CHAPTER XVIII.
d.i.c.kens--Sympathy with the Poor--Vulgarity--Geniality--Mrs.
Gamp--Mixture of Pathos and Humour--Lever and d.i.c.kens compared--d.i.c.kens" power of Description--General Remarks.
We shall be paying Hood no undue compliment if we couple his name with that of d.i.c.kens as betokening the approach of milder and gentler sentiments. They were themselves the chief pioneers of the better way.
Hitherto the poor and uneducated had been regarded with a certain amount of contempt; their language and stupidity had formed fertile subjects for the coa.r.s.e ridicule of the humorist. But now a change was in progress; broader views were gaining ground, and a time was coming when men, notwithstanding the accidents of birth and fortune, should feel mutual sympathy, and
"brothers be for a" that."
With d.i.c.kens the poor man was not a mere clown or blockhead; but beneath his "hodden gray" often carried good feeling, intelligence, and wit. He was rather humorous than ludicrous, and had some dignity of character.
Since his time, consideration for the poor has greatly increased; we see it in the large charitable gifts, which are always increasing--in the interest taken in schools and hospitals. Probably the respectable and quiet character of the labouring cla.s.ses has contributed to raise them in the estimation of the richer part of the community.
A large portion of English humour is now employed upon so-called vulgarity. The modification of feeling with regard to the humbler cla.s.ses has caused changes in the signification of this word. Originally derived from "vulgus," the crowd, it meant that roughness of language and manner which is found among the less educated. It did not properly imply anything culpable, but had a bad sense given it by those who considered "gentlemanly" to imply some moral superiority. The worship of wealth so caused the signification of this latter word to exceed its original reference to high birth, that we now hear people say that there are real gentlemen among the poorer cla.s.ses; and, conversely, we at times speak of the vulgarity of the rich, as of their pride, impertinence, or affectation--just as Fielding used the word "mob" to signify contemptible people of any cla.s.s. It is evident that some moral superiority or deficiency is thus implied. There may be, on the whole, some foundation for such distinctions, but they are not so much recognised as they were, scarcely at all in the cases of individuals, and the provincial accents and false grammar of the poor are more amusing than formerly, because we take a kindlier interest in that cla.s.s.
M. Taine does not seem to have exercised his usual penetration when he says that English humour "far from agreeable, and bitter in taste, like their own beverages, abounds in d.i.c.kens. French sprightliness, joy, and gaiety is a kind of good wine only grown in the lands of the sun. In its insular state it leaves an aftertaste of vinegar. The man who jests here is seldom kindly and never happy; he feels and censures the inequalities of life." On the contrary, we are inclined to think that French humour is fully as severe as English--they have such sayings as that "a man without money is a body without blood," and their great wits were not generally free from bitterness.
There is little that is personal or offensive in d.i.c.kens. It is said that he was threatened with a prosecution for producing the character of Squeers, but in general his puppets are too artificial to excite any personal resentment. There are evidently set up merely to be knocked down. Few would identify themselves with Heap or Scrooge, and although the moral taught is appreciated by all, no cla.s.s is. .h.i.t, but only men who seem to be preeminent in churlishness or villainy. d.i.c.kens is remarkable for his gentleness whenever his humour touches the poor, and while he makes amus.e.m.e.nt out of their simplicity and ignorance, he throws in some sterling qualities. They often form the princ.i.p.al characters in his books, and there is nearly always in them something good-natured and sympathetic. Sam Weller is a pleasant fellow, so is Boots at the Holly Tree Inn. Mrs. Jarley, who travels about to fairs with wax-works, is a kindly and hospitable old party. She asks Nell and her grandfather to take some refreshment--
"The grandfather humbly pulled off his hat and thanked her. The lady of the caravan then bade him come up the stairs, but the drum proving an inconvenient table for two, they descended again and sat upon the gra.s.s, where she handed down to them the tea-tray, the bread and b.u.t.ter, the knuckle of ham, and in short everything of which she had partaken herself, except the bottle which she had already embraced an opportunity of slipping into her pocket.
""Set "em out near the hind wheels, child, that"s the best place,"
said their friend superintending the arrangements from above. "Now hand up the tea-pot for a little more hot water, and a pinch of fresh tea, and then both of you eat and drink as much as you can, and don"t spare anything; that"s all I ask you."
"While they were thus engaged the lady of the caravan alighted on the earth, and with her hands clasped behind her, and her large bonnet trembling excessively, walked up and down in a measured tread and very stately manner surveying the caravan from time to time with an air of calm delight and deriving particular gratification from the red panels and bra.s.s knocker. When she had taken this gentle exercise for some time, she sat down upon the steps and called "George," whereupon a man in a carter"s frock, who had been so shrouded in a hedge up to this time as to see everything that pa.s.sed without being seen himself, parted the twigs that concealed him and appeared in a sitting att.i.tude supporting on his legs a baking dish, and a half gallon stone bottle, and bearing in his right hand a knife, and in his left a fork.
""Yes, missus," said George.
""How did you find the cold pie, George?"
""It worn"t amiss, mum."
""And the beer?" said the lady of the caravan with an appearance of being more interested in this question than the last, "is it pa.s.sable, George?"
""It"s more flatterer than it might be," George returned, "but it a"nt so bad for all that."
"To set the mind of his mistress at rest, he took a sip (amounting in quant.i.ty to a pint or thereabouts) from the stone bottle, and then smacked his lips, winked his eye, and nodded his head. No doubt with the same amiable desire he immediately resumed his knife and fork as a practical a.s.surance that the beer had wrought no bad effect upon his appet.i.te.
"The lady of the caravan looked on approvingly for some time and then said,
""Have you nearly finished?"
"Wery nigh, mum," and indeed after sc.r.a.ping the dish all round with his knife and carrying the choice brown morsels to his mouth, and after taking such a scientific pull at the stone bottle that, by degrees almost imperceptible to the sight, his head went farther and farther back until he lay nearly at his full length upon the ground, this gentleman declared himself quite disengaged, and came forth from his retreat.
""I hope I haven"t hurried you, George," said his mistress, who appeared to have a great sympathy with his late pursuit.
""If you have," returned the fellow, wisely reserving himself for any favourable contingency, "we must make it up next time, that"s all.""
Mrs. Gamp has a touch of sympathy in her exuberance. Contemplating going down to the country with the d.i.c.kens" company of actors, she tells us--
"Which Mrs. Harris"s own words to me was these, "Sairey Gamp," she says, "why not go to Margate? Srimps," says that dear creetur, "is to your liking. Sairey, why not go to Margate for a week, bring your const.i.tution up with srimps, and come back to them loving arts as knows and wallies you, blooming? Sairey," Mrs. Harris says, "you are but poorly. Don"t denige it, Mrs. Gamp, for books is in your looks. You must have rest. Your mind," she says, "is too strong for you; it gets you down and treads upon you, Sairey. It is useless to disguige the fact--the blade is a wearing out the sheets." "Mrs. Harris," I says to her, "I could not undertake to say, and I will not deceive you ma"am, that I am not the woman I could wish to be. The time of worrit as I had with Mrs. Colliber, the baker"s lady, which was so bad in her mind with her first, that she would not so much as look at bottled stout, and kept to gruel through the month, has agued me, Mrs. Harris. But, ma"am," I says to her, "talk not of Margate, for if I do go anywhere it is elsewheres, and not there." "Sairey," says Mrs. Harris solemn, "whence this mystery? If I have ever deceived the hardest-working, soberest, and best of women, mention it." ... "Mrs. Harris, then,"
I says, "I have heard as there is an expedition going down to Manjester and Liverpool a playacting, If I goes anywhere for change it is along with that." Mrs. Harris clasps her hands, and drops into a chair, "And have I lived to hear," she says, "of Sairey Gamp, as always kept herself respectable, in company with play-actors." "Mrs. Harris," I says to her, "be not alarmed, not reg"lar play-actors--hammertoors." "Thank Evans!" says Mrs. Harris, and bustizes into a flood of tears,"
d.i.c.kens saw with Hood the power to be obtained by uniting pathos with humour. Such an intermixture at first appears inharmonious, but in reality produces sweet music. There is something corresponding to the course of external nature with its light and shade its sunshine and showers, in this melancholy chased away by mirth, and joy merging into sadness. Here, d.i.c.kens has held up the mirror, and shown a bright reflection of the outer world. Out of many choice specimens, we may select the following from the speech of the Cheap Jack--
""Now, you country b.o.o.bies," says I, feeling as if my heart was a heavy weight at the end of a broken sash-line, "I give you notice that I am going to charm the money out of your pockets, and to give you so much more than your money"s worth that you"ll only persuade yourselves to draw your Sat.u.r.day-night"s wages ever again afterwards, by the hopes of meeting me to lay "em out with, which you never will; and why not? Because I"ve made my fortune by selling my goods on a large scale for seventy-five per cent less than I give for them, and I am consequently to be elevated to the House of Peers next week by the t.i.tle of the Duke of Cheap, and Markis Jack-a-looral."
He puts up a lot and after recommending it with all his eloquence pretends to knock it down--
"As there had been no bid at all, everybody looked about and grinned at everybody, while I touched little Sophy"s face (he was holding her in his arms) and asked her if she felt faint or giddy.
"Not very, father; it will soon be over." Then turning from the pretty patient eyes, which were opened now, and seeing nothing but grins across my lighted greasepot. I went on again in my cheap Jack style. "Where"s the butcher?" (my mournful eye had just caught sight of a fat young butcher on the outside of the crowd) "She says the good luck is the butcher"s, where is he?" Everybody handed over the blushing butcher to the front, and there was a roar, and the butcher felt himself obliged to put his hand in his pocket and take the lot. The party so picked out in general does feel obliged to take the lot--good four times out of six. Then we had another lot the counterpart of that one and sold it sixpence cheaper, which is always very much enjoyed. Then we had the spectacles. It ain"t a special profitable lot, but I put "em on, and I see what the Chancellor of the Exchequer is going to take off the taxes, and I see what the sweetheart of the young woman in the shawl is doing at home, and I see what the Bishops has got for dinner, and a deal more that seldom fails to fetch up their spirits, and the better their spirits the better they bids. Then we had the ladies"
lot--the tea-pots, tea-caddy, gla.s.s sugar-basin, half-a-dozen spoons, and caudle cup--and all the time I was making similar excuses to give a look or two, and say a word or two to my poor child. It was while the second ladies" lot was holding "em enchained that I felt her lift herself a little on my shoulder to look across the dark street. "What troubles you darling?" "Nothing troubles me, father, I am not at all troubled. But don"t I see a pretty churchyard over there?" "Yes, my dear." "Kiss me twice, dear father, and lay me down to rest upon that churchyard gra.s.s, so soft and green." I staggered back into the cart with her head dropped on my shoulder, and I says to her mother, "Quick, shut the door! Don"t let those laughing people see." "What"s the matter?" she cries, "O woman, woman," I tells her, "you"ll never catch my little Sophy by her hair again, for she has flown away from you.""
d.i.c.kens" strongest characters, and those he loved most to paint, are such as contain foibles and eccentricities, or much dulness and ignorance in conjunction with the best feelings and intentions, so that his teaching seems rather to be that we should look beyond mere external trifles. Those he attacks are mostly middle-cla.s.s people, or those slightly below them--the dogs in office, and the dogs in the manger. The artifice and cunning of the waiter of the Hotel at Yarmouth, where little Copperfield awaits the coach, is excellently represented.
"The waiter brought me some chops and vegetables, and took the covers off in such a bouncing manner, that I was afraid I must have given him some offence. But he greatly relieved my mind by putting a chair for me at the table, and saying very affably "Now sixfoot come on!"
"I thanked him and took my seat at the board; but found it extremely difficult to handle my knife and fork with anything like dexterity, or to avoid splashing myself with the gravy, while he was standing opposite, staring so hard, and making me blush in the most dreadful manner every time I caught his eye. After watching me into the second chop, he said:
"There"s half a pint of ale for you, will you have it now?"
"I thanked him and said "Yes"--upon which he poured it out of a jug into a large tumbler, and held it up against the light and made it look beautiful.
""My eye!" he said "It seems a good deal, don"t it."
""It does seem a good deal," I answered with a smile, for it was quite delightful to me to find him so pleasant. He was a twinkling-eyed, purple-faced man, with his hair standing upright all over his head; and as he stood with one arm akimbo, holding up the gla.s.s to the light, with one hand he looked quite friendly.
""There was a gentleman here yesterday," he said, "a stout gentleman by the name of Topsawyer, perhaps you know him?"
""No," I said, I don"t think--
""In breeches and gaiters, broad-brimmed hat, grey coat, speckled choker," said the waiter.
""No," I said bashfully, "I hav"n"t the pleasure--"
""He came here," said the waiter, looking at the light through the tumbler, "ordered a gla.s.s of this ale, _would_ order it, I told him not--drank it, and fell dead. It was too old for him. It oughtn"t to be drawn, that"s the fact."
"I was very much shocked to hear of this melancholy accident, and said I thought I had better have some water. "Why, you see," said the waiter, looking at the light through the tumbler with one of his eyes shut, "our people don"t like things being ordered and left. It offends them. But I"ll drink it, if you like. I"m used to it, and use is everything. I don"t think it will hurt me if I throw my head back and take it off quick; shall I?"
"I replied that he would much oblige me by drinking it, if he thought he could do it safely, but by no means otherwise. When he did throw his head back and take it off quick, I had a horrible fear, I confess, of seeing him meet the fate of the lamented Topsawyer, and fall lifeless on the carpet. But it did not hurt him. On the contrary. I thought he seemed the fresher for it. "What have we got here?" he said, putting a fork into my dish. "Not chops?"
""Chops." I said.
""Lord bless my soul," he exclaimed, "I didn"t know they were chops. Why, a chop"s the very thing to take off the bad effect of that beer. Ain"t it lucky?"
"So he took a chop by the bone in one hand and a potato in the other, and ate away with a very good appet.i.te to my extreme satisfaction. He afterwards took another chop and another potato, and after that another chop and another potato. When we had done he brought me a pudding, and having set it before me seemed to ruminate, and to be absent in his mind for some moments.
""How"s the pie?" he said, rousing himself.