In this country, which stands so specially on equal representation, it is hardly possible that the same equal suffrage would not be established by law, if the matter were to be left merely to the progress of public sentiment and the ordinary course of legislation.
But as we confidently believe, and as we have before stated, the right already exists in our National Const.i.tution, and especially under the recent amendments. The interpretation of the Const.i.tution which we maintain, we can not doubt, will be ultimately adopted by the courts, although, as the a.s.sertion of our right encounters a deep and prevailing prejudice, and judges are proverbially cautious and conservative, we must expect to encounter some adverse decisions. In the meantime it is of the highest importance that in every possible way we inform the public mind and educate public opinion on the whole subject of equal rights under a republican government, and that we manifest our desire for and willingness to accept all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, by a.s.serting our right to be registered as voters and to vote at the Congressional elections. The original Const.i.tution provides in express terms that the representatives in Congress shall be elected "by the people of the several States," with no restrictions whatever as to the application of that term. This right, thus clearly granted to all the people, is confirmed and placed beyond reasonable question by the XIV. and XV.
Amendments. The act of May, 1870, the very t.i.tle of which, "An Act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United States to vote," is a concession of all that we claim, provides that the officers of elections throughout the United States shall give an equal opportunity to all citizens of the United States to become qualified to vote by the registry of their names or other prerequisite; and that where upon the application of any citizen such prerequisite is refused, such citizen may vote without performing such prerequisite; and imposes a penalty upon the officers refusing either the application of the citizen to be qualified or his subsequent application to vote. The Const.i.tution also provides that "each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members." When, therefore, the election of any candidate for the lower House is effected or defeated by the admission or rejection of the votes of women, the question is brought directly before the House, and it is compelled to pa.s.s at once upon the question of the right of women to vote under the Const.i.tution. All this may be accomplished without the necessity of bringing suits for the penalty imposed upon public officers by the act referred to; but should it be thought best to inst.i.tute prosecutions where the application of women to register and to vote is refused, the question would thereby at once be brought into the courts. If it be thought expedient to adopt the latter course, it is best that some test case be brought upon full consultation with the National Committee, that the ablest counsel may be employed and the expenses paid out of the public fund. Whatever mode of testing the question shall be adopted, we must not be in the slightest degree discouraged by adverse decisions, for the final result in our favor is certain, and we have, besides, great reason to hope that Congress, at an early day, will pa.s.s a declaratory act affirming the interpretation of the Const.i.tution which we claim.
The present time is specially favorable for the earnest presentation before the public mind of the question of the political rights of women. There are very positive indications of the approaching disintegration and reformation of political parties, and new and vital issues are needed by both the great parties of the country. As soon as the conviction possesses the public mind that women are to be voters at an early day, as they certainly are to be, the principles and the action of public parties will be shaping themselves with reference to the demands of this new const.i.tuency. Particularly in nominations for office will the moral character of candidates become a matter of greater importance.
To carry on this great work a Board of six women has been established, called "The National Woman Suffrage and Educational Committee," whose office at Washington it is proposed to make the center of all action upon Congress and the country, and with whom their Secretary, resident there, it is desired that all a.s.sociations and individuals interested in the cause of woman suffrage should place themselves in communication. The Committee propose to circulate the very able and exhaustive Minority Report of the House Judiciary Committee on the const.i.tutional right of woman to the suffrage, and other tracts on the general subject of woman suffrage. They also propose ultimately, and as a part of their educational work, to issue a series of tracts on subjects vitally affecting the welfare of the country, that women may become intelligent and thoughtful on such subjects, and the intelligent educators of the next generation of citizens.
The Committee are already receiving urgent appeals from women all over the United States to send them our publications. The little light they have already received concerning their rights under the Const.i.tution, and the present threatening political aspect of the country, make them impatient of ignorance on these vital points. A single tract has often gone the rounds in a neighborhood until worn out, and the call is for thousands and thousands more.
A large printing fund will therefore be needed by the Committee, and we appeal first to the men of this country, who control so large a part of its wealth, to make liberal donations towards this great educational work. We also ask every thoughtful woman to send her name to the Secretary to be inserted in the Pledge-Book, and if she is able, one dollar. But as many workingwomen will have nothing to send but their names, we welcome these as a precious gift, and urge those who are able, to send us their fifties and hundreds, which we promise faithfully to use and account for. Where convenient, it is better that many names should be sent upon the same paper, and the smallest contributions in money can be put together and sent with them. Every signature and every remittance will be at once acknowledged by the Secretary, and one or more tracts enclosed with a circular as to the work to be done by individuals.
ISABELLA BEECHER HOOKER, _President_. PAULINA WRIGHT DAVIS, JOSEPHINE S. GRIFFING, _Secretary_. RUTH CARR DENNISON, MARY B. BOWEN, _Treasurer_. SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
_Washington, D. C., April 19, 1871._
[144] The National Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation will hold its annual convention at Lincoln Hall, Washington, D. C., January 10th, 11th and 12th, 1872. All those interested in woman"s enfranchis.e.m.e.nt are invited there to consider the "new departure"--women already citizens, and their rights as such, secured by the XIV. and XV. Amendments of the Federal Const.i.tution.
LUCRETIA MOTT. ISABELLA BEECHER HOOKER.
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. SUSAN B. ANTHONY.
JOSEPHINE S. GRIFFING.
[145] RESOLUTIONS.
Whereas, in the adjustment of the question of suffrage now before the people of this country for settlement, it is of the highest importance that the organic law of the land should be so framed and constructed as to work injustice to none, but secure, as far as possible, perfect political equality among all cla.s.ses of citizens; and whereas, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside; be it
_Resolved_, That the privileges and immunities of American citizenship, however defined, are National in character and paramount to all State authority.
That while the Const.i.tution of the United States leaves the qualifications of electors to the several States, it nowhere gives them the right to deprive any citizen of the elective franchise which is possessed by any other citizen--the right to regulate, not including the right to prohibit the franchise.
That, as the Const.i.tution of the United States expressly declares that "no State shall make or enforce any law that shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States," those provisions of the several State Const.i.tutions that exclude women from the franchise on account of s.e.x, are violative alike of the spirit and letter of the Federal Const.i.tution.
That, as the subject of naturalization is expressly withheld from the States, and as the States clearly would have no right to deprive of the franchise naturalized citizens, among whom women are expressly included, still more clearly have they no right to deprive native-born women citizens of this right.
That justice and equity can only be attained by having the same laws for men and women alike.
That having full faith and confidence in the truth and justice of these principles, we will never cease to urge the claims of women to a partic.i.p.ation in the affairs of government equally with men.
_Resolved_, That as the XIV. and XV. Amendments to the Const.i.tution of the United States have established the right of woman to the elective franchise, we demand of the present Congress a declaratory act which shall secure us at once in the exercise of this right.
As the recognition of woman suffrage involves immediate political action, and as numbers as well as principles control parties,
_Resolved_, That we rejoice in the rapidly organizing millions of Spiritualists, labor reformers, temperance, and educational forces, now simultaneously waking to their need of woman"s help in the cause of reform.
_Resolved_, That the movement for the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of woman is the movement of universal humanity; that the great questions now looming upon the political horizon can only find their peaceful solution by the infusion of the feminine element in the councils of the nation.
Man, representing force, would continue in the future, as in the past, in the New World as in the Old, to settle all questions by war, but woman, representing affection, would, in her true development, harmonize intellect and action, and weld together all the interests of the human family--in other words, help to organize the science of social, religious, and political life.
_Resolved_, That our thanks are due to Governor Campbell, of Wyoming, for his veto, and to the Republican members of the Legislature of Wyoming, for their votes against the bill disfranchising the women of that Territory.
_Resolved_, That the thanks of the women of America are due to Hon.
Benjamin F. Butler for introducing so early in the present session of Congress, a bill to enfranchise woman under the Const.i.tution, and also to Hon. Wm. Loughridge and to the Hon. Benjamin F. Butler for their admirable minority report, at the last session, sustaining the Woodhull memorial.
[146]
WASHINGTON, D. C., January 8, 1872.
_Mrs. Admiral Dahlgren_--MADAM: The National Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation is to hold a three days" convention the present week, in Lincoln Hall, commencing on the morning of Wednesday, the 10th.
Nothing would afford the officers and speakers of the convention greater pleasure than to hold a debate, during some session, with yourself and your friends, upon the question of woman suffrage. As you have publicly expressed your opposition to woman"s enfranchis.e.m.e.nt, not only through the papers, but also by a pet.i.tion against it to Congress, we feel sure you will gladly accept our invitation and let us know your reason for the faith that is within you.
Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, as president of the a.s.sociation and convention, will afford you every opportunity for argument, and will herself enter the list against you. Not only Mrs. Stanton, but all members of the committee, cordially extend this invitation for debate, to be held at any session most convenient for yourself.
An early answer is desirable.
MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements.
[147] _Mrs. Matilda Joslyn Gage, Chairman Committee of Arrangements_--MADAM: Mrs. Sherman and myself are this morning in receipt of a note from you in which you invite us, in the name "of the officers and speakers of the National Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation," to hold a debate upon the question of "woman suffrage," and mention that "Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, as President of the a.s.sociation and convention, will afford every opportunity for argument, and will herself enter the lists," etc.
In reply to this invitation, for which we thank you, in so far as it may have been extended in a true desire to elicit fair argument, we would remind you that in the very fact of soliciting us to "hold debate" on a public platform, on this or any other question, you entirely ignore the principle that ourselves and our friends seek to defend, viz., the preservation of female modesty.
The functions of men and women in the State as citizens are correlative and opposite. They can not be made common without seriously impairing the public virtue.
Our men must be brave, and our women modest, if this country may hope to fulfill her true mission for humanity.
We protest against woman suffrage, because the right of pet.i.tion may safely be considered as common to all, and its exercise most beneficial.
We publish written articles, giving "our reasons for the faith that is within us," because we may, consistently with the home life and its duties, make such use of whatever talents G.o.d may have confided to our keeping. To these printed articles, in which we have fully and at different times explained our views, we are happy to refer you.
We likewise hold that an appeal to the public made in this manner is much more likely to evolve a clear apprehension of this important subject, as presenting a strict issue to the reasoning faculties, and one undimmed by those personalities which generally are indulged in during the course of oral debate.
I am, truly yours, MADELINE VICTOR DAHLGREN.
WASHINGTON, January 9, 1872.
[148] Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, Chairman, Roscoe Conkling of New York, Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, Matthew Carpenter of Wisconsin.
[149] PEOPLE"S CONVENTION.--The undersigned citizens of the United States, responding to the invitation of the National Woman Suffrage a.s.sociation, propose to hold a Convention at Steinway Hall, in the city of New York, the 9th and 10th of May.
We believe the time has come for the formation of a new political party whose principles shall meet the issues of the hour, and represent equal rights for all.
As the women of the country are to take part for the first time in political action, we propose that the initiative steps in the convention shall be taken by them, that their opinions and methods may be fairly set forth, and considered by the representatives from many reform movements now ready for united action; such as the Internationals, and other Labor Reformers--the friends of peace, temperance, and education, and by all those who believe that the time has come to carry the principles of true morality and religion into the State House, the Court, and the market place.
This convention will declare the platform of the People"s Party, and consider the nomination of candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States, who shall be the best possible exponents of political and industrial reform.
The Republican party, in destroying slavery, accomplished its entire mission. In denying that "citizen" means political equality, it has been false to its own definition of Republican Government; and in fostering land, railroad, and money monopolies, it is building up a commercial feudalism dangerous to the liberty of the people.
The Democratic party, false to its name and mission, died in the attempt to sustain slavery, and is buried beyond all hope of resurrection.
Even that portion of the Labor party which met recently at Columbus, proved its incapacity to frame a national platform to meet the demands of the hour.
We therefore invite all citizens who believe in the idea of self-government; who demand an honest administration; the reform of political and social abuses; the emanc.i.p.ation of labor, and the enfranchis.e.m.e.nt of woman, to join with us and inaugurate a political revolution which shall secure justice, liberty, and equality to every citizen of the United States.