He then proceeds to give a "receipt to make an epic poem," and after giving directions for the "fable," the "manners," and the "machines," he comes to the "descriptions."
"_For a Tempest._--Take Eurus, Zephyr, Auster, and Boreas, and cast them together in one verse. Add to these of rain, lightning, and of thunder (the loudest you can,) _quantum sufficit_. Mix your clouds and billows well together until they foam, and thicken your description here and there with a quicksand. Brew your tempest well in your head before you set it a blowing.
"_For a Battle._--Pick a large quant.i.ty of images and descriptions from Homer"s "Iliad," with a spice or two of Virgil, and if there remain any overplus, you may lay them by for a skirmish. Season it well with simiters, and it will make an excellent battle.
"_For the Language_--(I mean the diction.) Here it will do well to be an imitator of Milton, for you will find it easier to imitate him in this, than in anything else. Hebraisms and Grecisms are to be found in him without the trouble of learning the languages. I knew a painter who (like our poet) had no genius, make his daubings to be thought originals by setting them in the smoke. You may in the same manner give the venerable air of antiquity to your piece, by darkening it up and down with old English. With this you may be easily furnished upon any occasion by the dictionary commonly printed at the end of Chaucer.
"I must not conclude without cautioning all writers without genius in one material point, which is, never to be afraid of having too much fire in their works. I should advise rather to take their warmest thoughts, and spread them abroad upon paper; for they are observed to cool before they are read."
In an article on laughter by Dr. Birch, Prebendary of Worcester, we have the following fanciful list of those who indulge in it:--
"The dimplers, the smilers, the laughers, the grimacers, the horse-laughers.
"The dimple is practised to give a grace to the features, and is frequently made a bait to entangle a gazing lover; this was called by the ancients the chin laugh.
"The smile is for the most part confined to the fair s.e.x and their male retinue. It expresses our satisfaction in a silent sort of approbation, doth not too much disorder the features, and is practised by lovers of the most delicate address. This tender motion of the physignomy the ancients called the Ionic laugh.
"The laugh among us is the common risus of the ancients. The grin by writers of antiquity is called the Syncrusian, and it was then, as it is at this time, made use of to display a beautiful set of teeth.
"The horse-laugh, or the sardonic, is made use of with great success in all kinds of disputation. The proficients in this kind, by a well-timed laugh, will baffle the most solid argument. This upon all occasions supplies the want of reason, is always received with great applause in coffee-house disputes, and that side the laugh joins with is generally observed to gain the better of his antagonist."
In an amusing article upon punning, he gives the following instance of its beneficial effects:--
"A friend of mine who had the ague this Spring was, after the failing of several medicines and charms, advised by me to enter into a course of quibbling. He threw his electuaries out of his window, and took Abracadabra off from his neck, and by the mere force of punning upon that long magical word, threw himself into a fine breathing sweat, and a quiet sleep. He is now in a fair way of recovery, and says pleasantly, he is less obliged to the Jesuits for their powder, than for their equivocation."
Several periodicals of a similar character were afterwards published by Steele and others, but they wanted the old "salt," and were not equally successful.
Thus, in 1745, a humorous periodical of a somewhat different character was attempted, which went through eight weekly numbers. It was called "The Agreeable Companion; or an Universal Medley of Wit and Good Humour." There was little original matter in it, but the proprietor recognized the desirability of having pieces by various hands, and so made long extracts from Prior, Gay, and Fenton. Although there was a considerable number of epitaphs, riddles, and fables, nearly all the jests were well known and trite. But the subjoined have a certain amount of neatness.
TO DORCAS.
"Oh! what bosom must but yield, When like Pallas you advance, With a thimble for your shield, And a needle for your lance; Fairest of the st.i.tching train, Ease my pa.s.sion by your art, And in pity to my pain, Mend the hole that"s in my heart."
TO SALLY, AT THE CHOP-HOUSE.
"Dear Sally, emblem of thy chop-house ware, As broth reviving, and as white bread fair; As small beer grateful, and as pepper strong, As beef-steak tender, as fresh pot-herbs young; Sharp as a knife, and piercing as a fork, Soft as new b.u.t.ter, white as fairest pork; Sweet as young mutton, brisk as bottled beer, Smooth as is oil, juicy as cuc.u.mber, And bright as cruet void of vinegar.
O, Sally! could I turn and shift my love With the same skill that you your steaks can move, My heart, thus cooked, might prove a chop-house feast, And you alone should be the welcome guest.
But, dearest Sal! the flames that you impart, Like chop on gridiron, broil my tender heart!
Which if thy kindly helping hand be n"t nigh, Must like an up-turned chop, hiss, brown, and fry; And must at least, thou scorcher of my soul, Shrink, and become an undistinguished coal."
As the idea gradually gained ground that it would be necessary that the public, or a considerable number of writers, should take part in the literary work of a periodical, we now find a more important and promising publication called a magazine, and having the grand t.i.tle of "The Wonderful Magazine!" It went through three monthly numbers in 1764.
Even this was not intended to be exclusively humorous, but was to contain light stories as well as paradoxes and inquiries; the editor observing in the introduction that "a tailor"s pattern-book must consist of various colours and various cloths; and what one thinks fashionable, another deems ridiculous." To help the new enterprise, an incentive to emulation was proposed by the offer of two silver medals, one for the most humorous tale, and the other for the best answer to a prize enigma.
The Magazine contained a long story of enchantments, a dramatic scene full of conflicts and violence, some old _bons mots_, and pieces of indifferent poetry. The editor had evidently no good source to draw from, and the best pieces in the work are the following:--
"Belinda has such wondrous charms, "Tis heaven to be within her arms; And she"s so charitably given, She wishes all mankind in heaven."
and
_A copy of Verses on Mr. Day, Who from his Landlord ran away._ "Here Day and Night conspired a sudden flight, For Day, they say, is run away by Night, Day"s past and gone. Why, landlord, where"s your rent?
Did you not see that Day was almost spent?
Day p.a.w.ned and sold, and put off what we might, Though it be ne"er so dark, Day will be light; You had one Day a tenant, and would fain Your eyes could see that Day but once again.
No, landlord, no; now you may truly say (And to your cost, too,) you have lost the Day.
Day is departed in a mist; I fear, For Day is broke, and yet does not appear.
"But how, now, landlord, what"s the matter, pray?
What! you can"t sleep, you long so much for Day?
Cheer up then, man; what though you"ve lost a sum, Do you not know that pay-day yet will come?
I will engage, do you but leave your sorrow, My life for yours, Day comes again to-morrow; And for your rent--never torment your soul, You"ll quickly see Day peeping through a hole."
Births, deaths, and marriages are recorded in this Magazine, under such headings as "The Merry Gossips," "The Kissing Chronicle," and "The Undertaker"s Harvest-Home," or "The Squallers--a tragi-comedy," "All for Love," and "Act V. Scene the Last."
It seems to have been more easy at that time to collect wonders than witticisms--perhaps also the former were more appreciated, for the "Wonderful Magazine" was re-commenced in 1793, and went through sixty weekly numbers. It was intended to be humorous as well as marvellous, but the latter element predominated. Here we have accounts and engravings of witches, and of men remarkable for height and corpulence, for mental gifts or strange habits--a man is noticed who never took off his clothes for forty years. One of the most interesting biographies is that of Thomas Britton, known as "the musical small-coal man," who started the first musical society, and, notwithstanding his lowly calling, had great wit and literary attainments, and was intimate with Handel, and many n.o.blemen. Probably he would not have obtained a place in this Magazine but for the circ.u.mstances of his death. There was, it seems, one Honeyman, a blacksmith, who was a ventriloquist, and could speak with his mouth closed. He was introduced to Britton, and, by way of a joke, told him in a sepulchral voice that he should die in a few hours. Britton never recovered the shock, but died a few days afterwards in 1714. Among the humorous pieces in this Magazine, we have:--
A DREADFUL SIGHT.
I saw a peac.o.c.k with a fiery tail I saw a comet drop down hail I saw a cloud begirt with ivy round I saw a st.u.r.dy oak creep on the ground I saw a pismire swallow up a whale I saw the sea brimful of ale I saw a Venice gla.s.s full six feet deep I saw a well filled with men"s tears that weep I saw men"s eyes all in a flame of fire I saw a house high as the moon and higher I saw the sun even at midnight I saw the man who saw this dreadful sight.
There are a few amusing anecdotes in it, such as that about Alphonso, King of Naples. It says that he had a fool who recorded in a book the follies of the great men of the Court. The king sent a Moor in his household to the Levant to buy horses, for which he gave him ten thousand ducats, and the fool marked this as a piece of folly. Some time afterwards the king asked for the book to look over it, was surprised to find his own name, and asked why it was there. "Because," said the jester, "you have entrusted your money to one you are never likely to see again." "But if he does come again," demanded the king, "and brings me the horses, what folly have I committed?" "Well, if he does return,"
replied the fool, "I"ll blot out your name and put in his."
We also find some puns remarkable for an absurdity so extravagant as to be noteworthy. There is a string of derivations of names of places constructed in the following manner:--
"When the seamen on board the ship of Christopher Columbus came in sight of San Salvador, they burst out into exuberant mirth and jollity. "The lads are in a merry key," cried the commodore.
America is now the name of half the globe.
"The city of Albany was originally settled by Scotch people. When strangers on their arrival there asked how the new comers did, the answer was "All bonny." The spelling is now a little altered but the sound is the same.
"When the French first settled on the banks of the river St.
Lawrence, they were stinted by the intendant, Monsieur Picard, to a can of spruce beer a day. The people thought this measure very scant, and were constantly exclaiming, "Can-a-day!" It would be ungenerous of any reader to require a more rational derivation of the word Canada."
No name is more familiar to us in connection with humour than that of "Joe" (Josias) Miller. He was well known as a comedian, between 1710 and 1738, and had considerable natural talent, but was unable to read. He owes his celebrity to popular jest books having been put forward in his name soon after his death.[9] It was common at that time, as we have seen in the case of Scogan, for compilers to seek to give currency to their humorous collections by attributing them to some celebrated wit of the day. To Jo Miller was attributed the humour most effective at the period in which he lived, and it has since pa.s.sed as a byword for that which is broad and pointless. Sometimes it merely suggests staleness, and I have heard it said that he must have been the cleverest man in the world, for n.o.body ever heard a good story related that someone did not afterwards say that it was "a Jo Miller."
A question may here be raised whether these humorous sayings, which are similar in all ages, have been handed down or re-invented over and over again. It must be admitted that the minds of men have a tendency to move in the same direction, and may have struck upon the same points in ages widely separated. In reading general literature, we constantly find the same thought suggesting itself to different writers, and I have known two people, who had no acquaintance with each other, make precisely the same joke--original in both cases. On the other hand, the rarity of genuine humour has given a permanent character to many clever sayings, and there has always been a demand for them to enliven the convivial and social intercourse of mankind. Their subtlety--the small points on which they turn--makes it difficult to remember them, but there will be always some men, who will treasure them for the delectation of their friends.
It is remarkable that people are never tired of repeating humorous sayings, though they are soon wearied of hearing a repet.i.tion of them by others. A man who cannot endure to hear a joke three times, will keep telling the same one over and over all his life, and but for this, fewer good stories would survive. The pleasure derived from humour, while it lasts, is greater than that from sentiment or wisdom; hence we repeat it more in daily converse than poetry or proverbs, and the constant reproduction of it until it is reduced to a mere phantom, causes its influence to appear more transient than it is.
And hence, although humour is generally "fleeting as the flowers," some of the jests, which pa.s.s with us as new, are more than two thousand years old. Porson said that he could trace back all the "Joe Millers" to a Greek origin. The domestic cat--the cause of many of our household calamities--was in full activity in the days of Aristophanes. Then, as now, mourners had recourse to the friendly onion; and if Pythagoreans had never dreamed of a donkey becoming a man, they had often known a man to become a donkey. If they were not able to skin a flint, they knew well what was meant by "skinning a flayed dog," and "shearing an a.s.s."
These and similar sayings, being of a simple character, may have been due to the same thought occurring to different minds, and this may be the case even where there is more point; thus, "an a.s.s laden with gold will get into the strongest fortress," has been attributed to Frederick the Great and to Napoleon, and may have been due to both. The saying "Treat a friend as though he would one day become an enemy," has been attributed to Lord Chesterfield, to Publius Syrus, and even to Bias, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. Many may exclaim, "Perish those who have said our good things before us!"
But where the saying is very remarkable, or depends on some peculiar circ.u.mstances, we may conclude that there is one original, and that upon this pivot a number of different names and characters have been made to revolve. It has been ascribed to or appropriated by many. We have read of two eminent comic writers in cla.s.sical times dying of laughter at seeing an a.s.s eat figs. Here it is most probable that there was some standing joke upon this subject, or that some instance of the kind occurred, and so this strange death came to be attributed to several individuals. The saying,
"On two days is a wife enjoyable, That of her bridal and her burial,"
attributed to Palladas in the fifth century A.D., was really due to Hipponax in the fifth century B.C.