The Landgrave was unwilling to have taken up arms to no purpose. The archbishop-elector of Mentz was compelled, on the 11th June, 1528, to renounce in the camp of Herzkirchen all spiritual jurisdiction in Saxony and Hesse.[137] This was no small advantage.
[137] Kopp. Hess. Gerichts.--Verf. i. p. 107.
[Sidenote: PACK"S SCHEME NOT IMPROBABLE.]
Scarcely had the arms been laid aside, before Luther took up his pen, and began a war of another kind. "Impious princes may deny this alliance as long as they please," wrote he to Link; "I am very certain that it is not a chimera. These insatiable leeches will take no repose until they see the whole of Germany flowing with blood."[138] This idea of Luther"s was the one generally entertained. "The doc.u.ment presented to the Landgrave may be," it was said, "Pack"s invention; but all this fabric of lies is founded on some truth. If the alliance has not been concluded, it has been conceived."[139]
[138] Sanguisugae insatiabiles quiescere nolunt, nisi Germaniam sanguine madere sentiant. 14th June, 1528.
[139] Non enim prorsus confictares.--(Corp. Ref. i. p. 988.)
Melancholy were the results of this affair. It inspired division in the bosom of the Reformation, and fanned the hatred between the two parties.[140] The sparks from the piles of Keyser, Winckler, Carpenter, and so many other martyrs, added strength to the fire that was already threatening to set the empire in flames. It was under such critical circ.u.mstances, and with such menacing dispositions, that the famous Diet of Spire was opened in March 1529. The Empire and the Papacy were in reality preparing to annihilate the Reformation, although in a manner different from what Pack had pretended. It was still to be learnt whether there would be found in the revived Church more vital strength than there had been in so many sects that Rome had easily crushed. Happily the faith had increased, and the const.i.tution given to the Church had imparted greater power to its adherents. All were resolved on defending a doctrine so pure, and a church government so superior to that of Popery. During three years of tranquillity, the Gospel tree had struck its roots deep; and if the storm should burst, it would now be able to brave it.
[140] Haec minae apud inimicos odia auxerint.--(Corp. Ref. i. p. 985.)
[Sidenote: ALLIANCE BETWEEN CHARLES AND CLEMENT.]
V. The sack of Rome, by exasperating the adherents of the Papacy, had given arms to all the enemies of Charles V. The French army under Lautrec had forced the imperial army, enervated by the delights of a new Capua, to hide itself within the walls of Naples. Doria, at the head of his Genoese galleys, had destroyed the Spanish fleet, and all the imperial power seemed drawing to an end in Italy. But Doria suddenly declared for the Emperor; pestilence carried off Lautrec and half of his troops; and Charles, suffering only from alarm, had again grasped the power with a firm resolution to unite henceforward closely with the Pontiff, whose humiliation had nearly cost him so dear. On his side Clement VII., hearing the Italians reproach him for his illegitimate birth, and even refuse him the t.i.tle of Pope, said aloud, that he would rather be the Emperor"s groom than the sport of his people. On the 29th June, 1528, a peace between the heads of the Empire and of the Church was concluded at Barcelona, based on the destruction of heresy; and in November a diet was convoked to meet at Spire on the 21st February, 1529. Charles was resolved to endeavour at first to destroy the Reform by a federal vote; but if this vote did not suffice, to employ his whole power against it. The road being thus traced out, they were about to commence operations.
Germany felt the seriousness of the position. Mournful omens filled every mind. About the middle of January, a great light had suddenly dispersed the darkness of the night.[141] "What that forebodes,"
exclaimed Luther, "G.o.d only knows!" At the beginning of April there was a rumour of an earthquake that had engulfed castles, cities, and whole districts in Carinthia and Istria, and split the tower of St.
Mark at Venice into four parts. "If that is true," said the Reformer, "these prodigies are the forerunners of the day of Jesus Christ."[142]
The astrologers declared that the aspect of the quartiles of Saturn and Jupiter, and the general position of the stars, was ominous.[143]
The waters of the Elbe rolled thick and stormy, and stones fell from the roofs of churches. "All these things," exclaimed the terrified Melancthon, "excite me deeply."[144]
[141] An aurora borealis. "Magnum chasma, quo nox tota illuminabatur."--(L. Epp. iii. p. 420.)
[142] Si vera sunt, diem Christi praecurrunt haec monstra.--(Ibid. p.
438.)
[143] Adspectum tet?a????? Saturni et Jovis.--(Corp.
Ref. i. p. 1075.)
[144] Ego non leviter commoveor his rebus.--(Ibid. p. 1076.)
[Sidenote: OMENS.]
The letters of convocation issued by the imperial government agreed but too well with these prodigies. The Emperor, writing from Toledo to the Elector, accused him of sedition and revolt. Alarming whispers pa.s.sed from mouth to mouth that were sufficient to cause the fall of the weak. Duke Henry of Mecklenburg and the Elector-palatine hastily returned to the side of Popery.
Never had the sacerdotal party appeared in the diet in such numbers, or so powerful and decided.[145] On the 5th March, Ferdinand, the president of the diet, after him the Dukes of Bavaria, and lastly the ecclesiastical Electors of Mentz and Treves, had entered the gates of Spire surrounded by a numerous armed escort.[146] On the 13th March, the Elector of Saxony arrived, attended only by Melancthon and Agricola. But Philip of Hesse, faithful to his character, entered the city on the 18th March to the sound of trumpets, and with two hundred hors.e.m.e.n.
[145] Nunquam fuit tanta frequentia ullis conciliis ????e????
quanta in his est.--(Corp. Ref. p. 1039.)
[146] Mogantinum et Trevirensem c.u.m comitatu armato.--(Seckend. ii. p.
129.)
The divergence of men"s minds soon became manifest. A Papist did not meet an Evangelical in the street without casting angry glances upon him, and secretly threatening him with perfidious machinations.[147]
The Elector-palatine pa.s.sed the Saxons without appearing to know them;[148] and although John of Saxony was the most important of the electors, none of the chiefs of the opposite party visited him.
Grouped around their tables, the Roman-catholic princes seemed absorbed in games of hazard.[149]
[147] Vultu significant quantum nos oderint, et quid machinentur.--(Corp. Ref. i. p. 1040.)
[148] Pfalz kennt kein Sachsen mehr.--(Epp. Alberti Mansfeld.)
[149] Adversae partes proceres alea tempus perdere.--(L. Epp. iii. p.
438.)
[Sidenote: HOSTILITY OF THE PAPISTS.]
But erelong they gave positive marks of their hostile disposition. The Elector and the Landgrave were prohibited from having the Gospel preached in their mansions. It was even a.s.serted at this early period that John was about to be turned out of Spire, and deprived of his electorate.[150] "We are the execration and the sweepings of the world," said Melancthon; "but Christ will look down on his poor people, and will preserve them."[151] In truth G.o.d was with the witnesses to his Word. The people of Spire thirsted for the Gospel, and the Elector wrote to his son on Palm Sunday: "About eight thousand persons were present to-day in my chapel at morning and evening worship."
[150] Alii exclusum Spirae, alii ademtum electoratum.--(Ibid.)
[151] Sed Christus respiciet et salvabit populum pauperem.--(Corp.
Ref. i. p. 1040.)
The Roman party now quickened their proceedings: their plan was simple but energetic. It was necessary to put down the religious liberty that had existed for more than three years, and for that purpose they must abrogate the decree of 1526, and revive that of 1521.
On the 15th March the imperial commissaries announced to the diet that the last resolution of Spire, which left each state free to act in conformity with the inspirations of its conscience, having given rise to great disorders, the Emperor had annulled it by virtue of his supreme power. This arbitrary act, and which had no precedent in the Empire, as well as the despotic tone with which it was accompanied, filled the evangelical Christians with indignation and alarm.
"Christ," exclaimed Sturm, "has again fallen into the hands of Caiaphas and Pilate."[152]
[152] Christus est denuo in manibus Caiaphi et Pilati.--(Jung Beytrage, p. 4.)
[Sidenote: RESOLUTIONS OF THE DIET.]
A commission was charged to examine the imperial proposition. The Archbishop of Salzburg, Faber, and Eck, that is to say, the most violent enemies of the Reformation, were among its members. "The Turks are better than the Lutherans," said Faber, "for the Turks observe fast-days and the Lutherans violate them.[153] If we must choose between the Holy Scriptures of G.o.d and the old errors of the Church, we should reject the former."[154] "Every day in full a.s.sembly Faber casts some new stone against the Gospellers," says Melancthon.[155]
"Oh, what an Iliad I should have to compose," added he, "if I were to report all these blasphemies!"
[153] Vociferatus est Turcos Lutheranis meliores esse.--(Corp. Ref. p.
1041.)
[154] Malle abjicere scripturam quam veteres errores Ecclesiae.--(Ibid.
p. 1046.)
[155] Faber lapidat nos quotidie pro concione.--(Ibid.)
The priests called for the execution of the Edict of Worms, 1521, and the evangelical members of the commission, among whom were the Elector of Saxony and Sturm, demanded on the contrary the maintenance of the Edict of Spire, 1526. The latter thus remained within the bounds of legality, whilst their adversaries were driven to _coups d"etat_. In fact, a new order of things having been legally established in the Empire, no one could infringe it; and if the diet presumed to destroy by force what had been const.i.tutionally established three years before, the evangelical states had the right of opposing it. The majority of the commission felt that the re-establishment of the ancient order of things would be a revolution no less complete than the Reformation itself. How could they subject anew to Rome and to her clergy those nations in whose bosom the Word of G.o.d had been so richly spread abroad? For this reason, equally rejecting the demands of the priests and of the Evangelicals, the majority came to a resolution on the 24th March that every religious innovation should continue to be interdicted in the places where the Edict of Worms had been carried out; and that in those where the people had deviated from it, and where they could not conform to it without danger of revolt, they should at least effect no new reform, they should touch upon no controverted point, they should not oppose the celebration of the Ma.s.s, they should permit no Roman catholic to embrace Lutheranism,[156]
they should not decline the Episcopal jurisdiction, and should tolerate no Anabaptists or Sacramentarians. The status-quo and no proselytism--such were the essentials of this resolution.
[156] Nec catholicos a libero religionis exercitio impediri debere, neque cuiquam ex his licere Lutheranismum amplecti.--(Seckend. ii. p.
127.)
[Sidenote: THE REFORMATION IN DANGER.]
The majority no longer voted as in 1526: the wind had turned against the Gospel. Accordingly this proposition, after having been delayed a few days by the festival of Easter, was laid before the diet on the 6th April, and pa.s.sed on the 7th.[157]