[401] Correspondance de Philippe II., tom. I. pp. 108, 126.--Vandervynckt, Troubles des Pays-Bas, tom. II. p. 10.--Brandt, Reformation in the Low Countries, tom. I. p. 107.
[402] Correspondance de Philippe II., tom. I. p. 94.
[403] Ibid., ubi supra.--Historia de los Alborotos de Flandes, por el Caballero Renom de Francia, Senor de Noyelles, y Presidente de Malinas, MS.--Meteren, Hist. des Pays-Bas, fol. 31.
[404] See, in particular, the king"s letter, in which he proposes to turn to his own account the sinking fund provided by the states for the discharge of the debt they had already contracted for him, Papiers d"Etat, de Granvelle, tom. V. p. 594.
[405] "Il Duca di Sessa et il Conte d"Egmont hano acquistato il nome di Capitano nuovamente perche una giornata vinta o per vertu o per fortuna, una sola fattione ben riuscita, porta all"huomini riputatione et grandezza." Relatione di Soriano, MS.
[406] Strada, De Bello Belgico, lib. I. p. 42.--Francia, Alborotos de Flandes, MS.--Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra, p. 25.
[407] Strada, De Bello Belgico, lib. I. p. 52.
[408] "Sed etiam habitus quidam corporis incessusque, quo non tam femina sort.i.ta viri spiritus, quam vir ement.i.tus veste feminam videretur."
Ibid., ubi supra.
[409] "Nec deerat aliqua mento superiorique labello barbula: ex qua virilis ei non magis species, quam auctoritas conciliabatur. Imm, quod rar in mulieres, nec nisi in praevalidas cadit, podagra idemtidem laborabat." Ibid., p. 53.
[410] "Ob eam causam singulis annis, tum in sanctiori hebdomada, duodenis pauperibus puellis pedes (quos a sordibus purgatos ante vetuerat) abluebat." Ibid., ubi supra.
[411] Ibid., pp. 46-53, 543.--Cabrera, Filipe Segundo, lib. V. cap.
2.--Vandervynckt, Troubles des Pays-Bas, tom. II. p. 13.
[412] Vandervynckt, Troubles des Pays-Bas, tom. II. p. 21.
[413] Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra, p. 27 et seq.--Cabrera, Filipe Segundo, lib. V. cap. 2.--Strada, De Bello Belgico, lib. I. p.
57.--Vandervynckt, Troubles des Pays-Bays, tom. II. p. 22.--Meteren, Hist. des Pays-Bas, fol. 24.--Schiller, Abfall der Niederlande, p. 84.
[414] "Je confesse que je fus tellement esmeu de pitie et de compa.s.sion que des lors j"entrepris a bon escient d"ayder a faire cha.s.ser cette vermine d"Espaignols hors de ce Pays." Apology of the Prince of Orange, ap. Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, tom. V. p. 392.
[415] "Que le Roi et son Conseil avoyent arreste que tous ceux qui avoient consenti et signe la Requeste, par laquelle on demandoit que la Gendarmerie Espaignolle s"en allast, qu"on auroit souvenance de les chastier avec le temps, et quand la commodite s"en presenteroit, et qu"il les en advertissoit comme amy." Meteren, Hist. des Pays-Bas, fol.
25.
[416] "Che egli voleva piuttosto restar senza regni, che possedergli con l"eresia." Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra, p. 31.
[417] Ranke, Spanish Empire, p. 81.--Schiller, Abfall der Niederlande, p. 85.--Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra, p. 27.--- Strada, De Bello Belgico, p. 57.--Meteren, Hist. des Pays-Bas, fol. 25.
[418] The existence of such a confidential body proved a fruitful source of disaster. The names of the parties who composed it are not given in the instructions to the regent, which leave all to her discretion.
According to Strada, however, the royal will in the matter was plainly intimated by Philip. (De Bello Belgico, tom. I. p. 57.) Copies of the regent"s commission, as well as of two doc.u.ments, the one indorsed as "private," the other as "secret" instructions, and all three bearing the date of August 8, 1559, are to be found entire in the Correspondance de Philippe II., tom. II., Appendix, Nos. 2-4.
[419] "Ma non dal tanto alcuno dell"altri ne tutt"insieme quanto Mons^{r.} d"Aras solo, il quale per il gran giudicio che ha et per la longa prattica del governo del mondo et nel tentar l"imprese grandi piu accorto et piu animoso di tutti piu destro et piu sicuro nel maneggiarle et nel finirle piu constante et piu risoluto." Relatione di Soriano, MS.
[420] "Mio figliuolo et io e voi habbiamo perso un buon letto di riposo,"--literally a good bed to repose on. Leti, Vita di Filippo II., tom. I. p. 195.
[421] princ.i.p.al motive of Philip the Second in founding this university, according to Hopper, was to give Flemings the means of getting a knowledge of the French language without going abroad into foreign countries for it. Recueil et Memorial des Troubles des Pays-Bas, cap. 2, ap. Hoynck, a.n.a.lecta Belgica, tom. II.
[422] "On remarque de lui ce qu"on avoit remarque de Cesar, et meme d"une facon plus singuliere, c"est qu"il occupoit cinq secretaires a la fois, en leur dictant des lettres en differentes langues." Levesque, Memoires pour servir a l"Histoire du Cardinal de Granvelle, (Paris, 1753,) tom. I. p. 215.
[423] "Di modo che ogni sera sopra un foglio di carta che lor chiamono beliero esso Granvela, manda all"Imperatore il suo parere del quale sopra li negotii del seguente giorno sua maesta ha da fare." Relatione di Soriano, MS.
[424] "Havendo prima lui senza risolvere cosa alcuna mandata ogn"informatione et ogni particolare negotiatione con gli Ambasciatori et altri ad esso Monsignore, di modo che et io et tutti gl"altri Ambasciatori si sono avveduti essendo rimesse a Monsignor Granvela che sua Eccellenza ha inteso ogni particolare et quasi ogni parola pa.s.sata fra l"Imperatore et loro." Ibid.
[425] A striking example of the manner in which Granvelle conveyed his own views to the king is shown by a letter to Philip dated Brussels, July 17, 1559, in which the minister suggests the arguments that might be used to the authorities of Brabant for enforcing the edicts. The letter shows, too, that Granvelle, if possessed naturally of a more tolerant spirit than Philip, could accommodate himself so far to the opposite temper of his master as to furnish him with some very plausible grounds for persecution. Papiers d"Etat de Granvelle, tom. V. p. 614.
[426] Levesque, Memoires de Granvelle, tom. I. p. 207 et seq.--Courchetet, Histoire du Cardinal de Granvelle, (Bruxelles, 1784,) tom. I. pa.s.sim.--Strada, De Bello Belgico, p. 85.--Burgon, Life of Gresham, vol. I. p. 267.
The author of the Memoires de Granvelle was a member of a Benedictine convent in Besancon, which, by a singular chance, became possessed of the ma.n.u.scripts of Cardinal Granvelle, more than a century after his death. The good Father Levesque made but a very indifferent use of the rich store of materials placed at his disposal, by digesting them into two duodecimo volumes, in which the little that is of value seems to have been pilfered from the unpublished MS. of a previous biographer of the Cardinal. The work of the Benedictine, however, has the merit of authenticity. I shall take occasion, hereafter, to give a more particular account of the Granvelle collection.
[427] "En consideration des bons, leaux, notables et agreables services faits par lui, pendant plusieurs annees, a feu l"Empereur, et depuis au Roi." Correspondance de Philippe II, tom. I. p. 184.
[428] Vandervynckt, Troubles des Pays-Bas, tom. II. p. 69 et seq.--Strada, De Bello Belgico, p. 40.--Hopper, Recueil et Memorial, cap. 2.--Francia, Alborotos de Flandes, MS.
[429] The royal larder seems to have been well supplied in the article of poultry, to judge from one item, mentioned by Meteren, of fifteen thousand capons. Hist. des Pays-Bas, tom. I. fol. 25.
[430] "Le Roi le prenant par le poignet, et le lui secouant, repliqua en Espagnol, _No los Estados, mas vos, vos, vos_, repetant ce _vos_ par trois fois, terme de mepris chez les Espagnols, qui veut dire toy, toy en Francois." Auberi, Memoires pour servir a l"Histoire d"Hollande et des autres Provinces-Unies, (Paris, 1711,) p. 7.
[431] One might wish the authority for this anecdote better than it is, considering that it is contradicted by the whole tenor of Philip"s life, in which self-command was a predominant trait. The story was originally derived from Auberi (loc. cit.). The chronicler had it, as he tells us, from his father, to whom it was told by an intimate friend of the prince of Orange, who was present at the scene. Auberi, though a dull writer, was, according to Voltaire"s admission, well informed,--"ecrivain mediocre, mais fort instruit."
[432] "Carlo V. haueua saccheggiato la Terra, per arrichirne il Mare."
Leti, Vita di Filippo II., tom. I. p. 335.
[433] Cabrera, Filipe Segundo, lib. V. cap. 3.--Sepulveda, De Rebus Gestis Philippi II., Opera, tom. III. p. 53.--Leti, Vita di Filippo II., tom. I. p. 335.
[434] The editors of the "Doc.u.mentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana," in a very elaborate notice of the prosecution of Archbishop Carranza, represent the literary intercourse between the German and Spanish Protestants as even more extensive than it is stated to be in the text. According to them, a regular _depot_ was established at Medina del Campo and Seville, for the sale of the forbidden books at very low rates. "De las imprentas de Alemania se des.p.a.chaban a Flandes, y desde alli a Espana, al principio por los puertos de mar, y despues cuando ya hubo mas vigilancia de parte del gobierno, los enviaban a Leon de Francia desde donde se introducian en la peninsula por Navarra y Aragon.
Un tal Vilman librero de Amberes tenia tienda en Medina del Campo y en Sevilla donde vendia las obras de los protestantes en espanol y latin.
Estos libros de Francfort se daban a buen mercado para que circulasen con mayor facilidad." Doc.u.mentos Ineditos, tom. V. p. 399.
[435] For the preceding pages see Llorente, Histoire de l"Inquisition d"Espagne, tom. II p. 282; tom. III. pp. 191, 258.--Monta.n.u.s, Discovery and playne Declaration of sundry subtill Practises of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne, (London, 1569,) p. 73.--Sepulveda, Opera, tom.
III. p. 54.
[436] Llorente, Hist, de l"Inquisition d"Espagne, tom. I. pp. 470, 471; tom. II. pp. 183, 184, 215-217.
[437] McCrie, History of the Reformation in Spain, (Edinburgh, 1829,) p.
243.--Relacion del Auto que se hico en Valladolid el dia de la Sanctissima Trinidad, Ano de 1559, MS.
[438] The reader curious in the matter will find a more particular account of the origin and organization of the modern Inquisition in the "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," part I. cap. 9.
[439] See the Register of such as were burned at Seville and Valladolid, in 1559, ap. Monta.n.u.s, Discovery of sundry subtill Practises of the Inquisition.--Relacion del Auto que se hico en Valladolid el dia de la Sanctissima Trinidad, 1559, MS.--Sepulveda, Opera, tom. III. p. 58.
[440] McCrie, Reformation in Spain, p. 274.
[441] De Castro, Historia de los Protestantes Espanoles, (Cadiz, 1851,) p. 177.
[442] "Nous recommandons de le traiter avec bonte et misericorde."
Llorente, Inquisition d"Espagne, tom. II. p. 253.
[443] Colmenares, Historia de Segovia, cap. XLII. sec. 3.--Cabrera, Filipe Segundo, lib. V. cap 3.