[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 215.--The bolt of a Barron lock.]
THE CHUBB LOCK
is an amplification of this principle. It usually has several tumblers of the shape shown in Fig. 216. The lock stud in these locks projects from the bolt itself, and the openings, or "gates," through which the stud must pa.s.s as the lock moves, are cut in the tumblers. It will be noticed that the forward notch of the tumbler has square serrations in the edges. These engage with similar serrations in the bolt stud and make it impossible to raise the tumbler if the bolt begins to move too soon when a wrong key is inserted.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 216.--Tumbler of Chubb lock.]
Fig. 217 is a Chubb key with eight steps. That nearest the head (8) operates a circular revolving curtain, which prevents the introduction of picking tools when a key is inserted and partly turned, as the key slot in the curtain is no longer opposite that in the lock. Step 1 moves the bolt.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 217.--A Chubb key.]
In order to shoot the bolt the height of the key steps must be so proportioned to the depth of their tumblers that all the gates in the tumblers are simultaneously raised to the right level for the stud to pa.s.s through them, as in Fig. 218. Here you will observe that the tumbler D on the extreme right (lifted by step 2 of the key) has a stud, D S, projecting from it over the other tumblers. This is called the _detector tumbler_. If a false key or picking tool is inserted it is certain to raise one of the tumblers too far. The detector is then over-lifted by the stud D S, and a spring catch falls into a notch at the rear. It is now impossible to pick the lock, as the detector can be released only by the right key shooting the bolt a little further in the locking direction, when a projection on the rear of the bolt lifts the catch and allows the tumbler to fall. The detector also shows that the lock has been tampered with, since even the right key cannot move the bolt until the overlocking has been performed.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 218.--A Chubb key raising all the tumblers to the correct height.]
Each tumbler step of a large Chubb key can be given one of thirty different heights; the bolt step one of twenty. By merely transposing the order of the steps in a six-step key it is possible to get 720 different combinations. By diminishing or increasing the heights the possible combinations may be raised to the enormous total of 7,776,000!
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 219.--Section of a Yale lock.]
THE YALE LOCK,
which comes from America, works on a quite different system. Its most noticeable feature is that it permits the use of a very small key, though the number of combinations possible is still enormous (several millions). In our ill.u.s.trations (Figs. 219, 220, 221) we show the mechanism controlling the turning of the key. The keyhole is a narrow twisted slot in the face of a cylinder, G (Fig. 219), which revolves inside a larger fixed cylinder, F. As the key is pushed in, the notches in its upper edge raise up the pins A^1, B^1, C^1, D^1, E^1, until their tops exactly reach the surface of G, which can now be revolved by the key in Fig. 220, and work the bolt through the medium of the arm H. (The bolt itself is not shown.) If a wrong key is inserted, either some of the lower pins will project upwards into the fixed cylinder F (see Fig. 221), or some of the pins in F will sink into G. It is then impossible to turn the key.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 220.--Yale key turning.]
There are other well-known locks, such as those invented by Bramah and Hobbs. But as these do not lend themselves readily to ill.u.s.tration no detailed account can be given. We might, however, notice the _time_ lock, which is set to a certain hour, and can be opened by the right key or a number of keys in combination only when that hour is reached.
Another very interesting device is the _automatic combination_ lock.
This may have twenty or more keys, any one of which can lock it; but the same one must be used to _un_lock it, as the key automatically sets the mechanism in favour of itself. With such a lock it would be possible to have a different key for every day in the month; and if any one key got into wrong hands it would be useless unless it happened to be the one which last locked the lock.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 221.--The wrong key inserted. The pins do not allow the lock to be turned.]
THE CYCLE.
There are a few features of this useful and in some ways wonderful contrivance which should be noticed. First,
THE GEARING OF A CYCLE.
To a good many people the expression "geared to 70 inches," or 65, or 80, as the case may be, conveys nothing except the fact that the higher the gear the faster one ought to be able to travel. Let us therefore examine the meaning of such a phrase before going farther.
The safety cycle is always "geared up"--that is, one turn of the pedals will turn the rear wheel more than once. To get the exact ratio of turning speed we count the teeth on the big chain-wheel, and the teeth on the small chain-wheel attached to the hub of the rear wheel, and divide the former by the latter. To take an example:--The teeth are 75 and 30 in number respectively; the ratio of speed therefore = 75/30 = 5/2 = 2-1/2. One turn of the pedal turns the rear wheel 2-1/2 times. The gear of the cycle is calculated by multiplying this result by the diameter of the rear wheel in inches. Thus a 28-inch wheel would in this case give a gear of 2-1/2 28 = 70 inches.
One turn of the pedals on a machine of this gear would propel the rider as far as if he were on a high "ordinary" with the pedals attached directly to a wheel 70 inches in diameter. The gearing is raised or lowered by altering the number ratio of the teeth on the two chain-wheels. If for the 30-tooth wheel we subst.i.tuted one of 25 teeth the gearing would be--
75/25 28 inches = 84 inches.
A handy formula to remember is, gearing = T/_t_ D, where T = teeth on large chain-wheel; _t_ = teeth on small chain-wheel; and D = diameter of driving-wheel in inches.
Two of the most important improvements recently added to the cycle are--(1) The free wheel; (2) the change-speed gear.
THE FREE WHEEL
is a device for enabling the driving-wheel to overrun the pedals when the rider ceases pedalling; it renders the driving-wheel "free" of the driving gear. It is a ratchet specially suited for this kind of work.
From among the many patterns now marketed we select the Micrometer free-wheel hub (Fig. 222), which is extremely simple. The _ratchet-wheel_ R is attached to the hub of the driving-wheel. The small chain-wheel (or "chain-ring," as it is often called) turns outside this, on a number of b.a.l.l.s running in a groove chased in the neck of the ratchet. Between these two parts are the _pawls_, of half-moon shape.
The driving-wheel is a.s.sumed to be on the further side of the ratchet.
To propel the cycle the chain-ring is turned in a clockwise direction.
Three out of the six pawls at once engage with notches in the ratchet, and are held tightly in place by the pressure of the chain-ring on their rear ends. The other three are in a midway position.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 222.]
When the rider ceases to pedal, the chain-ring becomes stationary, but the ratchet continues to revolve. The pawls offer no resistance to the ratchet teeth, which push them up into the semicircular recesses in the chain-ring. Each one rises as it pa.s.ses over a tooth. It is obvious that driving power cannot be transmitted again to the road wheel until the chain-wheel is turned fast enough to overtake the ratchet.
THE CHANGE-SPEED GEAR.
A gain in speed means a loss in power, and _vice versa_. By gearing-up a cycle we are able to make the driving-wheel revolve faster than the pedals, but at the expense of control over the driving-wheel. A high-geared cycle is fast on the level, but a bad hill-climber. The low-geared machine shows to disadvantage on the flat, but is a good hill-climber. Similarly, the express engine must have large driving-wheels, the goods engine small driving-wheels, to perform their special functions properly.
In order to travel fast over level country, and yet be able to mount hills without undue exertion, we must be able to do what the motorist does--change gear. Two-speed and three-speed gears are now very commonly fitted to cycles. They all work on the same principle, that of the epicyclic train of cog-wheels, the mechanisms being so devised that the hub turns more slowly than, at the same speed as, or faster than the small chain-wheel,[42] according to the wish of the rider.
We do not propose to do more here than explain the principle of the epicyclic train, which means "a wheel on (or running round) a wheel."
Lay a footrule on the table and roll a cylinder along it by the aid of a second rule, parallel to the first, but resting on the cylinder. It will be found that, while the cylinder advances six inches, the upper rule advances twice that distance. In the absence of friction the work done by the agent moving the upper rule is equal to that done in overcoming the force which opposes the forward motion of the cylinder; and as the distance through which the cylinder advances is only half that through which the upper rule advances, it follows that the _force_ which must act on the upper rule is only half as great as that overcome in moving the cylinder. The carter makes use of this principle when he puts his hand to the top of a wheel to help his cart over an obstacle.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 223.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 224.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 225.]
Now see how this principle is applied to the change-speed gear. The lower rule is replaced by a cog-wheel, C (Fig. 223); the cylinder by a cog, B, running round it; and the upper rule by a ring, A, with internal teeth. We may suppose that A is the chain-ring, B a cog mounted on a pin projecting from the hub, and C a cog attached to the fixed axle. It is evident that B will not move so fast round C as A does. The amount by which A will get ahead of B can be calculated easily. We begin with the wheels in the position shown in Fig. 223. A point, I, on A is exactly over the topmost point of C. For the sake of convenience we will first a.s.sume that instead of B running round C, B is revolved on its axis for one complete revolution in a clockwise direction, and that A and C move as in Fig. 224. If B has 10 teeth, C 30, and A 40, A will have been moved 10/40 = 1/4 of a revolution in a clockwise direction, and C 10/30 = 1/3 of a revolution in an anti-clockwise direction.
Now, coming back to what actually does happen, we shall be able to understand how far A rotates round C relatively to the motion of B, when C is fixed and B rolls (Fig. 225). B advances 1/3 of distance round C; A advances 1/3 + 1/4 = 7/12 of distance round B. The fractions, if reduced to a common denominator, are as 4:7, and this is equivalent to 40 (number of teeth on A): 40 + 30 (teeth on A + teeth on C.)
To leave the reader with a very clear idea we will summarize the matter thus:--If T = number of teeth on A, _t_ = number of teeth on C, then movement of A: movement of B:: T + _t_: T.
Here is a two-speed hub. Let us count the teeth. The chain-ring (= A) has 64 internal teeth, and the central cog (= C) on the axle has 16 teeth. There are four cogs (= B) equally s.p.a.ced, running on pins projecting from the hub-sh.e.l.l between A and C. How much faster than B does A run round C? Apply the formula:--Motion of A: motion of B:: 64 + 16: 64. That is, while A revolves once, B and the hub and the driving-wheel will revolve only 64/80 = 4/5 of a turn. To use scientific language, B revolves 20 per cent. slower than A.
This is the gearing we use for hill-climbing. On the level we want the driving-wheel to turn as fast as, or faster than, the chain-ring. To make it turn at the same rate, both A and C must revolve together. In one well-known gear this is effected by sliding C along the spindle of the wheel till it disengages itself from the spindle, and one end locks with the plate which carries A. Since B is now being pulled round at the bottom as well as the top, it cannot rotate on its own axis any longer, and the whole train revolves _solidly_--that is, while A turns through a circle B does the same.
To get an _increase_ of gearing, matters must be so arranged that the drive is transmitted from the chain-wheel to B, and from A to the hub.
While B describes a circle, A and the driving-wheel turn through a circle and a part of a circle--that is, the driving-wheel revolves faster than the hub. Given the same number of teeth as before, the proportional rates will be A = 80, B = 64, so that the gear _rises_ 25 per cent.
By means of proper mechanism the power is transmitted in a three-speed gear either (1) from chain-wheel to A, A to B, B to wheel = _low_ gear; or (2) from chain-wheel to A and C simultaneously = solid, normal, or _middle_ gear; or (3) from chain-wheel to B, B to A, A to wheel = _high_ gear. In two-speed gears either 1 or 3 is omitted.