VIII.
Marat was born in Switzerland. A writer without talent, a _savant_ without reputation, with a desire for fame without having received from society or nature the means of acquiring either, he revenged himself on all that was great not only in society but in nature. Genius was as hateful to him as aristocracy. Wherever he saw any thing elevated or striking he hunted it down as though it were a deadly enemy. He would have levelled creation. Equality was his mania, because superiority was his martyrdom; he loved the Revolution because it brought down all to his level; he loved it even to blood, because blood washed out the stain of his long-during obscurity; he made himself a public denouncer by the popular t.i.tle; he knew that denouncement is flattery to all who tremble, and the people are always trembling. A real prophet of demagogueism, inspired by insanity, he gave his nightly dreams to daily conspiracies.
The Seid of the people, he interested it by his self-devotion to its interests. He affected mystery like all oracles. He lived in obscurity, and only went out at night; he only communicated with his fellows with the most sinistrous precautions. A subterranean cell was his residence, and there he took refuge safe from poignard and poison. His journal affected the imagination like something supernatural. Marat was wrapped in real fanaticism. The confidence reposed in him nearly amounted to worship. The fumes of the blood he incessantly demanded had mounted to his brain. He was the delirium of the Revolution, himself a living delirium!
IX.
Brissot, as yet obscure, wrote _Le Patriote Francais_. A politician, and aspiring to leading parts, he only excited revolutionary pa.s.sions in proportion as he hoped one day to govern by them. At first a const.i.tutionalist and friend of Necker and Mirabeau, a hireling before he became a _doctrinaire_, he saw in the people only a sovereign more suitable to his own ambition. The republic was his rising sun; he approached it as to his own fortune, but with prudence, and frequently looking behind him to see if opinion followed his traces.
Condorcet, an aristocrat by genius, although an aristocrat by birth, became a democrat from philosophy. His pa.s.sion was the transformation of human reason. He wrote _La Chronique de Paris_.
Carra, an obscure demagogue, had created for himself a name of fear in the _Annales Patriotiques_. Freron, in the _Orateur du Peuple_, rivalled Marat. Fauchet, in the _Bouche de Fer_, elevated democracy to a level with religious philosophy. The "last not least," Laclos, an officer of artillery, author of an obscene novel, and the confidant of the Duc d"Orleans, edited the _Journal des Jacobins_, and stirred up through France the flame of ideas and words of which the focus was in the clubs.
All these men used their utmost efforts to impel the people beyond the limits which Barnave had prescribed to the event of the 21st June. They desired to avail themselves of the instant when the throne was left empty to obliterate it from the const.i.tution. They overwhelmed the king with insults and objurgations, in order that the a.s.sembly might not dare to replace at the head of their inst.i.tutions a prince whom they had vilified. They clamoured for interrogatory, sentence, forfeiture, abdication, imprisonment, and hoped to degrade royalty for ever by degrading the king. The republic saw its hour for the first moment, and trembled to allow it to escape. All these hands at once urged men"s minds towards a decisive movement. Articles in the journals provoked motions, motions pet.i.tions, and pet.i.tions riots. The altar of the country in the Champ-de-Mars, which remained erected for a new federation, was the place which was already pointed out for the a.s.semblies of the people. It was the _Mons Aventinus_, whither it was to retire, and whence it was to dictate to a timid and corrupt senate.
"No more king,--let us be republicans," wrote Brissot in the _Patriote_.
"Such is the cry at the Palais Royal, and it does not gain ground fast enough; it would seem as though it were blasphemy. This repugnance for a.s.suming the name of the condition in which the state _actually is_ is very extraordinary in the eyes of philosophy." "No king! no protector!
no regent! Let us have done with man-eaters of every sort and kind,"
re-echoed the _Bouche de Fer_. "Let the eighty-three departments enter into a federation, and declare that they will no longer endure tyrants, monarchs, or protectors. Their shade is as fatal to the people as that of the Bohonupas is deadly to all that lives. If we nominate a regent we shall soon fight for the choice of a master. Let us only contend for liberty."
Provoked by this reference to the regency, which appeared to point to him, the Duc d"Orleans wrote to the journals that he was ready to serve his country by land or by sea; but in respect to any question of regency, he from that moment renounced, and for ever, any pretensions to that t.i.tle which the const.i.tution might give him. "After having made so many sacrifices to the cause of the people," he said, "I am no longer in a condition to quit my position as a simple citizen. Ambition in me would be an inexcusable inconsistency."
Already discredited by all parties, this prince, henceforth incapable of serving the throne, was equally incapable of serving the republic.
Odious to the royalists, put aside by the demagogues, suspected by the const.i.tutionalists, there only remained to him the stoical att.i.tude in which he took refuge. He had abdicated his rank, abdicated his own faction; he had abdicated the favour of the people. His life was all that remained to him.
At the same moment Camille Desmoulins was thus satirically apostrophising La Fayette, the first idol of the Revolution:--"Liberator of two worlds, flower of Janissaries, phoenix of Alguazils-major, Don Quixotte of Capet and the two chambers, constellation of the white horse[2], my voice is too weak to raise itself above the clamour of your thirty thousand spies, and as many more your satellites, above the noise of your four hundred drums, and your cannons loaded with grape. I had until now misrepresented your--more than--royal highness through the allusions of Barnave, Lameth, and Duport. It was after them that I denounced you to the eighty-three departments as an ambitious man who only cared for parade, a slave of the court similar to those marshals of the league to whom revolt had given the _baton_, and who, looking upon themselves as b.a.s.t.a.r.ds, were desirous of becoming legitimate; but all of a sudden you embrace each other, and proclaim yourselves mutually fathers of your country! You say to the nation, "Confide in us; we are the Cincinnati, the Washingtons, the Aristides." Which of these two testimonies are we to believe? Foolish people! The Parisians are like those Athenians to whom Demosthenes said, "Shall you always resemble those athletes who struck in one place cover it with their hand,--struck in another place they place their hand there, and thus always occupied with the blows they receive, do not know either how to strike or defend themselves!" They are beginning to doubt whether Louis XVI. could be perjured since he is at Varennes. I think I see the same great eyes open when they shall see La Fayette open the gates of the capital to despotism and aristocracy. May I be deceived in my conjectures, for I am going from Paris, as Camillus my patron departed from an ungrateful country, wishing it every kind of prosperity. I have no occasion to have been an emperor like Diocletian to know that the fine lettuces of Salernum, which are far superior to the empire of the East, are quite equal to the gay scarf which a munic.i.p.al authority wears, and the uneasiness with which a Jacobin journalist returns to his home in the evening, fearing always lest he should fall into an ambuscade of the cut-throats of the general. For me it was not to establish two chambers that I first mounted the tricolour c.o.c.kade!"
X.
Such was the general tone of the press, such the exhaustless laughter which this young man diffused, like the Aristophanes of an irritated people. He accustomed it to revile men, majesty, misfortune, and worth.
The day came when he required for himself and for the young and lovely woman whom he adored, that pity which he had destroyed in the people. He found, in his turn, only the brutal derision of the mult.i.tude, and he himself then became sad and sorry for the first and last time.
The people, all whose political idea is from the senses, could not at all comprehend why the statesmen of the a.s.sembly should impose upon them a fugitive king, out of respect for abstract royalty. The moderation of Barnave and Lameth seemed to them full of suspicion; and cries of treason were uttered at all their meetings. The decree of the a.s.sembly was the signal for increased ferment, which developed from and after the 13th of July, in zealous meetings, imprecations, and threats. Large bodies of workmen, leaving their work, congregated in the public places, and demanded bread of the munic.i.p.al authorities. The commune, in order to appease them, voted for distributions and supplies. Bailly, the mayor of Paris, harangued them, and gave them extraordinary work. They went to it for a moment, and then quitted it, being speedily attracted by the mob becoming dense and uttering cries of hunger.
The crowd betook itself from the Hotel-de-Ville to the Jacobins, from the Jacobins to the National a.s.sembly, clamorous for the forfeiture of the crown and the republic. This popular gathering had no other leader than the uneasiness that excited it. A spontaneous and unanimous instinct a.s.sured it that the a.s.sembly would be found wanting at the hour of great resolutions. This mob desired to compel it again to seize the opportunity. Its will was the more potent as it was wholly impossible to trace it to its source--no chief gave it any visible impetus. It advanced of itself, spake of itself, and wrote with its own hand in the streets--on the corner stone--its threatening pet.i.tions.
The first that the people presented to the a.s.sembly, on the 14th, and which was escorted by 4000 pet.i.tioners, was signed "_The People_." The 14th of July and the 6th of October had taught it its name. The a.s.sembly, firm and unmoved, pa.s.sed to the order of the day.
On quitting the a.s.sembly, the crowd went to the Champ-de-Mars, where it signed, in greater numbers, a second pet.i.tion in still more imperative terms. "Entrusted with the representation of a free people, will you destroy the work we have perfected? Will you replace liberty by a reign of tyranny? If, indeed, it were so, learn that the French people, which has acquired its rights, will not again lose them."
On quitting the Champ-de-Mars, the people thronged round the Tuileries, the a.s.sembly, and the Palais Royal. Of their own accord they shut up the theatres, and proclaimed the suspension of all public entertainments, until justice should be done to them. That evening 4000 persons went to the Jacobins, as though to identify in the agitators who met there the real a.s.sembly of the people. The chiefs in whom they reposed confidence were there: the tribune was occupied by a member who was denouncing to the meeting a citizen for having made a remark injurious to Robespierre; the accused was justifying himself, and they drove him tumultuously from the chamber. At this moment Robespierre appeared, and begged them to pardon the citizen who had insulted him. His generous intercession was hailed with applause, and enthusiasm for Robespierre was at its height.
"Sacred vaults of the Jacobins," were the words of an address from the departments; "you guarantee to us Robespierre and Danton, these two oracles of patriotism." Laclos proposed a pet.i.tion to be sent into the departments, and covered with ten millions of signatures. A member opposes this proposition, from love of order and peace. Danton rises,--"And I, too, love peace, but not the peace of slavery. If we have energy, let us show it. Let those who do not feel courage to rise and beard tyranny refrain from signing our pet.i.tion: we want no better proof by which to understand each other. Here it is to our hand."
Robespierre next spoke, and demonstrated to the people that Barnave and the Lameths were playing the same game as Mirabeau. "They concert with our enemies, and then they call us factious!" More timid than Laclos and Danton, he did not give any opinion as to the pet.i.tion. A man of calculation rather than of pa.s.sion, he foresaw that the disorderly movement would split against the organised resistance of the _bourgeoisie_. He reserved to himself the power of falling back upon the legality of the question, and kept on terms with the a.s.sembly. Laclos pressed his motion, and the people carried it. At midnight they separated, after having agreed to meet the next day in the Champ-de-Mars, there to sign the pet.i.tion.
The day following was lost to sedition, by disputes between the clubs as to the terms of the pet.i.tion. The Republicans negotiated with La Fayette, to whom they offered the presidency of an American government.
Robespierre and Danton, who detested La Fayette--Laclos, who urged on the Duc d"Orleans, concerted together, and impeded the impulse given by the Cordeliers subservient to Danton. The a.s.sembly watchful, Bailly on his guard, La Fayette resolute, watched in unison for the repression of all outbreak. On the 16th the a.s.sembly summoned to its bar the munic.i.p.ality and its officers, to make it responsible for the public peace. It drew up an address to the French people, in order to rally them around the const.i.tution. Bailly, the same evening, issued a proclamation against the agitators. The fluctuating Jacobins themselves declared their submission to the decrees of the a.s.sembly. At the moment when the struggle was expected, the leaders of the projected movement were invisible. The night was spent in military preparations against the meeting on the morrow.
XI.
On the 17th, very early in the morning, the people, without leaders, began to collect in the Champ-de-Mars, and surround the altar of the country, raised in the centre of the large square of the confederation.
A strange and melancholy chance opened the scenes of murder on this day.
When the mult.i.tude is excited, every thing becomes the occasion of crime. A young painter, who, before the hour of meeting, was copying the patriotic inscriptions engraved in front of the altar, heard a slight noise at his feet; astonished, he looked around him and saw the point of a gimlet, with which some men, concealed under the steps of the altar, were piercing the planks of the pedestal. He hastened to the nearest guard-house, and returned with some soldiers. They lifted up one of the steps and found beneath two invalids, who had got under the altar in the night, with no other design, as they declared, than a childish and obscene curiosity. The report instantly spread that the altar of the country was undermined, in order to blow up the people; that a barrel of gunpowder had been discovered beside the conspirators; that the invalids, surprised in the preliminaries to their criminal design, were well known satellites of the aristocracy; that they had confessed their deadly design, and the amount of reward promised on the success of their wickedness. The mob mustered, and raging with fury, surrounded the guard-house of the Gros-Caillou. The two invalids underwent an interrogatory. The moment when they left the guard-house, to be conveyed to the Hotel-de-Ville, the populace rushed upon them, tore them from the soldiers who were escorting them, rent them in pieces, and their heads, placed on the tops of pikes, were carried by a band of ferocious children to the environs of the Palais Royal.
XII.
The news of these murders, confusedly spread and variously interpreted in the city, in the a.s.sembly, among various groups, excited various feelings, according as it was viewed as a crime of the people or a crime of its enemies. The truth was only made apparent long after. The agitation increased from the indignation of some and the suspicions of others. Bailly, duly informed, sent three commissaries and a battalion.
Other commissaries traversed the quarters of the capital, reading to the people the proclamation of the magistrates and the address of the National a.s.sembly.
The ground of the Bastille was occupied by the national guard and the patriotic societies, which were to go thence to the field of the Federation. Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Freron, Brissot, and the princ.i.p.al ringleaders of the people had disappeared; some said in order to concert insurrectional measures, at Legendre"s house in the country; others, in order to escape the responsibility of the day. The former version was the more generally accredited, from Robespierre"s known hatred to Danton, to whom Saint Just said, in his accusation--"Mirabeau, who meditated a change of dynasty, appreciated the force of thy audacity, and laid hands upon it. Thou didst startle him from the laws of stern principle; we heard nothing more of thee until the ma.s.sacres of the Champ-de-Mars. Thou didst support that false measure of the people, and the proposition of the law, which had no other object than to serve for a pretext for unfolding the red banner, and an attempt at tyranny.
The patriots, not initiated in this treachery, had opposed thy perfidious advice. Thou wast named in conjunction with Brissot to draw up this pet.i.tion. You both escaped the prey of La Fayette, who caused the slaughter of ten thousand patriots. Brissot remained calmly in Paris, and thou didst hasten to Arcis-sur-Aube, to pa.s.s some agreeable days. Can one fancy thy tranquil joys--thou being one of the drawers up of this pet.i.tion, whilst those who signed the doc.u.ment were loaded with irons, or weltering in their blood? You were then--thou and Brissot--objects for the grat.i.tude of tyranny; because, a.s.suredly, you could not be the objects of its detestation!"
Camille Desmoulins thus justifies the absence of Danton, himself, and Freron, by a.s.serting that Danton had fled from proscription and a.s.sa.s.sination to the house of his father-in-law, at Fontenay, on the previous night, and was tracked thither by a band of La Fayette"s spies; and that Freron, whilst crossing the Pont Neuf, had been a.s.sailed, trampled under foot, and wounded by fourteen hired ruffians; whilst Camille himself, marked for the dagger, only escaped by a mistake in his description. History has not put any faith in these pretended a.s.sa.s.sinations of La Fayette.
Camille, invisible all day, repaired in the evening to the Jacobins.
XIII.
In the mean while the crowd began to congregate in vast ma.s.ses in the Champ-de-Mars--agitated, but inoffensive--the national guard, every battalion of whom La Fayette had ordered out, were under arms. One of the detachments which had arrived that morning in the Champ-de-Mars, with a train of artillery, withdrew by the quays, in order that the appearance of an armed force might not irritate the people. At twelve o"clock the crowd a.s.sembled round the "altar of the country" (_autel de la patrie_), not seeing the commissioners of the Jacobin club, who had promised to bring the pet.i.tion to be signed, of their own accord chose four commissioners of their number to draw up one. One of the commissioners took the pen, the citizens crowded round him, and he wrote as follows:--
"On the altar of the country, July 13th, in the year III.
Representatives of the people, your labours are drawing to a close. A great crime has been committed; Louis flies, and has unworthily abandoned his post--the empire is on the verge of ruin--he has been arrested, and has been brought back to Paris, where the people demand that he be tried. You declare he shall be king. This is not the wish of the people, and the decree is therefore annulled. He has been carried off by the two hundred and ninety-two _aristocrates_, who have themselves declared that they have no longer a voice in the National a.s.sembly. It is annulled because it is in opposition to the voice of the people, your sovereign. Repeal your decree: the king has abdicated by his crime: receive his abdication; convoke a fresh const.i.tutive power; point out the criminal, and organise a new executive power."
This pet.i.tion was laid on the altar of the country, and quires of paper, placed at the four corners of the altar, received six thousand autographs.
This pet.i.tion is still preserved in the archives of the Munic.i.p.ality, and bears on it the indelible imprint of the hand of the people. It is the medal of the Revolution struck on the spot in the fused metal of popular agitation. Here and there on it are to be traced those sinister names that for the first time emerged from obscurity. These names are like the hieroglyphics of the ancient monuments. The acts of men now famous, who signed names then unknown and obscure, give to these signatures a retrospective signification, and the eye dwells with curiosity on these characters that seem to contain in a few marks the mystery of a long life--the whole horror of an epoch. Here is the name of _Chaumette, then a medical student, Rue Mazarine, No. 9_. There _Maillard_, the president of the fearful ma.s.sacres of September. Further on, _Hebert_; underneath it, _Hanriot_, Inspector Warden of the condemned prisoners (_General des Supplicies_) during the reign of terror. The small and scrawled signature of Hebert, who was afterwards the "_Pere_ d.u.c.h.esne," or le Peuple en colere, is like a spider that extends its arms to seize its prey. Santerre has signed lower down: this is the last name of note, the rest are alone those of the populace. It is easy to discern how many a hasty and tremulous hand has traced the witness of its fury or ignorance on this doc.u.ment. Many were even unable to write. A circle of ink with a cross in the centre marks their anonymous adhesion to the pet.i.tion. Some female names are to be seen, and numerous names of children are discernible, from the inaccuracy of their hand, guided by another: poor babes, who professed the opinions of their parents, without comprehending them; and who signed the attestation of the pa.s.sions of the people, ere their infant tongues could utter a manly sound.
XIV.
The munic.i.p.al body had been informed at two o"clock of the murders committed at the Champ-de-Mars, and of the insults offered to the body of national guards sent to disperse the mob. M. de La Fayette himself, who headed this detachment, had been struck by several stones hurled at him by the populace. It was even reported that a man in the uniform of the national guard had fired a pistol at him, and that he had generously pardoned and released this man, who had been seized by the escort. This popular report cast a halo of heroism around M. de La Fayette, and animated anew the national guard, who were devoted to him. At this recital Bailly did not hesitate to proclaim martial law, and to unfurl the red flag, the last resource against sedition. On their side, the mob, alarmed at the aspect of the red flag floating from the windows of the Hotel-de-Ville, despatched twelve of their number as a deputation to the munic.i.p.ality. These commissioners with difficulty made their way to the audience-hall, through a forest of bayonets, and demanded that three citizens who had been arrested should be given up to them. No attention was paid to them, however, and the resolution of employing force was adopted. The mayor and authorities descended the steps of the Hotel-de-Ville, uttering threats of their intentions. At the sight of Bailly preceded by the red flag a cry of enthusiasm burst from the ranks, and the national guards clashed the b.u.t.ts of their muskets loudly against the stones. The public force, indignant with the clubs, was in a state of that nervous excitement that occasionally takes possession of large bodies as well as individuals.
La Fayette, Bailly, and the munic.i.p.al authorities commenced their march preceded by the red flag, and followed by 10,000 national guards, the paid battalions of grenadiers of this army of citizens formed the advanced guard. An immense concourse of people followed by a natural impulse this ma.s.s of bayonets that slowly descended the quays and the rue du Gros-Caillou, towards the Champ-de-Mars. During this march, the people congregated around the altar of the country since the morning continued to sign the pet.i.tion in peace. They were aware that the troops were called out, but did not believe any violence was intended; their calm and lawful method of proceeding, and the impunity of their sedition for two years, made them believe in a perpetual impunity, and they looked on the red flag merely as a fresh law to be despised.
On his arrival at the glacis of the Champ-de-Mars, La Fayette divided his forces into three columns; the first debouched by the avenue of the Ecole Militaire, the second and third by the two successive openings that intersect the glacis between the Ecole Militaire and the Seine.
Bailly, La Fayette, and the munic.i.p.al body with the red flag, marched at the head of the first column. The _pas de charge_ beaten by 400 drums, and the rolling of the cannon over the stones, announced the arrival of the national army. These sounds drowned for an instant the hollow murmurs and the shrill cries of 50,000 men, women, and children, who filled the centre of the Champ-de-Mars, or crowded on the glacis. At the moment when Bailly debouched between the glacis, the populace, who from the top of the bank looked down on the mayor, the bayonets, and the artillery, burst into threatening shouts and furious outcries against the national guard. "_Down with the red flag! Shame to Bailly! Death to La Fayette!_" The people in the Champ-de-Mars responded to these cries with unanimous imprecations. Lumps of wet mud, the only arms at hand, were cast at the national guard, and struck La Fayette"s horse, the red flag, and Bailly himself; and it is even said that several pistol shots were fired from a distance; this however was by no means proved,--the people had no intention of resisting, they wished only to intimidate.
Bailly summoned them to disperse legally, to which they replied by shouts of derision; and he then, with the grave dignity of his office, and the mute sorrow that formed part of his character, ordered them to be dispersed by force. La Fayette first ordered the guard to fire in the air; but the people, encouraged by this vain demonstration, formed into line before the national guard, who then fired a discharge that killed and wounded 600 persons, the republicans say 10,000. At the same moment the ranks opened, the cavalry charged, and the artillerymen prepared to open their fire; which, on this dense ma.s.s of people, would have taken fearful effect. La Fayette, unable to restrain his soldiers by his voice, placed himself before the cannon"s mouth, and by this heroic act saved the lives of thousands. In an instant the Champ-de-Mars was cleared, and nought remained on it save the dead bodies of women, children, trampled under foot, or flying before the cavalry; and a few intrepid men on the steps of the altar of their country, who, amidst a murderous fire and at the cannon"s mouth, collected, in order to preserve them, the sheets of the pet.i.tion, as proofs of the wishes, or b.l.o.o.d.y pledges of the future vengeance, of the people, and they only retired when they had obtained them.
The columns of the national guard, and particularly the cavalry, pursued the fugitives into the neighbouring fields, and made two hundred prisoners. Not a man was killed on the side of the national guard; the loss of the people is unknown. The one side diminished it, in order to extenuate the odium of an execution without resistance; the others augmented it, in order to rouse the people"s resentment. At night, which was already fast approaching, the bodies were cast into the Seine.
Opinions were divided as to the nature and details of this execution, some terming it a crime, and others a painful duty; but this day of unresisting butchery still retains the name given it by the people, _The Ma.s.sacre of the Champ-de-Mars_.
XV.