[235] Hall says, at Carlisle, but the official reports, as well as the king"s directions, imply that the executions were not limited to one place.
[236] _MS. State Paper Office_, first series, Vol. II.
[237] "Of the mind of the king towards me I had first knowledge at mine arriving in France; of the which, to shew you the full motive of my mind herein, I was more ashamed to hear, for the compa.s.sion I had to the king"s honour, than moved by any indignation that I, coming not only as amba.s.sador, but as legate in the highest sort of emba.s.sage that is used among Christian princes, a prince of honour should desire another prince of like honour--"Betray the amba.s.sador, betray the legate, and give him into mine amba.s.sador"s hands, to be brought unto me." This was the dishonourable request, as I understand, of the king, which to me I promise you was no great displeasure, but rather, if I should say truth, I took pleasure therein, and said forthwith to my company that I never felt myself to be in full possession to be a cardinal as when I heard those tidings, whereby it pleased G.o.d to send like fortune to me as it did to those heads of the Church whose persons the cardinals do represent. In this case lived the apostles."--Pole to Cromwell: Strype"s _Memorials_, Vol. II. p. 326, &c.
[238] The value of Pole"s accusations against Henry depends so much upon his character that I must be pardoned for scrutinizing his conduct rather closely. In his letter to Cromwell, dated the 2d of May, he insists that his actions had been cruelly misunderstood. Besides making the usual protestations of love and devotion to the king with which all his letters to the English court are filled, he declares, in the most solemn way, that, so far from desiring to encourage the insurgents, he had prevented the Pope from taking the opportunity of putting out the censures which might have caused more troubles. "That he had sent at that time his servant purposely to offer his service to procure by all means the king"s honour, wealth, and greatness, animating, besides, those that were chief of his nearest kin to be constant in the king"s service."--Strype"s _Memorials_, Vol. II. p. 321.
I shall lay by the side of these words a pa.s.sage from his letter to the Pope, written from Cambray on the 18th of the same month.
Both the French and Flemish councils, he says, are urging him to return to Italy:--
"Eo magis quod causa ipsa quae sola me retinere posset, et quae huc sola traxit, ne spem quidem ullam ostendere videtur vel minimo periculo dignam, cur in his locis diutius maneam, populi tumultu qui causam ipsam fovebat ita sedato ut multi supplicio sint affecti, duces autem omnes in regis potestatem venerint."
He goes on to say that the people had been in rebellion in defence of their religion. They had men of n.o.ble birth for their leaders; and nothing, it was thought, would more inspirit the whole party than to hear that one of their own nation was coming with authority to a.s.sist their cause; nothing which would strike deeper terror into their adversaries, or compel them to more equitable conditions.
For the present the tumult was composed, but only by fair words, and promises which had not been observed. A fresh opportunity would soon again offer. Men"s minds were always rather exasperated than conquered by such treatment. The people would never believe the king"s word again; and though for the moment held down by fear, would break out again with renewed fury. He thought, therefore, he had better remain in the neighbourhood, since the chief necessity of the party would be an efficient leader; and to know that they had a leader ready to come to them at any moment, yet beyond the king"s reach, would be the greatest encouragement which they could receive.--Reginald Pole to the Pope: _Epist. Reg. Pol._ Vol. II. p. 46.
[239] Ibid.
[240] Bishop Hilsey to Cromwell: _MS. State Paper Office_, second series, Vol. x.x.xV.
[241] _Rolls House MS._ first series, 416; much injured.
[242] The Privy Council, writing to the Duke of Norfolk, said: "You may divulge the cause of their activity to the people of those parts, that they may the rather perceive their miserable fortune, that, being once so graciously pardoned, would eftsoons combine themselves for the attempting of new treasons ... not conceiving that anything is done for their former offences done before the pardon, which his Grace will in nowise remember or speak of; but for those treasons which they have committed again since in such detestable sort as no good subject would not wish their punishment for the same."--_Hardwicke State Papers_, Vol.
I. p. 43.
[243] _Rolls House MS._ A 2, 28.
[244] Besides his personal interference, Aske, and Constable also, had directed a notorious insurgent named Rudstone, "in any wise to deliver Hallam from Hull."--Ibid.
[245] Sir Ralph Ellerkar called on Constable to join him in suppressing BiG.o.d"s movement. Constable neither came nor sent men, contenting himself with writing letters.--Ibid.
[246] Part of Pole"s mission was to make peace between France and the Empire. The four sovereigns would, therefore, be the Pope, the King of Scotland, Francis, and Charles. I have gathered these accusations out of several groups among the Rolls House MSS., apparently heads of information, Privy Council minutes, and drafts of indictments. The particulars which I have mentioned being repeated frequently in these papers, and with much emphasis, I am inclined to think that they formed the whole of the case.
[247] The proofs of "an animus" were severely construed.
A few clauses from a rough draft of the indictments will show how small a prospect of escape there was for any one who had not resolutely gone over to the government.
Aske wrote to the commons of the north a letter, in which was written, "BiG.o.d intendeth to destroy the effect of our pet.i.tion and commonwealth; whereby," Cromwell concluded, "it appeareth he continued in his false opinion and traitorous heart." In another letter he had said to them, "Your reasonable pet.i.tions shall be ordered by parliament," "showing that he thought that their pet.i.tions were reasonable, and in writing the same he committed treason."
Again, both Constable and he had exhorted the commons to wait for the Duke of Norfolk and the parliament, telling them that the duke would come only with his household servants; "signifying plainly that, if their unreasonable requests were not complied with, they would take the matter in their own hands again."
There are fifty "articles" against them, conceived in the same spirit, of more or less importance.
[248] Sir William Parr to Henry VIII.: _MS. State Paper Office_, Letters to the King and Council, Vol. V. _Rolls House MS._ first series, 76.
[249] Sir William Parr to Cromwell: _MS. State Paper Office_, second series Vol. x.x.xI.
[250] _Baga de Secretis._
[251] Lord Hussey may have the benefit of his own denial. Cromwell promised to intercede for him if he would make a true confession. He replied thus:--
"I never knew of the beginning of the commotion in neither of the places, otherwise than is contained in the bill that I did deliver to Sir Thomas Wentworth, at Windsor. Nor I was never privy to their acts, nor never aided them in will, word, nor deed. But if I might have had 500 men I would have fought with them, or else I forsake my part of heaven; for I was never traitor, nor of none counsel of treason against his Grace; and that I will take my death upon, when it shall please G.o.d and his Highness."
In a postscript he added:
"Now at Midsummer shall be three years, my Lord Darcy, I, and Sir Robert Constable, as we sate at the board, it happened that we spake of Sir Francis BiG.o.d, (how) his priest, in his sermons, likened Our Lady to a pudding when the meat was out, with many words more; and then my Lord Darcy said that he was a naughty priest; let him go; for in good sooth I will be none heretic; and so said I, and likewise Sir Robert Constable; for we will die Christian men."--_MS. State Paper Office_, second series, Vol. XVIII.
[252] "And whereas your lordship doth write that, in case the consciences of such persons as did acquit Levening should be examined, the fear thereof might trouble others in like case, the King"s Majesty considering his treason to be most manifest, apparent, and confessed, and that all offenders in that case be princ.i.p.als, and none accessories, doth think it very necessary that the means used in that matter may be searched out, as a thing which may reveal many other matters worthy his Highness"s knowledge; and doth therefore desire you not only to signify their names, but also to travel all that you can to beat out the mystery."--Privy Council to the Duke of Norfolk: _Hardwicke State Papers_, Vol. I. p. 46.
[253] The list is in the _Rolls MS._ first series, 284. Opposite the name of each juror there is a note in the margin, signifying his connexions among the prisoners.
[254] Compare _Baga de Secretis_, pouch X. bundle 2, and _Rolls House MS._, first series, 284.
[255] Word illegible in the MS.
[256] _MS._ in Cromwell"s own hand: _Rolls House_, A 2, 29, fol. 160 and 161.
[257] _Rolls House MS._ first series. 207.
[258] _MS._ ibid. 1401.
[259] Depositions relating to Lord Delaware: _Rolls House MS._
[260] _MS. State Paper Office, Domestic_, Vol. XII.
[261] Ibid.
[262] _MS. Cotton. t.i.tus_, B 1, 457.
[263] For instance, Sir Thomas Percy"s eldest son inherited the earldom of Northumberland; unfortunately, also his father"s politics and his father"s fate. He was that Earl of Northumberland who rose for Mary of Scotland against Elizabeth.
[264] Lady Bulmer seems from the depositions to have deserved as serious punishment as any woman for the crime of high treason can be said to have deserved. One desires to know whether in any cla.s.s of people there was a sense of compunction for the actual measure inflicted by the law.
The following is a meagre, but still welcome, fragment upon this subject:--
"Upon Whitsunday, at breakfast, certain company was in the chauntry at Thame, when was had speech and communication of the state of the north country, being that proditors against the King"s Highness should suffer to the number of ten; amongst which proditors the Lady Bulmer should suffer. There being Robert Jones, said it is a pity that she should suffer. Then to that answered John Strebilhill, saying it is no pity, if she be a traitor to her prince, but that she should have after her deserving. Then said Robert Jones, let us speak no more of this matter; for men may be blamed for speaking of the truth."--_Rolls House MS._ first series, 1862.
[265] _MS. State Paper Office_: ---- to Henry Saville.
[266] A second cause "is our most dear and most entirely beloved wife the queen, being now quick with child, for the which we give most humble thanks to Almighty G.o.d, albeit she is in every condition of that loving inclination and reverend conformity, that she can in all things well content, satisfy, and quiet herself with that thing which we shall think expedient and determine; yet, considering that, being a woman, upon some sudden and displeasant rumours and brutes that might be blown abroad in our absence, she might take impressions which might engender danger to that wherewith she is now pregnant, which G.o.d forbid, it hath been thought necessary that we should not extend our progress this year so far from her."--Henry VIII. to the Duke of Norfolk: _State Papers_, Vol.
I. p. 552.
[267] _MS. Rolls House_, A 2, 28.
[268] A curious drawing of Hull, which was made about this time, with the plans of the new fortifications erected by Henry, is in the Cotton Library. A gallows stands outside the gate, with a body hanging on it, which was probably meant for Constable"s.
[269] "Immediately tofore Sir Robert Constable should receive his rights, it was asked of him if that his confession put in writing was all that he did know. To which he made answer that it was all.
Notwithstanding he knew, besides that, sundry naughty words and high cracks that my Lord Darcy had blown out, which he thought not best to shew so long as the said lord was on life, partly because they should rather do hurt than good, and partly because he had no proof of them.