3.50pm
With the help of three SS guards, Linge carries. .h.i.tler"s body up the steps to the Reich Chancellery garden. The Fuhrer"s head is covered by the blanket but his legs are sticking out. Martin Bormann lifts the wrapped body of Eva Hitler and carries her out into the corridor. Erich Kempka, who has just come up from the underground garages to deliver the petrol, takes the body. He doesn"t like to see her being held "like a sack of potatoes" by a man she so despised, he tells interviewers after the war. Kempka carries her to the stairs where Gunsche, who is much bigger and stronger, takes over. He carries her out into the garden and lays her body beside Hitler"s in a spot about three metres from the bunker door.
Soviet sh.e.l.ls are falling all around as Gunsche and Linge pour the petrol over the bodies. Goebbels has brought matches, which Linge uses to light some paper, creating a torch. He hurls the burning paper towards the bodies and then races back to the bunker entrance. A fireball engulfs the bodies as he pulls the door behind him. The funeral party raise their arms and shout "Heil Hitler" from the safety of the staircase.
Venice absorbed the Eighth Army as it had absorbed so many other conquerors, with a quietness which indicated that all this fighting was a pretty vulgar business anyway.
Geoffrey c.o.x
About 4.00pm/11.00am EWT
Two Allied tanks are speeding along the causeway that links Venice with the mainland. They pull up in front of the Santa Lucia railway station at the end of the causeway, and thousands of Venetians arrive to greet them.
Sitting by a deserted Bavarian Autobahn, Claus Sellier is writing in his pocket diary.
"30th April 1945. We completed our mission!"
Earlier at the army provisions store in Traunstein, he and his companion Fritz loaded up two knapsacks each with supplies, including pots and pans to exchange for food. Claus yells as loud as he can towards the Alps, "I am free at last! This is a great day!"
The young men pick up their knapsacks and head for home.
Four days later on 4th May, Claus and Fritz see an American roadblock in the distance. They keep their uniforms on, but bury their pistols in a gas mask box, and mark the spot by placing their belts in the shape of cross in case they need to retrieve them.
At the roadblock the GIs take great interest in Claus"s medals, especially a swastika made of gold. Claus doesn"t understand exactly what"s being said, but he knows an auction when he sees one. A young GI gives the soldier on duty a wad of notes for the gold swastika. Claus notices that all of the Americans have watches from their wrists to their elbows. They try and take Fritz"s gold watch, but he fights too hard, shouting in broken English that he demands to see the officer in charge.
Then the GIs motion to Claus and Fritz to roll up their sleeves. All SS soldiers have their blood type tattooed under their armpit. Satisfied that they are ordinary soldiers, the Americans take them to a nearby cemetery where they join other German soldiers sitting on cold, wet gravestones.
Claus and Fritz watch as a civilian is stopped. He protests in good English that as he isn"t a soldier he shouldn"t be searched. But in his belongings the American soldiers find a photograph of him dressed in an SS uniform he shouts indignantly that it"s a picture of his twin brother. They rip off his white shirt and find a blood group tattoo further evidence that he"s in the military. At gunpoint the man joins Claus and Fritz in the cemetery. It starts to snow.
Two weeks later, the men make it home to their families, looking tired and scruffy.
Around the same time, a farmer outside Munich discovers that two of his scarecrows are wearing the uniforms of the German Mountain Artillery Regiment.
High in the Italian Alps, a mystery has been solved. The 120 Prominente, former prisoners of the SS, including Leon Blum, former Prime Minister of France, Kurt von Schuschnigg, the former Chancellor of Austria, and the British secret agent Sigismund Payne-Best, are recovering from their ordeal in the Lago di Braies Hotel"s luxurious rooms. Payne-Best suspects that his fellow guests are h.o.a.rding more than just food. Throughout the day, those with rooms on the third floor have been coming one by one to tell Payne-Best that their eiderdowns and pillows have gone missing (he"s felt like a combination of host and hotel porter since they arrived). Payne-Best asks one of the ex-prisoners, Commander Franz Liedig (who"s come to be seen as a sort of hotel manager), to look into the disappearances. Liedig searches all the floors and finds all the missing eiderdowns and pillows piled up in one room. He never revealed whose room it was.
Payne-Best"s belief that former prisoners have a tendency to steal food and bedding without thinking will be confirmed when he comes to pack his things to return home a few days later. He discovers that he has b.u.t.ter, tobacco, tins of spam and milk in his room, and no memory of taking them.
The guests of the Lago di Braies Hotel will be liberated by the Americans early on 4th May. The GIs disarm and arrest the German troops who had been guarding them, in case the SS return. Before they are taken away, Payne-Best addresses the German soldiers, telling them how he respects their bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, and that although difficult times lay ahead for them, there is a brighter future too. He asks the American commanding officer if the German troops could be treated with consideration. The Americans then join Payne-Best and the others for breakfast at the hotel.
As he recalls later, "they seemed to have expected to find us in extremis, and were certainly surprised when, within an hour of their arrival, they found themselves sitting down to a magnificent breakfast, and being waited upon by a number of pretty and very charming girls."
President Truman is meeting with Joseph E. Davies, the former Amba.s.sador to Moscow. He wants Davies to go to London and meet Churchill and have one-to-one talks with him, to a.s.sess whether the death of Roosevelt has brought about any change in att.i.tude to the United States. Truman has already asked Harry Hopkins, who was one of Roosevelt"s closest advisors, to fly to Russia to meet Stalin on a similar mission. Truman feels there is only so much he can learn from telegrams. Roosevelt"s widow Eleanor advised Truman that Churchill "was a gentleman to whom the personal touch means a great deal... If you talk to him about books and let him quote to you from his marvellous memory everything on earth from Barbara Frietchie to the Nonsense Rhymes and Greek tragedy, you will find him easier to deal with on political subjects".
Truman can see that Davies doesn"t look well and he suggests that maybe a trip to England is not such a good idea. Davies dismisses the suggestion.
In 1941 Joseph E. Davies had published a book called Mission to Moscow about his time as Amba.s.sador in the 1930s. Two years later it was turned into a film starring Walter Huston as Davies. It was the first pro-Soviet film made by Hollywood, and by the end of the war it was ridiculed for its bias towards Stalin and its naivety about his show trials. America had fallen swiftly out of love with Stalin.
By the spring of 1945, the American people are prospering they are enjoying 40% higher disposable income than at the start of the conflict. As a reminder that the war isn"t over, the government is encouraging its citizens to take holidays on the West Coast where they are likely to see the burned-out and damaged merchant and navy ships that are taking such a hammering in the Pacific from the j.a.panese.
George L. Harrison, advisor to the US Secretary of War Henry Stimson, is completing a paper to be put to the Chief of Staff General George Marshall in the morning. It recommends "the setting up of a committee of particular qualifications" with responsibility for advising the government on the use of the atomic bomb "when secrecy is no longer fully required". Harrison warns, "If misused it may lead to the complete destruction of civilisation."
President Truman knew nothing about the development of the atomic bomb until two weeks into his presidency. On the day of his swearing in, Secretary of War Stimson had whispered a few cryptic words in his ear about "the development of a new explosive of almost unbelievable destructive power" but that was it. In 1944 Truman, then a senator, had made Stimson"s life a misery while chairing a committee investigating wasteful military spending. The committee wanted to investigate rumours of costly scientific experiments. On 25th April Stimson found himself in the Oval Office explaining the details and power of the so-called Manhattan Project to someone he had once described as "a nuisance and a pretty untrustworthy man".
4.15pm
Hitler"s adjutant Otto Gunsche goes up the stairs to the upper bunker and drops onto the bench beside Traudl Junge. He takes the bottle of schnapps from her and lifts it to his lips. His large hands are shaking. He is as white as a ghost and stinking of petrol. "I have carried out the Fuhrer"s last order," he says softly. "His body has been burned." Traudl Junge doesn"t reply.
Downstairs, Heinz Linge is sorting out Hitler"s study: disposing of the bloodstained carpet, medicines, doc.u.ments and clothes. Gunsche leaves Traudl Junge to give orders to two SS officers, Ewald Lindloff and Hans Reisser, to bury the bodies.
Rochus Misch remains at the switchboard; he has been joined by one of the mechanics from the underground garages who helped bring the petrol to the Fuhrerbunker. They sit in silence.
Misch is hyper-alert. He keeps thinking he can hear "the tread of the death squad"s boots sent below by Gestapo Muller to shoot us". He takes the safety catch off his pistol.
No one can look like a liberator in a gondola.
Geoffrey c.o.x
About 5.00pm
New Zealand intelligence officer Geoffrey c.o.x is having a surreal experience. He and other officers are being rowed in a gondola up Venice"s Grand Ca.n.a.l. Occasionally people wave from a house or from a bridge as they pa.s.s by, but c.o.x feels like a tourist and is rather embarra.s.sed by the whole experience. Their little flotilla arrives at St Mark"s Square and c.o.x is relieved to get ash.o.r.e.
In the square, the Italian and Venetian flags hang in front of the cathedral, and below Kiwi troops are being sold food to feed the pigeons. By the lift that takes people up the bell tower, the price list in German is being replaced by one in English. c.o.x watches as a terrified-looking fascist is led by partisans over a bridge to prison; a noisy crowd follows on behind.
c.o.x heads to the Royal Danieli Hotel the best in Venice where the British and New Zealanders have set up their headquarters (they have done this at speed to prevent the Americans from getting it first).
c.o.x climbs the stairs to the first floor, where, in a large suite overlooking the Grand Ca.n.a.l, a unit of Italian partisans have made their base. c.o.x is impressed they are a group of well-organised and well-dressed students and lawyers who have planned for this day in secret for many months with the a.s.sistance of the US intelligence agency the Office of Strategic Services. Their leader, a pre-war racing driver, had been dropped in by parachute the year before, wearing a business suit and carrying a rolled umbrella. For the next few hours, c.o.x, his team and the partisans telephone villages on the route to Trieste to find out which bridges are still standing.
5.00pm/6.00pm UK time
As dusk begins to fall, Berlin darkens quickly under the pall of smoke and the Russian a.s.sault on the Reichstag restarts. General Shatilov has learned that his overly optimistic claims of having taken the Reichstag have reached Stalin. He is now desperate to get the red flag flying on the roof of the building on the far side of the square.
Captain Neustroev, who is leading the a.s.sault unit, is exasperated by the focus on the flag. All his platoon sergeants are vying to be the ones to plant it on the roof.
Half a mile away in the Fuhrerbunker, Goebbels, Bormann and generals Krebs, Mohnke and Burgdorf are sitting in the conference room trying to agree the best course of action. They quickly decide against joint suicide. Bormann suggests a ma.s.s breakout, but Mohnke argues that it would be impossible. They decide to try and set up negotiations with the Russians. Meanwhile the Fuhrer"s death must be kept secret. Only two people need to know: General Weidling, who is leading the defence of Berlin, and Joseph Stalin. Weidling is summoned from his command post in the Tiergarten.
Churchill"s car is arriving back at Downing Street after his long weekend at Chequers. His staff are shocked by the mess of paperwork in his red box. Churchill is determined that, even though the war is almost over, he keeps abreast of events as much as he can. Today he received a letter from Sir Stewart Menzies (known as "C"), the head of Britain"s Secret Intelligence Service, suggesting that he reduce the paperwork being sent his way.
"Prime Minister, in order to save time in reading I am preparing, until such time as you direct me to the contrary, Boniface Reports as headlines, in the same form as Naval headlines as submitted to you daily." (Boniface Reports are the information gleaned by spies). Churchill had written in large red letters, "No" and then "Certainly not" underlined.
The Prime Minister now puts through a cable to Truman, urging the liberation of Prague and "as much as possible of the territory of western Czechoslovakia". He argues that there can be little doubt that this "might make the whole difference to the post-war situation in Czechoslovakia and might well influence that in nearby countries". For this reason he wants Truman"s Chief of Staff, General Marshall, "to agree to the dispatch of a message to Eisenhower in order that he should take advantage of any suitable opportunity that may arise to advance into Czechoslovakia". He adds, "I hope this will have your approval."
Truman then consults General Marshall, who sets out his view in a communique to Eisenhower: "Personally... I would be loath to hazard American lives for purely political purposes."
Radio is the most modern and the most important instrument of ma.s.s influence that exists anywhere.
Josef Goebbels
About 5.15pm/6.15pm UK time
Twenty-nine-year-old William Joyce, known to millions of Britons as Lord Haw-Haw, is recording his final broadcast from the Hamburg radio studio of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (Reich Broadcasting Company). Outside in the street, members of staff are standing around a bonfire made up of files, scripts, paperwork and tapes. Joyce is drunk.
"This evening, I am talking to you about... Germany. That is a concept that many of you may have failed to understand. Let me tell you that in Germany there still remains the spirit of unity and the spirit and strength..."
Joyce was born in America and grew up in the west of Ireland. He attended Birkbeck College in London where he got a First. In 1933 he joined Oswald Mosley"s British Union of Fascists and became their Director of Propaganda. He eventually left, believing that Mosley wasn"t anti-Semitic enough. In August 1939, Joyce headed to Germany with his wife Margaret to start a new life. It was an ill-thought plan and when they realised that if war broke out they would be interned, they tried to return to London. That proved impossible. Looking for employment, Joyce had a radio audition and made his first broadcast on 6th September, three days before the war began.
The radio critic of the Daily Express, Jonah Barrington, began to make fun of German propaganda and German radio announcers, giving them comic names like "Winnie the Whopper" and "Uncle Smarmy". Having listened to William Joyce, Barrington wrote of his fake aristocratic drawl, "He speaks English of the haw-haw d.a.m.n-it-get-out-of-my-way variety..." William Joyce soon became known as Lord Haw-Haw.
Tonight his speech is slurred and his Irish accent occasionally comes through.
"...I had always hoped and believed that in the last resort there would be an alliance, a compact, an understanding between Germany and Britain. Well, at the moment, that seems impossible. Good. If it cannot be, then I can only say the whole of my work has been in vain..."
At the peak of Joyce"s popularity in January 1940, it"s estimated that seven million people listened to him on Radio Hamburg, having retuned after the BBC"s nine o"clock bulletin finished. The Times even started listing his broadcasts in their radio column, and the BBC became so concerned at Joyce"s popularity that they moved their most successful show, Arthur Askey"s Band Waggon, to be at the same time at his broadcasts.
But as Lord Haw-Haw became an increasing irritation, he also became a figure of fun as his claims to know what was going on in Britain were easily discredited. He once broadcast that Eastbourne harbour had been completely destroyed when the town has no harbour. Such nonsense was not unique on German radio at one point it was announced that the Luftwaffe had attacked the town of Random, after a British communique stated that "bombs were dropped at random."
In September 1944 Joyce and his wife were awarded Merit medals by Hitler, but not in person: "The Old Man was too busy," Margaret wrote in her diary.
"...I can only say that I have day in and day out called the attention of the British people to the menace [long pause] from the east which confronted them. And if they will not hear, if they are determined NOT to hear..." [he slams the desk] "...then I can only say that the fate that overcomes them in the end will be [long pause] the fate they have merited..."
Joyce has a large scar across his right cheek that he got stewarding a political meeting in south London that turned violent. He calls it his "Lambeth Honour". Goebbels has insisted that Joyce keep broadcasting until the very end of the war, and so in March he had him and his wife evacuated from Berlin to Hamburg. Joyce has come increasingly to rely on alcohol, and is in pain from an ankle injury resulting from a fall into a tank trap while drunk. The night before they left Berlin Joyce wrote in his diary, "I believe a bomb fell quite near but I was indifferent to it. Was really drunk..."
Before his final broadcast this evening, he and other members of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft had raided the cellars of the Hamburg station. His colleagues naively believe that they will be able to carry on working in broadcasting after the war. Joyce knows that"s impossible, and that they will all be arrested by the Allies. "If I cannot dodge the bill I must pay it," he wrote in his diary four days ago.
Joyce has reached the end of his typed script: "...I say to you these last words you may not hear again for a few months, I say Es lebe Deutschland!" He drops his voice. "Heil Hitler... and farewell."
At 4am, Joyce and his wife will be driven away from Hamburg by two SS officers, with the city about to surrender to the British. Joyce has no recollection of what he"s said in that last broadcast. He wrote in his diary, "I fear I made an improper speech but what it was I don"t know. I was under the influence. Was given a good bottle of wine as I left. Splendid." The recording was never broadcast, and is found by British soldiers on 2nd May in the studios of the Hamburg Rundfunk.
At a meeting of the War Cabinet, Churchill is explaining that the war is ending with "no friendly spirit" between the Allies, and there is a "tendency to quarrel".
Sir Andrew Cunningham, the First Sea Lord, agrees with the Prime Minister saying, "Quite true the French are very difficult and the Russians very suspicious and so difficult."
The Chair of the British Military Chiefs of Staff, Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, listens with frustration. Brooke has just had a week"s fishing in Inverness and feels "a great disinclination to start work again". He returned yesterday to such a backlog of mail that it took two dispatch riders to transport the sacks from his office to his home. This afternoon he"s chaired a long meeting of the chiefs of staff and now finds Churchill "in a bad mood", making the Cabinet meeting unpleasant. Brooke is fed up with Churchill"s misunderstanding of events, refusal to listen and tendency to drink until he"s "tight". Now he"s exasperated by Churchill abusing Field Marshal Alexander. Only a day after Alexander has received the German surrender in Italy, Churchill is complaining that he hasn"t yet taken Trieste and made a greater advance towards Vienna.
The Reichstag is full to the rafters with blind-drunk Russians. Where ten have been shot, twenty new ones arrive! It"s terrible. Hand grenades and pistol shots rain down from above, the underground pa.s.sageways and vaults echo with anti-tank grenades and rifle fire.
First Lieutenant Fritz Radloff
6.00pm
In Berlin the Russian soldiers of the 150th Rifle Division are charging the front of the Reichstag. They have finally been able to cross Konigsplatz under the cover of the dark fug of smoke and with tank support close behind them. They rush at the building expecting to burst through doors and windows, but the German defence force has managed to brick up and block the entrances. The Russians have to blast their way in.
A few hundred yards away SS officer Ewald Lindloff climbs the steps from the Fuhrerbunker to the Reich Chancellery garden, armed with a spade. He has been ordered by Otto Gunsche to bury the bodies of Adolf and Eva Hitler. Sh.e.l.ls have hit the garden in the last few hours and Lindloff finds the bodies are not only burned, but have been "torn open" by sh.e.l.ling. He buries the remains in a fresh sh.e.l.l crater.
Admiral Donitz arrives back at Plon Castle, following his meeting with Himmler in Lubeck police station. He is astonished to be greeted with a telegram from Martin Bormann informing him that he has been appointed as. .h.i.tler"s successor.