The council of the north was about to undertake its functions. The Duke of Norfolk was to be the first president, and was to enter upon his duties at the end of January.
[Sidenote: Jan. 12. BiG.o.d raises the people.]
BiG.o.d, consulting only a few monks, a certain John Hallam a retainer of Sir Robert Constable, and one or two other insignificant persons, imagined that before his arrival the vantage-ground of Doncaster might be recovered. Had Lord Darcy, or any capable person, been aware of his intentions, he would have been promptly checked; but he kept his secret, except among his own private confederates, till the 12th of January, when he sent out a sudden circular, through Durham and Richmondshire, inviting a muster at Settington. Discontent is an incautious pa.s.sion.
The clergy gave their help, and a considerable number of people collected, though knowing nothing of the object for which they had been called together.[220] Presently Sir Francis BiG.o.d rode up, and mounting a hillock, addressed the crowd.
"He had invited them thither, he said, to warn them that, unless they looked to themselves, they would be all destroyed. Cleveland had risen, and other parts of the bishopric had risen, and all brave men must follow the example. The Duke of Norfolk was coming down with twenty thousand men. The gentlemen were traitors. The people were deceived by a pretended pardon, which was not a pardon, but a proclamation. None were to have the benefit of it, unless they took the king for supreme head of the Church; and that was against the Gospel. If, therefore, he said, you will take my part, I will take yours. You who will follow me, hold up your hands."[221]
They did not know BiG.o.d; but in their humour they would have followed any one who had offered to lead them. Every hand went up. "Who will not go," they cried, "strike off his head!"--"Now is the time to rise, or else never. Forward! forward! forward! forward now! on pain of death.
Forward now, or else never; and we shall have captains just and true; and no gentlemen shall stay us."... The spent force of the great rising could still issue in noise, if in nothing else.
[Sidenote: George Lumley attempts Scarborough, and fails.]
[Sidenote: Hallam fails at Hull, and is taken prisoner.]
Among the crowd was the eldest son of Lord Lumley, taken there, if his own word was true, by little else than curiosity. BiG.o.d saw him; and he was pitched upon to head a party to Scarborough, and seize the castle.
He went unwillingly, with followers little better than a rabble. The townspeople were languid; the castle had been newly entrenched; the black mouths of cannon gaped between the parapets. The insurgents stood gazing for a few hours on their hopeless enterprise, and at the end Lumley stole away out of the town, and left his men to shift as they could. Hull and Beverley were to be attempted on the same day by Hallam and BiG.o.d. In both cases they hoped to succeed by a surprise. At Hull it happened to be the market day. Hallam went thither in a farmer"s dress, with twenty men, the party going in two and two to avoid causing suspicion. He calculated on the a.s.sistance of the crowd who would be collected by the market; but he soon discovered that he was mistaken, and that unless he could escape before his disguise was betrayed, he would be taken prisoner. He had gained the open country with two or three of his followers, when, on looking round, he saw the gates closing. "Fie!" some one cried, "will you go and leave your men behind you?" He turned his horse, intending a rescue. At that moment his bridle was seized; and though he drew his sword, and with his servants made a few minutes" defence, he was overpowered and carried to the town gaol.[222]
[Sidenote: BiG.o.d takes Beverley, but is denounced by Aske and Lord Darcy, and is also taken prisoner.]
BiG.o.d"s fortune was scarcely better. He succeeded in getting possession of Beverley; but the late leaders, whose names still possessed the most authority, Aske, Darcy, and Sir Robert Constable, lost not an instant in disclaiming and condemning his proceedings. His men fell away from him; he was obliged to fly, and he, too, soon after found himself a prisoner.
[Sidenote: Difficult position of Aske, Sir R. Constable, and Lord Darcy.]
Nothing could have been more fortunate for the government, nothing more vexatious to all intelligent friends of the insurrection, than this preposterous outbreak. If the king desired to escape from the conditions of Doncaster, a fresh commotion furnished him with a fair excuse.
Constable sent out orders,[223] imperiously commanding every one to remain quiet. The Duke of Norfolk, he said, was coming only with his private retinue to listen to the complaints of the people. The king was to follow at Whitsuntide, to hold a parliament in the midst of them.
Their present folly was compromising their cause, and would undo their victory. To the king both he and Aske made the most of their exertions to preserve order, and received for them his thanks and acknowledgments.[224] Yet their position was full of danger; and to move either against the rising or in favour of it might equally injure them; they ruined BiG.o.d; but the country people and the clergy, who were half inclined to suspect them before, saw in their circulars only fresh evidence of treachery;[225] their huge party, so lately with the organization of an army, was gaping and splitting everywhere, and they knew not on which side to turn. BiG.o.d"s scattered followers appealed to Aske and Darcy for protection, and Aske at least ventured to engage his word for their pardons. Hallam, who was as popular as he was rash and headstrong, had been taken in arms, and was in the hands of the king"s soldiers at Hull. They must either rescue him and commit themselves to fresh treason, or forfeit the influence which they retained. They consulted anxiously. It was still open to them to draw their swords--to fling themselves on the country, and fight out the cause which they saw too clearly was fading away. But they had lost the tide--and they had lost heart, except for half measures, the snare and ruin of revolutionists.
[Sidenote: February. The Duke of Norfolk arrives with an army.]
Aske ventured in person to Hull, and interceded, with indirect menaces, to prevent Hallam"s execution; a step which compromised himself, and could not benefit the prisoner.[226] The general consequences which he had foreseen all followed as a matter of course. "BiG.o.d," he said bitterly, "had gone about to destroy the effect of the pet.i.tion."[227]
The Duke of Norfolk came at the end of the month; but, under fair pretext of the continued disorders, he brought with him an army, and an army this time composed of men who would do his bidding and ask few questions.[228]
[Sidenote: February 3.]
[Sidenote: Commotions in Westmoreland and Northumberland.]
On the 3d of February he was at Pomfret. He was instructed to respect literally the terms of the pardon, but to punish promptly all offences committed since the issue of it. By the gentlemen he was eagerly welcomed, "being," he wrote, "in the greatest fear of the people that ever I saw men."[229] The East Riding was tolerably quiet; but to the north all was in confusion. The Earl of Westmoreland was in London. The countess was labouring to keep order, "playing the part rather of a knight than of a lady," but with imperfect success. The Countess of Northumberland had also exerted herself n.o.bly. But "there was never so much need of help," wrote Sir Thomas Tempest to Norfolk, "as now; Northumberland is wholly out of rule, and without order to be taken in Tyndal and Redesdale, all mischief shall go at large. The barony of Langley and Hexhamshire, taking example by them, be almost as evil as they be."[230] Similar information came in from Richmond and the Dales, and Westmoreland was in worse condition than either. In place of the disciplined army which had been at Doncaster, an armed mob was spread over the country, pillaging and burning. Happily the latter form of evil was the more easy to deal with. "The gentlemen be in such terror,"
Norfolk said, "that they be afraid to move for their defence." "It shall not be long," he added, "ere I will look on these commons;" nor were they slow in giving him an opportunity.
[Sidenote: Feb. 12. The rebels attack Carlisle, but without success.]
[Sidenote: They again rally, and Norfolk goes to look for them.]
About the 12th of February a rabble from Kendal, Richmond, Hexham, Appleby, and Penrith, collected under one of the Musgraves, about eight thousand in number, and attacked Carlisle. They a.s.saulted the walls, but were beaten back in confusion, and chased for many miles by Sir Thomas Clifford. Clifford"s troops, hastily levied, contained a sprinkling of the professional thieves of the Border. The tendencies of these men getting the better of them, they began to pillage; and the rebels rallying, and probably reinforced, attacked them, and gained some advantage. Norfolk hurried to the scene, taking care to bring the southern levies with him;[231] and he trusted that he had at last found an opportunity of dealing a blow which would finally restore order, and recover Henry"s confidence in him, which had been somewhat shaken. "I doubt not," he wrote to Cromwell, "so to use my company as it shall appear I have seen some wars. This pageant well played, it is likely all this realm shall be in better quiet during our lives. Doubt not, my lord, that I will adventure anything. I know too well what danger it should be to the whole realm if we were overthrown. Now shall appear whether for favour of these countrymen I forbare to fight with them at Doncaster, as ye know the King"s Highness showed me it was thought by some I did. Those that so said shall now be proved false liars."[232]
[Sidenote: A battle is imminent, but the rebels disperse.]
[Sidenote: Martial law proclaimed in Westmoreland and the North Riding of Yorkshire.]
[Sidenote: The king requires the monks andcanons who have been faulty to be tied up.]
The result of a battle in Norfolk"s humour would have been serious to the rebels.[233] They felt it, and their courage failed them; they broke up in panic and dispersed. On inquiry, the last explosion, like the rest, was traced to the monks; those of Sawley, Hexham, Lanercost, Newminster, and St. Agatha, being the most guilty. The duke had the power in his hands, and was determined, once for all, to close these scenes. The impunity of the first insurrection had borne its natural fruits, and wholesome severity could alone restore quiet. Martial law was proclaimed in Durham, Westmoreland, c.u.mberland, and the northern angle of Yorkshire; arrests were made on all sides, and a courier was despatched to inform the king of the final flight of the insurgents, and of the steps which had been taken. Henry answered promptly, sending down his thanks to Sir Thomas Clifford and Sir Christopher Dacre, who had defended Carlisle, with his full approbation of Norfolk"s conduct. "The further you wade," he said, "in the investigation of the behaviour of those persons that call themselves religious, the more you shall detest the great number of them. Our pleasure is, that before you shall close up our banner again you shall cause such dreadful execution to be done upon a good number of the inhabitants of every town, village, and hamlet that have offended, as they may be a fearful spectacle to all others hereafter that would practise any like matter, remembering that it should be much better that these traitors should perish in their unkind and traitorous follies, than that so slender punishment should be done upon them as the dread thereof should not be a warning to others.
Finally, forasmuch as all these troubles have ensued by the solicitation and traitorous conspiracies of the monks and canons of those parts, we desire you at such places as they have conspired or kept their houses with force since the appointment at Doncaster, you shall, without pity or circ.u.mstance, cause all the monks and canons that be in any wise faulty, to be tied up without further delay or ceremony."[234]
[Sidenote: March. Seventy-four persons are executed.]
The command was obeyed. Before the ordinary course of law was restored, seventy-four persons, laity and clergy, were hanged in various towns in Westmoreland and c.u.mberland.[235] The severity was not excessive, but it was sufficient to produce the desired result. The rebellion was finished. The flame was trampled out, and a touch of human pathos hangs over the close. I find among the records a brief entry that "the bodies were cut down and buried by certain women."[236] Hallam and several of his followers were executed at Hull. BiG.o.d, Lumley, and six others were sent to London, to await their trial with the Lincolnshire prisoners who were still in the Tower.
[Sidenote: Reginald Pole arrives in France.]
[Sidenote: Francis refuses to receive him.]
The turn of events promised ill for Reginald Pole, and the nature of his mission was by this time known in England. The fame had spread of the consecrated sword; and James had given fresh umbrage and caused additional suspicion by having married in the midst of the late events the Princess Magdalen of France, without consulting his uncle. The disturbances had been checked opportunely; but great as the danger was known to have been, a further peril had been on the rise to increase its volume. Pole had professed a desire for a reconciliation. The reconciliation, as Pole understood the word, was to be accomplished by the success of the rebellion which he was hastening to a.s.sist by all methods, natural and supernatural; and his affected surprise could scarcely have been genuine when he found himself proclaimed a traitor.
Henry, by his success in England, had meantime recovered the judicious respect of foreign sovereigns. The French amba.s.sador had promised the Pope a favourable reception for his legate at Paris. The legate, on his arrival at Lyons, met his first disappointment in the reports which reached him from his friends at home: approaching the French capital, he received a second and a worse, in an intimation from Francis that he would not be admitted to his presence; that unless he desired to find himself in the custody of his own government he must leave the kingdom immediately. In the treaties between France and England, a mutual promise to give no protection to political offenders was a prominent article. Henry had required Francis to observe his obligations, and they could only be evaded by Pole"s instant disappearance.
[Sidenote: He retreats to Cambray,]
[Sidenote: And is escorted by the regent to Liege.]
[Sidenote: Arrest of Aske, Lord Darcy, and Sir Robert Constable.]
[Sidenote: Treason of Sir John and Lady Bulmer.]
In the cruel blight of his hopes the legate had only to comply. He hastened to Cambray, and sending a courier with the Pope"s letter to the Regent of the Netherlands, he avenged himself by childish complaints, which he poured out to Cromwell.[237] The King of France had been insulted--the sacred privileges of an amba.s.sador had been violated by the monstrous demand for his surrender. He pretended to be ignorant that treaties are made to be observed--and that foreign courts can confer no sacred privilege on the subjects of other countries, as towards their own governments. He reached Cambray in the beginning of April, but he found in the Netherlands a scarcely more cordial reception than in France. He remained in that town under honourable but uneasy restraint till the end of May, when he was obliged to inform the Pope[238] that the regent was in so great awe and fear of "that adversary," the King of England, that she no more dared to receive him than Francis; that he lived in daily fear of being taken prisoner and sent to London, and the utmost favour on which she could venture was to send him under an escort to Liege. To Liege, therefore, he was obliged to retire, and there for the present the bishop"s hospitality allowed him to remain. If his journey had been attended with no other consequences but his own mortification it would scarcely have required to be noticed. Unhappily it was followed by, and probably it occasioned, the destruction of more than one brave man for whom we could have desired a better fate. While at Liege, and even from his entry into France, it is evident, from his letters to the Pope,[239] that he maintained an active correspondence with England. Whether intercepted despatches found their way into the hands of Cromwell, or whether his presence in the neighbourhood invited suspicion, and suspicion led to discovery, is uncertain; we find only that simultaneously with Pole"s arrival at Cambray, Robert Aske, Lord Darcy, and Sir Robert Constable were arrested and taken to the Tower. On mid-Lent Sunday Aske had sent out his letters to "the captains" of various districts, and meetings had been held in consequence.[240] I am unable to ascertain either the objects or the results of these meetings; but "to summon the king"s lieges" for any object after the restoration of quiet was an act of the highest imprudence. In Easter week there was an obscure insurrection in Cleveland. Sir John and Lady Bulmer (or Margaret Cheyne, as she is termed in her indictment) had been invited to London. Lady Bulmer was proved to have said that she would as soon be torn in pieces as go to London unless the Duke of Norfolk"s and Sir Ralph Ellerkar"s heads were off, and then she might go where she would at the head of the commons.
Her chaplain confessed to a plot between the lady, her husband, and other persons, to seize and carry off Norfolk to Wilton Castle;[241] but in the evidence which I have discovered there is nothing to implicate either Aske or his two friends in this project.
[Sidenote: The rule of judgment in the government necessarily harsh.]
That after the part which the latter had played they should have been jealously watched, that actions of doubtful bearing should be construed to their disfavour, was no more than they had a right to expect. Narrow interpretations of conduct, if severe, are inevitable with men who in perilous times thrust themselves into revolutionary prominence. To estimate their treatment fairly, we must ascertain, if possible, from the fragments of surviving informations against them, whether they really showed symptoms of fresh treasonable intent, or whether they were the victims of the irritation created by Pole"s mission, and were less punished for their guilt than because they were dangerous and powerful.
The government insisted that they had clear proof of treason;[242] yet the word "treason" as certainly bore a more general meaning in Cromwell"s estimate than in the estimate of those who continued to regard the first pilgrimage as good service to the state. To the government it was a crime to be expiated by active resistance of all similar attempts, by absolute renunciation of its articles; and if, in contrast to the great body of the northern gentlemen, a few possessed of wide influence continued to maintain that they had done well, if they continued to encourage the people to expect that their pet.i.tions would be granted, if they discouraged a renewal of the commotions avowedly because they would injure the cause, it is certain that by a government surrounded by conspiracy, and emerging with difficulty out of an arduous position, yet determined to persevere in the policy which had created the danger, such men would be regarded with grave suspicion, even if compromised by no further overt acts of disloyalty.
[Sidenote: To what extent were Aske, Darcy, and Constable compromised?]
[Sidenote: The offences which were proved against them.]
But it can scarcely be said that they were wholly uncompromised. Through the months of February and March a series of evidence shows Aske, Darcy, Sir Robert Constable, a gentleman named Levening, and several others, holding aloof as an isolated group, in close and continued intercourse, yet after BiG.o.d"s capture taking no part in the pacification of the country. These men repeatedly, in public and private, a.s.sured the people that the Doncaster articles must be conceded. They were in possession of information respecting the risings in Westmoreland and Cleveland, and yet gave no information to the government. In an intercepted letter to Lord Darcy, Aske spoke of himself as having accomplished a great enterprise,--"as having played his part, and all England should perceive it."[243] It was proved that Darcy, when commanded in January to furnish Pomfret with stores, had repeated his former neglect,--that he and Aske were still in secret possession of cannon belonging to the government, which they had appropriated in the rebellion, and had not restored,--that Aske had interfered with the authorities at Hull to prevent the punishment of traitors taken in arms,[244]--that Constable, in a letter to BiG.o.d, told him that he had chosen a wrong time of the year, that he ought to have waited till the spring,[245]--that Lord Darcy had been heard to say that it was better to rule than be ruled,--"and that where before they had had but two sovereign crowns they would now have four."[246]
The lightest of these charges were symptoms of an animus[247] which the crown prosecutors would regard as treasonable. The secretion of the artillery and Aske"s conduct at Hull would ensure a condemnation where the judges were so anxious to condemn.
[Sidenote: Trials of the Lincolnshire prisoners.]
[Sidenote: A hundred had been surrendered; nineteen were executed.]
The materials for the prosecution were complete. It remained to proceed with the trials. But I must first mention the fate of the prisoners from Lincolnshire, who had been already disposed of. In their case there was not the complication of a pardon. They had been given up hot-handed by their confederates, as the princ.i.p.al instigators of the rebellion. More than a hundred seem to have been sent originally to the Tower. Upwards of half of these were liberated after a short imprisonment. On the 6th of March Sir William Parr, with a special commission, sat at Lincoln, to try the Abbot of Kirkstead, with thirty of the remainder. The Lincoln jury regarded the prisoners favourably; Thomas Moigne, one or the latter, spoke in his defence for three hours so skilfully, according to Sir William Parr"s report, that "but for the diligence of the king"s serjeant," he and all the rest would have been acquitted. Ultimately the crown secured their verdict: the abbot, Moigne, and another were hanged on the following day at Lincoln, and four others a day or two later at Louth and Horncastle.[248] The commission pet.i.tioned for the pardon of the rest. After a delay of a few weeks the king consented, and they were dismissed.[249]
[Sidenote: Trial of Lord Hussey.]