preface and the Decalog, the superscription: "_Ein kleiner Katechismus oder christliche Zucht._ A Small Catechism or Christian Discipline." This may have been the t.i.tle of the charts, since it would hardly have been introduced for the book edition, where it was entirely superfluous, the t.i.tle-page designating it as "The Small Catechism for the Ordinary Pastors and Preachers." Likewise it cannot be proved that the opening word on the t.i.tle-page of this first book edition was "Enchiridion," since this edition has disappeared without a trace, and the only remaining direct reprint does not contain the word "Enchiridion." All subsequent editions however, have it.
The word "Enchiridion" is already found in the writings of Augustine, and later became common. In his Glossary, Du Cange remarks: "This name [Enchiridion] St. Augustine gave to a most excellent little work on faith, hope, and charity, which could easily be carried in the hand, or, rather, ought continually to be so carried, since it contained the things most necessary for salvation." (3, 265.) The Erfurt _Hymn-Booklet_ of 1524 was called "Enchiridion or Handbooklet, very profitable for every Christian to have with him for constant use and meditation." In 1531 Luther praised the Psalter, saying: "It may be called a little Bible, wherein all that is found in the entire Bible is most beautifully and briefly summed up and has been made and prepared to be a splendid Enchiridion, or Handbook." (E. 63, 28.) The _Instruction for Visitors_ calls the primer "the handbooklet of the children, containing the alphabet, the Lord"s Prayer, the Creed, and other prayers." In 1523 Melanchthon had published such a book, ent.i.tled "Enchiridion." Thus Enchiridion denotes a book of pithy brevity, an elementary book. The various Church Orders employ the word in a similar sense. (W. 30, 1, 540.)
110. Editions of Small Catechism.
At Wittenberg, George Rhau printed the Large Catechism and Michel Schirlentz the Small Catechism (the chart impressions of which must be considered the first edition). In the Preface to the Small Catechism, Luther speaks of "these tables" and "the form of these tables," thus referring to the chief parts, which were already printed on placards.
However, since "table" also denotes a list, the term could be applied also to the chief parts in book form. It was nothing new to employ tables ("_Zeddeln," i.e._, placards printed on one side) in order to spread the parts of the Catechism in churches, homes, and schools. In 1518 Luther published his "Ten Commandments with a brief exposition of their fulfilment and transgression," on placards. Of the charts of the Small Catechism only a Low German copy has as yet been discovered. It contains Luther"s Morning and Evening Prayers, a reduced reproduction of which is found in the Weimar Edition of Luther"s Works. (30, 1, 241.) The book editions soon took their place beside the charts. It seems (but here the traces are rather indefinable) that the first three tables were summed up into a booklet as early as January or February, 1529. At Hamburg, Bugenhagen published the charts, which he had received till then, as a booklet, in Low German. It contained the five chief parts and the Benedicite and Gratias. Shortly after the first Wittenberg book edition had reached him Bugenhagen translated the Preface and had it printed as a supplement.
Shortly after the completion of the Large Catechism Luther made arrangements to have the Small Catechism appear in book form. May 16 Roerer sent two copies of the _Catechismus Minor._ But, as stated above, all copies of this edition were completely used up. The edition has been preserved in three reprints only, two of which appeared at Erfurt and one at Marburg. Th. Harnack published the one Erfurt and the Marburg reprint, and H. Hartung the other Erfurt reprint in separate facsimile editions. Evidently these reprints appeared before the second Wittenberg edition of June, 1529, was known at Erfurt and Marburg. In estimating their value, however, modern scholars are not agreed as to whether they represent three direct or one direct and two indirect reprints. Albrecht is of the opinion that only one of the three may be looked upon as a direct reprint. Judging from these reprints, the original edition was ent.i.tled: "_Der kleine Katechismus fuer die gemeinen Pfarrherrn und Prediger._ The Small Catechism for Ordinary Pastors and Preachers." Aside from the five chief parts, it contained the Preface, the Morning and Evening Prayers, the Table of Duties, and the Marriage Booklet. On the other hand, these reprints omit not only the word Enchiridion, but also the question, "How can bodily eating and drinking do such great things?" together with its answer. Now, in case all three should be direct reprints, the omitted question and answer evidently were not contained in the first Wittenberg edition either. On the other hand, if only one of them is a direct reprint, the mistake must be charged to the original Wittenberg impression or to the reprint.
That the omission is an error, probably due to the printer, appears from the fact that the omitted question and answer were already found on the charts; for the Hamburg book edition of the charts in Low German has them, as also Stifel"s written copies of the charts. (W. 30, 1, 573.)
Of the Wittenberg editions which followed the _editio princeps,_ those of 1529, 1531, and 1542 deserve special mention. The first appeared under the t.i.tle: "Enchiridion. The Small Catechism for the Ordinary Pastors and Preachers, enlarged and improved." On the 13th of June this edition was completed, for Roerer reports on this date: "Parvus Catechismus sub iucudem iam tertio revocatus est et in ista postrema editione adauctus." (Kolde _l.c._, 60.) Roerer designates this edition as the third, probably because two imprints had been made of the _editio princeps._ According to a defective copy, the only one preserved, this edition adds to the contents of the _editio princeps_ the word Enchiridion in the t.i.tle, the Booklet of Baptism, A Brief Form of Confessing to the Priest, for the Simple, and the Litany. The fifth chief part has the question: "How can bodily eating and drinking do such great things?" In the Lord"s Prayer, however, the explanation of the introduction is still lacking. This emended edition of 1529 furthermore had the pictures, for the first time as it seems. The booklets on Marriage and Baptism were retained, as additions, in all editions of the Small Catechism published during the life of Luther, and in many later editions as well. As yet, however, it has not been proved directly that such was intended and arranged for by Luther himself.
Also in the succeeding editions Luther made various material and linguistic changes. In the edition of 1531 he omitted the Litany, and for the "Short Form of Confession" he subst.i.tuted an instruction in confession, which he inserted between the fourth and fifth chief parts, under the caption, "How the Unlearned Shall be Taught to Confess." The Lord"s Prayer was complemented by the addition of the Introduction and its explanation, and the number of cuts was increased to 23. This edition of 1531, of which but one copy (found in the Bodleiana of Oxford) is in existence, shows essentially the form in which the Enchiridion was henceforth regularly printed during and after Luther"s life. (W. 30, 1, 608.) The editions of 1537 reveal several changes in language, especially in the Bible-verses, which are made to conform to Luther"s translation. In the edition of 1542 the promise of the Fourth Commandment appears for the first time, and the Table of Duties is expanded. The Bible-verses referring to the relation of congregations to their pastors were added, and the verses setting forth the relation of subjects to their government were considerably augmented. Hence the t.i.tle: "Newly revised and prepared, _aufs neue uebersehen und zugerichtet._" Probably the last edition to appear during Luther"s life was the one of 1543, which, however, was essentially a reprint of the edition of 1542.
Knaake declared that all the editions which we possess "must be attributed to the enterprise of the book dealers," and that one cannot speak of a direct influence of Luther on any of these editions. In opposition to this extreme skepticism, Albrecht points out that, for instance, the insertion of the explanation of the Introduction to the Lord"s Prayer and the new form of confession, as well as its insertion between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper, could not have taken place "without the direct cooperation of Luther."
111. Translations and Elaborations of Small Catechism.
Two of the Latin translations of the Small Catechism date back to 1529.
The first was inserted in the _Enchiridion Piarum Precationum,_ the Latin translation of Luther"s _Prayer-Booklet,_ which appeared toward the end of August, 1529. Roerer met with great difficulties in editing the book. August, 1529, he wrote: "You may not believe me if I tell you how much trouble I am having with the Latin _Prayer-Booklet_ which is now being printed. Somebody else, it is true, translated it from German into Latin, but I spent much more labor in this work than he did." (W.
30, 1, 588.) We do not know who the translator was to whom Roerer refers. It certainly was not Lonicer, the versatile Humanist of Marburg who at that time had completed the Large Catechism with a Preface dated May 15, 1529. Kawerau surmises that it was probably _G. Major._ Evidently Luther himself had nothing to do with this translation. This Catechism is ent.i.tled: _Simplicissima et Brevissima Catechismi Expositio._ Almost throughout the question form was abandoned. In 1532 a revised form of this translation appeared, ent.i.tled: _Nova Catechismi Brevioris Translatio._ From these facts the theory (advocated also by v.
Zezschwitz and Knaake) has been spun that the Small Catechism sprang from a still shorter one, which was not throughout cast in questions and answers, and offered texts as well as explanations in a briefer form.
This would necessitate the further inference that the Preface to the Small Catechism was originally written in Latin. All of these suppositions, however, founder on the fact that the charts as we have them in the handwriting of Stifel are in the form of questions and answers. The _Prayer-Booklet_ discarded the form of questions and answers, because its object was merely to reproduce the contents of Luther"s Catechism for such as were unacquainted with German.
The second Latin translation of 1529 was furnished by John Sauermann, not (as v. Zezschwitz and Cohrs, 1901, in Herzog"s _R. E._, 10, 135, a.s.sume) the Canon of Breslau, who died 1510, but probably Johannes Sauermann of Bambergen, who matriculated at Wittenberg in the winter semester of 1518. (W. 30, 1, 601.) Sauermann"s translation was intended as a school edition of the Small Catechism. First came the alphabet, then followed the texts: Decalog, Creed, the Lord"s Prayer, Baptism, the Lord"s Supper. Luther"s Preface, the Litany, and the Booklets of Marriage and Baptism were omitted as not adapted for school use. The chapter on Confession, from the second Wittenberg book edition was inserted between the fourth and fifth chief parts. The note to the Benedicite was put into the text with the superscription "Scholion"
(instead of the incorrect "Scholia" of the German edition, found also in the Book of Concord). "Paedagogus" was subst.i.tuted for "head of the family (_Hausvater_)." The word "Haustafel" remained untranslated. The words of the Third Pet.i.tion, "so uns den Namen Gottes nicht heiligen und sein Reich nicht kommen la.s.sen wollen," are rendered: "quae n.o.bis nomen Dei non _sanctificent_ regnumque eius ad nos pervenire non sinant."
In the Preface, dated September 19, 1529, "Johannes Sauromannus" writes: "Every one is of the opinion that it is clearly the best thing from early youth carefully and diligently to instruct the boys in the principles of Christian piety. And since I believe that of all the elementary books of the theologians of this age none are better adapted for this purpose than those of Dr. Martin Luther, I have rendered into Latin the booklet of this man which is called the Small Catechism, hoping that it might be given to the boys to be learned as soon as they enter the Latin school." At the same time Sauermann declares that his translation was published "by the advice and order (_consilio ac iussu_) of the author [Luther] himself." (30, 1, 673.) One cannot doubt, therefore, that Sauermann"s translation received Luther"s approval. And being in entire conformity with the _Instruction for Visitors,_ of 1528, for the Latin city schools, the book was soon in general use. In 1556 Michael Neander speaks of it as "the common Latin version, hitherto used in all schools." (603.) The Latin Concordia of 1584 contains Sauermann"s version, essentially, though not literally. The Preface, which Sauermann had not translated, is taken over from the _Prayer-Booklet._ The part On Confession was newly translated from the German edition of the Catechism of 1531. The textual changes which were made in Sauermann"s translation for the Concordia of 1584 "show that he was careful and usually felicitous, and are partly to be explained as combinations of the first and second Latin translations." (604.)
When, in 1539, Justus Jonas translated the Nuernberg _Sermons for Children,_ he made a third Latin translation of the Small Catechism. He calls it "this my Latin translation, not carefully finished indeed, but nevertheless rendered in good faith." (627.) This Latin text obtained special importance since it was immediately done into English, Polish, and Icelandic. In 1560 Job Magdeburg furnished a fourth Latin version.
Concerning the translations into Greek, Hebrew, and other languages see Weimar Edition of Luther"s Complete Works (10, 1, 718f.)
Among the earliest elaborations of the Small Catechism was the Catechism of Justus Menius, 1532, and the Nuernberg _Children"s Sermons_ of 1533.
Both exploit Luther"s explanations without mentioning his name. At the same time some changing, abbreviating, polishing, etc., was done, as Luther"s text was considered difficult to memorize. Albrecht says of Menius"s emendations: "Some of his formal changes are not bad; most of them, however are unnecessary. The entire book finally serves the purpose of bringing to light the surpa.s.sing merit of the real Luther-Catechism." (617.) The same verdict will probably be pa.s.sed on all the subst.i.tute catechisms which have hitherto appeared. John Spangenberg"s Small Catechism of 1541, which was widely used, is, as he himself says, composed "from the Catechism of our beloved father, Dr.
Martin, and those of others." It contains Luther"s Catechism mainly as changed by Menius. The Nuernberg _Children"s Sermons,_ which embodied also the pictures of Luther"s Catechism and received a wide circulation, were written by Osiander and Sleupner in 1532, and printed at Nuernberg, 1533. They contain almost complete the five chief parts of Luther"s Small Catechism as concluding sentences of the individual sermons, but in original minting, with abbreviations, additions, and other changes, which, however, are not nearly as marked as those of Menius. These changes were also made to facilitate memorizing. Between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper was found the doctrinal part on the Office of the Keys, which in this or a similar form was, after Luther"s death, appended to or inserted in, the Small Catechism as the sixth or fifth chief part, respectively.
112. The Part "Of Confession."
The Small Catechism did not spring from Luther"s mind finished and complete at one sitting. Originally he considered the first three chief parts as const.i.tuting the Catechism. Before long, however, he added the parts of Baptism and the Lord"s Supper. These five parts are for the first time mentioned in the _German Order of Worship,_ and printed together in the Booklet for Laymen and Children. The Introduction to the Large Catechism also offers no more. The chart and book editions added as real parts of the Catechism (the Booklets of Marriage and of Baptism cannot be viewed as such) the Benedicite and Gratias, the Morning and Evening Prayers, the Table of Duties, and Confession. It is the last of these parts which played a peculiar role in the history of the Small Catechism. Albrecht writes: "In the textual history of the Small Catechism, Confession (besides the Table of Duties) is the most restless and movable part. In the Low German editions since 1531 and 1534 it is found after the Lord"s Supper as a sort of sixth chief part. In individual instances it is entirely omitted. On the other hand, in elaborations of the Catechism, notably in the Nuernberg Catechism-sermons, it is supplanted by the Office of the Keys, and in later prints also combined with it or otherwise recast." (W. 30, 1, 607.)
As for Luther, evidently, as soon as he began to work on the Catechism, he planned to include also a part on Confession. Among the charts there were already those which dealt with Confession. In fact, Luther must have here treated this part at comparative length. For Roerer reports that the price of the Confession charts was three pfennige, whereas the price of the Sacrament charts was two pfennige. Yet nothing of Confession was embodied in the first book edition of the Small Catechism. The first edition also of the Large Catechism had no part treating of Confession. But the second Wittenberg edition, of 1529 appeared "augmented with a new instruction and admonition concerning Confession." Likewise the "augmented and improved" Small Catechism of 1529, superscribed, "Enchiridion," contained a "Short Form how the Unlearned shall Confess to the Priest. _Eine kurze Weise zu beichten fuer die Einfaeltigen, dem Priester._" This Form was not to serve the pastor in admonishing, etc., but Christians when going to confession.
Possibly it was one of the charts which Roerer, March 16, mentioned as novelties. The addition of this part was, no doubt, caused by Luther himself. This is supported by the fact that Sauermann"s translation, which appeared by Luther"s "advice and order," also contained it. And while in the German book edition it was found in the Appendix, following the Booklet on Baptism, Sauermann inserted it between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper with the superscription: "How schoolmasters ought in simplest manner to teach their boys a brief form of confession. _Quo pacto paedagogi suos pueros brevem confitendi rationem simplicissime docere debeant._" Evidently this, too, was done with Luther"s approval (_auctoris consilio et iussu_). "Thus Luther at that time already," says Albrecht, "selected this place for Confession and retained it later on, when [1531] he furnished another form of confession for the Catechism which to him seemed more appropriate." The gradual insertion of a new chief part (of Confession and Absolution) between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper was therefore entirely according to Luther"s mind; indeed, it had virtually been carried out by him as early as 1529.
The original part Of Confession, however, was no catechetical and doctrinal part in the proper sense of the word, but purely a liturgical formula of Confession, even the Absolution being omitted. It merely contained two confessions similar to the forms found in the Book of Concord, page 552, sections 21 to 23. Hence Luther, in the edition of 1531, replaced it with a catechetico-liturgical form ent.i.tled, "How the Unlearned Should be Taught to Confess." It is identical with the one found in the Book of Concord of 1580, save only that the original contained the words, "What is Confession? Answer," which are omitted in the German Concordia. Luther placed the part Of Confession between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper, thereby actually making this the fifth and the Lord"s Supper the sixth chief part. And when later on (for in Luther"s editions the chief parts are not numbered) the figures were added, Confession could but receive the number 5, and the Lord"s Supper, 6. Thus, then, the sequence of the six parts, as found in the Book of Concord, was, in a way, chosen by Luther himself.
113. Office of the Keys and Christian Questions.
The three questions on the Office of the Keys in the fifth chief part form the most important and independent addition to Luther"s Small Catechism. However, they are not only in complete agreement with Luther"s doctrine of Absolution, but, in substance, also contained in what he himself offered in the part Of Confession. For what Luther says in paragraphs 26 to 28 in a liturgical form is expressed and explained in the three questions on the Office of the Keys in a doctrinal and catechetical form. Not being formulated by Luther, however, they were not received into the Book of Concord. In the Nuernberg _Text-Booklet_ of 1531 they are placed before Baptism. Thence they were taken over into the Nuernberg _Children"s Sermons_ of 1533 as a subst.i.tute for Luther"s form of Confession. Andrew Osiander, in the draft of his Church Order of 1531, in the article on "Catechism and the Instruction of Children,"
added as sixth to the five chief parts: "Of the Keys of the Church, or the Power to Bind and to Unbind from Sins," quoting as Bible-verse the pa.s.sage: "The Lord Jesus breathed on His disciples," etc. Brenz, though not, as frequently a.s.sumed, the author of the Nuernberg Catechism, also contributed toward introducing and popularizing this part of the Catechism. In his Questions of 1535 and 1536, which appeared in the Appendix to the Latin translation of Luther"s Large Catechism, he offered an original treatment to the Keys of Heaven, as the sixth chief part, on the basis of Matt. 16, 19; Luke 19, 16; John 20, 22f.
Thirty-six years after the first publication of Luther"s Catechisms, Mathesius, in his _Sermons on the Life of Luther,_ also speaks of six chief parts of catechetical instruction; but he enumerates Absolution as the part between Baptism and the Lord"s Supper, hence as the fifth chief part of the Catechism.
As to the Christian Questions for Those Who Intend to Go to the Sacrament, it was claimed very early that Luther was the author. They were first published in 1549, and a number of separate impressions followed. After 1558 they are usually found in the appendix to the Small Catechism. The Note, "These questions and answers," etc., designating Luther as the author, first appeared in an edition of 1551. Together with this note, the Questions are found in an undated Wittenberg edition of the Small Catechism, which appeared about 1560, containing pictures dated 1551. Referring to this edition, the Wittenberg proof-reader, Christopher Walther, in a polemical writing (1566) against Aurifaber, a.s.serted that the Questions were not written by Luther, but by John Lang of Erfurt (+ 1548). The question at issue has not yet been decided. For while the contents of the Questions reproduce, from beginning to end, Luther"s thoughts, and the last answers are almost literally taken from the Large Catechism, we have no evidence that Luther compiled them; but, on the other hand, also no convincing proof against this. Claus Harms and Koellner a.s.serted that Luther is the author of the Questions, while Kliefoth and Loehe declared it as probable.--The Introduction to the Ten Commandments, "I the Lord, thy G.o.d," and the Doxology, at the close of the Lord"s Prayer, were added after Luther"s death.
114. The Table of Duties--Haustafel.
The eighth and last chart of the Catechism differed from the preceding ones in that it was superscribed: "Table of Duties (Haustafel), Consisting of Certain Pa.s.sages of Scripture for Various Holy Orders and Stations. Whereby These are to be Admonished, as by a Special Lesson, Regarding Their Office and Service." The exact time when Luther drew up this Table is not known. The latest date to which its composition can be a.s.signed is the end of April or the beginning of May, 1529. It may, however, be questioned whether it was published at all as a placard. The two groups of pa.s.sages: "What the Hearers Owe to Their Pastors," and: "What Subjects Owe to Their Government," are probably not from Luther.
Following are the grounds supporting this view: 1. They are not contained in the German editions but appeared for the first time in the Latin translation. 2. Their superscriptions differ in form from those of the other groups. 3. They adduce quite a number of Bible-verses, and repeat some already quoted, _e.g._, 1 Tim. 2, 1, Rom. 13, 1. The German Book of Concord omitted these pa.s.sages, while the Latin Concordia of 1580 and 1584 embodied them. Albrecht writes: "The Table of Duties is an original part of the Catechism, bearing a true Lutheran stamp. But it was old material worked over, as is the case almost throughout the Small Catechism." "The oft-repeated a.s.sertion, however, that the Table of Duties was borrowed from the catechism of the Waldensians or Bohemian Brethren, is not correct. For this Table is not found in the Catechism of the Brethren of 1522, with which Luther was acquainted, but first in Gyrick"s Catechism of 1554, in which Lutheran material is embodied also in other places." (W. 30, 1, 645.)
The confession books of the Middle Ages, however, which cla.s.sified sins according to the social estates, and especially John Gerson"s tract (_De Modo Vivendi Omnium Fidelium_ reprinted at Wittenberg 1513), which treated of the offices of all sorts of lay-people in every station of life, may have prompted Luther to draw up this Table. But, says Albrecht, "it certainly grew under his hand into something new and characteristic. The old material is thoroughly shortened, sifted, supplemented, newly arranged, recast. While Gerson"s tract throughout bears the stamp of the Middle Ages, Luther"s Table of Duties, with its appeal to the Scriptures alone, its knowledge of what is a "holy estate," its teaching that, as divine ordinances, civil government and the household (when embraced by the common order of Christian love) are equally as holy as the priesthood, reveals the characteristic marks of the Reformer"s new ideal of life, which, rooting in his faith, and opposed to the hierarchy and monkery of the Middle Ages, as well as to the fanaticism of the Anabaptists, became of far-reaching importance for the entire moral thought of the succeeding centuries." (647.)
Grimm"s Lexicon defines "Haustafel" as "_der Abschnitt des Katechismus, der ueber die Pflichten des Hausstandes handelt,_ that section of the Catechism which treats of the duties of the household." This verbal definition, suggested by the term, is too narrow, since Luther"s "Haustafel" is designed "for various holy orders and estates,"
magistrates and pastors included. Still, the term is not on this account inappropriate. Table (_Tafel, tabula_) signifies in general a roster, a list, or index of leading points, with or without reference to the chart form. And such a table suspended in the home and employed in the instruction of the home congregation, is properly termed "Haustafel."
Agreeably to this, Andreas Fabricius, in 1569, called the "Haustafel" a domestic table of works, _tabula operum domestica._ Daniel Kauzmann, in his _Handbook_ (16 sermons on the Catechism) of 1569, says: "It is called "Haustafel" of the Christians because every Christian should daily view it and call to mind therefrom his calling, as from a table which portrays and presents to every one what pertains to him. It teaches all the people who may be in a house what each one ought to do or to leave undone in his calling." (642.)
In his _Catechismus Lutheri_ of 1600 Polycarp Leyser offers the following explanation: "Why are these pa.s.sages called a table? Beyond doubt this is due to the fact that, from of old, good ordinances have been written and graven on tables. So did G.o.d, who prescribed His Law to the Jews in ten commandments on two tables. Similarly Solon wrote the laws of Athens on tables. The Romans also had their law of twelve tables brought from Athens. And so, when the government to-day issues certain commands, it is customary to suspend them on tables, as also princes and lords suspend on tables their court rules. But why is it called "Haustafel" when it also treats of preachers and the government? The reason for this is given by St. Paul, I Tim. 3, where he calls the Church a house of the living G.o.d. For as the housefather in a large house summons his servants and prescribes to each one what he is to do, so G.o.d is also wont to call into certain stations those who have been received into His house by Holy Baptism, and to prescribe to them in this table how each one in his calling shall conduct himself." (641.)
Concerning the purpose of the Table of Duties, Albrecht remarks: "If I am correct, Luther, by these additions, would especially inculcate that Christianity, the essence of which is set forth in the preceding chief parts, must daily be practised." That is certainly correct, for the Catechism must not only be learned, but lived. And the Table of Duties emphasizes the great truth, brought to light again by Luther, that Christianity does not consist in any peculiar form of life; as Romish priests, monks, and nuns held, who separated themselves from the world outwardly, but that it is essentially faith of the heart, which, however, is not to flee into cloisters and solitudes but courageously and cheerfully to plunge into practical life with its natural forms and relations as ordained by Creation, there to be tried as well as glorified. In his _Admonition to the Clergy,_ 1530, Luther says: "Furthermore, by such abominable doctrine all truly good works which G.o.d appointed and ordained were despised and utterly set at naught [by the Papists]. For instance, lord, subject, father, mother, son, daughter, servant, maid were not regarded as good works, but were called worldliness, dangerous estates, and lost works." (W. 30, 2, 291.) The Table of Duties is a protest against such perverted views. For here Luther considers not only the calling of preachers and teachers, but also all those of government and subjects, of fathers, mothers, and children, of masters and servants, of mistresses and maids, of employees and employers, as "holy orders and estates," in which a Christian may live with a good conscience, and all of which the Catechism is to permeate with its truths. "Out into the stream of life with the Catechism you have learned!" Such, then, is the admonition which, in particular, the Table of Duties adds to the preceding parts of the Catechism.
115. Symbolical Authority of Catechisms.
The symbolical authority of Luther"s Catechisms must be distinguished from the practical use to which they were put in church, school, and home. As to his doctrine, Luther knew it to be the pure truth of the divine Word. Hence he could not but demand that every one acknowledge it. Self-evidently this applies also to the doctrinal contents of the Catechisms. Luther, however, did not insist that his Catechisms be made the books of instruction in church, school, and home; he only desired and counseled it. If for the purpose of instruction the form of his Small Catechism did not suit any one, let him, said Luther, choose another. In the Preface to the Small Catechism he declared: "Hence, choose whatever form you think best, and adhere to it forever." Again, "Take the form of these tables or some other short, fixed form of your choice, and adhere to it without the change of a single syllable."
Self-evidently Luther is here not speaking of the doctrine of the Catechism, but of the form to be used for instruction. And with respect to the latter he makes no demands whatever. However, the contents of these books and the name of the author sufficed to procure for them the widest circulation and the most extensive use. Everywhere the doors of churches, schools, and homes were opened to the writings of Luther.
The tables had hardly been published when catechism instruction already generally was given according to Luther"s Explanation. The church regulations, first in Saxony, then also in other lands, provided that Luther"s Small Catechism be memorized word for word, and that preaching be according to the Large Catechism. The Church Order of Henry the Pious, 1539, declares: "There shall not be taught a different catechism in every locality, but one and the same form, as presented by Dr. Martin Luther at Wittenberg, shall be observed everywhere." In 1533 the ministers of Allstaedt were ordered "to preach according to Luther"s Large Catechism." (Kolde, 63.) The authority of the Catechisms grew during the controversies after Luther"s death, when the faithful Lutherans appealed to the Smalcald Articles and especially to Luther"s Catechisms. The Lueneburg Articles of 1561 designate them, together with the Smalcald Articles, as the correct "explication and explanation" of the true sense of the Augustana. The _Corpus Doctrinae Pomeranic.u.m_ of 1564 declares that "the sum of Christian and evangelical doctrine is purely and correctly contained in Luther"s Catechisms." Their authority as a genuinely Lutheran norm of doctrine increased when the Reformed of Germany, in 1563, made the Heidelberg Catechism their particular confession.
Like the Smalcald Articles, Luther"s Catechisms achieved their symbolical authority by themselves, without resolutions of princes estates, and theologians. The Thorough Declaration of the Formula of Concord is merely chronicling actual facts when it adopts the Catechisms for this reason: "because they have been unanimously approved and received by all churches adhering to the Augsburg Confession, and have been publicly used in churches, schools, and homes, and, moreover, because the Christian doctrine from G.o.d"s Word is comprised in them in the most correct and simple way, and, in like manner, is explained, as far as necessary for simple laymen." (852, 8.) The Epitome adds: "And because such matters concern also the laity and the salvation of their souls, we also confess the Small and Large Catechisms of Dr. Luther as they are included in Luther"s works, as the Bible of the laity, wherein everything is comprised which is treated at greater length in Holy Scripture, and is necessary for a Christian man to know for his salvation." (777, 5.)
116. Enemies and Friends of Small Catechism.
In recent times liberal German theologians, pastors, and teachers have endeavored to dislodge Luther"s Small Catechism from its position in church, school, and home. As a rule, these attacks were made in the name of pedagogy; the real cause, however, were their liberal dogmatical views. The form was mentioned and a.s.sailed, but the contents were meant.
As a sample of this hostility we quote the pedagog, philologian, and historian Dr. Ludwig Gurlitt (_Die Zukunft,_ Vol. 17, No. 6, p.222): "At the beginning of the sixteenth century," he says, "a monk eloped from a cloister and wrote a religious book of instruction for the German children. At the time it was a bold innovation, the delight of all freethinkers and men of progress, of all who desired to serve the future. This book, which will soon celebrate its five-[four-]hundredth anniversary, is still the chief book of instruction for German children.