1906.
First volume of Strowski"s edition published, based primarily on "Bordeaux Copy." First volume of Strowski"s edition published, based primarily on "Bordeaux Copy."
1912.
First volume of Armaingaud"s edition published, based primarily on "Bordeaux Copy." First volume of Armaingaud"s edition published, based primarily on "Bordeaux Copy."
2007.
New Pleiade edition published, based primarily on Gournay"s 1595 edition. New Pleiade edition published, based primarily on Gournay"s 1595 edition.
NOTES.
Unless otherwise specified, Montaigne references are to Donald Frame"s translation of the Essays: Essays: Montaigne, Montaigne, The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. and ed. D. Frame (London: Everyman, 2005). In each case the standard volume and chapter citation is followed by the Frame page number.
Full details of works listed here by author only or with brief t.i.tles can be found in Sources Sources, pp. 36570 below.
Q. How to live?
1 The Oxford Muse: The Oxford Muse: Melon: III:13 1031. s.e.x: III:13 1012. Singing: II:17 591. Repartee: II:17 587; III:8 871. Being alive: III:13 1036. Melon: III:13 1031. s.e.x: III:13 1012. Singing: II:17 591. Repartee: II:17 587; III:8 871. Being alive: III:13 1036.3 Levin: Levin: The Times The Times (Dec. 2, 1991), p. 14. Pascal: Pascal, (Dec. 2, 1991), p. 14. Pascal: Pascal, Pensees Pensees no. 568, p. 131. no. 568, p. 131.4 "There is always a crowd": Woolf, V., "Montaigne," 71. "As we face each other": "The Mark on the Wall," in Woolf, V., "There is always a crowd": Woolf, V., "Montaigne," 71. "As we face each other": "The Mark on the Wall," in Woolf, V., A Haunted House: The Complete Shorter Fiction A Haunted House: The Complete Shorter Fiction (London: Vintage, 2003), 7980. (London: Vintage, 2003), 7980.5 Tabourot et al.: etienne Tabourot, sieur des Accords, Tabourot et al.: etienne Tabourot, sieur des Accords, Quatrieme et cinquieme livre des touches Quatrieme et cinquieme livre des touches (Paris: J. Richer, 1588), V: f. 65v. Cited Boase, (Paris: J. Richer, 1588), V: f. 65v. Cited Boase, Fortunes Fortunes 78 and Millet 623. Emerson 92. Gide, A., 78 and Millet 623. Emerson 92. Gide, A., Montaigne Montaigne (London & New York: Blackamore Press, 1929), 778. Zweig, "Montaigne" 17. (London & New York: Blackamore Press, 1929), 778. Zweig, "Montaigne" 17.6 Amazon readers: Amazon readers: Comments from tepi, Grant, Klumz, diastole1 and lexo-2x.7 "Do I contradict myself?": Whitman, W., "Song of Myself," in "Do I contradict myself?": Whitman, W., "Song of Myself," in Leaves of Gra.s.s Leaves of Gra.s.s (Brooklyn, 1855), 55. (Brooklyn, 1855), 55.8 "I cannot keep my subject still": III:2 740. "I cannot keep my subject still": III:2 740.9 Firing a pistol: Saint-Sernin, J. de, Firing a pistol: Saint-Sernin, J. de, Essais et observations sur les Essais et observations sur les Essais Essais du seigneur de Montaigne du seigneur de Montaigne (London: E. Allde, 1626), f. A6r. (London: E. Allde, 1626), f. A6r.10 "It is the only book in the world": II:8 338. "It is the only book in the world": II:8 338.11 Our own b.u.m: III:13 1044. Our own b.u.m: III:13 1044.12 Flaubert: Gustave Flaubert to Mlle Leroyer de Chantepie, June 16, 1857, cited Frame, Flaubert: Gustave Flaubert to Mlle Leroyer de Chantepie, June 16, 1857, cited Frame, Montaigne in France Montaigne in France 61. 61.
1. Q. How to live? A. Don"t worry about death
1 Young man who died of fever: I:20 73. Young man who died of fever: I:20 73.2 "To philosophize is to learn how to die": Cicero, "To philosophize is to learn how to die": Cicero, Tusculan Disputations Tusculan Disputations I: x.x.x, 74. Cicero took the idea from Plato"s I: x.x.x, 74. Cicero took the idea from Plato"s Phaedo Phaedo (67 e). Montaigne used it for the t.i.tle of his essay: I:20. (67 e). Montaigne used it for the t.i.tle of his essay: I:20.3 Death of Arnaud, and "With such frequent and ordinary examples": I:20 71. Death of Arnaud, and "With such frequent and ordinary examples": I:20 71.4 "At every moment": I:20 72. "At every moment": I:20 72.5 Montaigne imagining his deathbed scene: III:4 771. Montaigne imagining his deathbed scene: III:4 771.6 Death a few bad moments: III:12 980. Death a few bad moments: III:12 980.7 Riding: we do not know exactly when this incident occurred, but Montaigne says it was during the second or third civil wars, which puts it between autumn 1568 and early 1570: II:6 326. Montaigne"s feeling of escape: III:5 811. On Montaigne and riding, see Balsamo, J., "Cheval," in Desan, Riding: we do not know exactly when this incident occurred, but Montaigne says it was during the second or third civil wars, which puts it between autumn 1568 and early 1570: II:6 326. Montaigne"s feeling of escape: III:5 811. On Montaigne and riding, see Balsamo, J., "Cheval," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 1624. 1624.8 Far-flung vineyards: Marcetteau-Paul 13741. Far-flung vineyards: Marcetteau-Paul 13741.9 Montaigne"s speculations: Marrow: II:12 507. Remora: II:12 417. Cat: I:21 901. Montaigne"s speculations: Marrow: II:12 507. Remora: II:12 417. Cat: I:21 901.10 Montaigne"s description of the accident and its after-effects: II:6 32630. All quotations in the next few pages are from this description, unless otherwise specified. Montaigne"s description of the accident and its after-effects: II:6 32630. All quotations in the next few pages are from this description, unless otherwise specified.11 "Enfeeblement and stupor": III:9 914. Petronius and Tigillinus: III:9 915. Both from Tacitus: Petronius from "Enfeeblement and stupor": III:9 914. Petronius and Tigillinus: III:9 915. Both from Tacitus: Petronius from Annals Annals XIV:19; Tigillinus from XIV:19; Tigillinus from Histories Histories I:72. Marcellinus: II:13 5612. Source is Seneca, I:72. Marcellinus: II:13 5612. Source is Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 77. Loeb edn II:1713.12 "I never saw one of my peasant neighbors": III:12 980. "I never saw one of my peasant neighbors": III:12 980.13 "If you don"t know how to die": III:12 979. "If you don"t know how to die": III:12 979.14 "Battered and bruised," "I still feel the effect," and return of his memory: II:6 330. "Battered and bruised," "I still feel the effect," and return of his memory: II:6 330.15 "Bad spots": III:10 934. "Bad spots": III:10 934.
2. Q. How to live? A. Pay attention
16 Montaigne"s retirement: it was made official on July 23, 1570, but the transfer to his successor was signed in April 1570, so he must have made the decision earlier. See Frame, Montaigne"s retirement: it was made official on July 23, 1570, but the transfer to his successor was signed in April 1570, so he must have made the decision earlier. See Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 11415. On his rejected application: ibid., 578. 11415. On his rejected application: ibid., 578.17 Retirement inscription: as translated in Frame, Retirement inscription: as translated in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 115. 115.18 Montaigne"s mid-life crisis compared to Don Quixote and Dante: Auerbach, E., Montaigne"s mid-life crisis compared to Don Quixote and Dante: Auerbach, E., Mimesis Mimesis, tr. W. A. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 3489.19 On the Montaigne chateau and tower, see Gardeau and Feytaud; Willett; Hoffmann 838; Legros 10326; and Legros, A., "Tour de Montaigne," in Desan, On the Montaigne chateau and tower, see Gardeau and Feytaud; Willett; Hoffmann 838; Legros 10326; and Legros, A., "Tour de Montaigne," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 9847. "Very big bell": I:23 94. 9847. "Very big bell": I:23 94.20 Shelves: III:3 763. Inheritance from La Boetie: III:12 984. Shelves: III:3 763. Inheritance from La Boetie: III:12 984.21 "I keep their handwriting": II:18 612. South American collection: I:31 187. "I keep their handwriting": II:18 612. South American collection: I:31 187.22 Private library trend: Hale 397. "Room behind the shop" and "Sorry the man": III:3 763. Private library trend: Hale 397. "Room behind the shop" and "Sorry the man": III:3 763.23 Murals in side-chamber: Willett 219; Gardeau and Feytaud 478. Roof-beam quotations: Legros. On other similar inscriptions: Frame, Murals in side-chamber: Willett 219; Gardeau and Feytaud 478. Roof-beam quotations: Legros. On other similar inscriptions: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 9. 9.24 On the fashion for retirement: Burke 5. "Let us cut loose": I:39 214. On the fashion for retirement: Burke 5. "Let us cut loose": I:39 214.25 Seneca"s warnings: Seneca, "On Tranquillity of Mind," in Seneca"s warnings: Seneca, "On Tranquillity of Mind," in Dialogues and Letters Dialogues and Letters 34, 45. 34, 45.26 A "melancholy humor": II:8 3378. Runaway horse, water reflections and other images: I:8 245. A "melancholy humor": II:8 3378. Runaway horse, water reflections and other images: I:8 245.27 On reverie: Morrissey, R. J., On reverie: Morrissey, R. J., La Reverie jusqu"a Rousseau: recherches sur un topos litteraire La Reverie jusqu"a Rousseau: recherches sur un topos litteraire (Lexington, KY: French Forum, 1984), esp. 3743. (Lexington, KY: French Forum, 1984), esp. 3743.28 The reverie of writing: II:8 3378. "Chimeras and fantastic monsters": I:8 25. The reverie of writing: II:8 3378. "Chimeras and fantastic monsters": I:8 25.29 Salvation lies in paying full attention: Seneca, Salvation lies in paying full attention: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 78, Loeb edn II:199.30 Writing for family and friends: "To the reader," Writing for family and friends: "To the reader," Essays Essays I p. 2. On commonplace books, see Moss, A., I p. 2. On commonplace books, see Moss, A., Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). I am indebted to Peter Mack for the suggestion that Montaigne was partly inspired to write the (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). I am indebted to Peter Mack for the suggestion that Montaigne was partly inspired to write the Essays Essays by reading Amyot"s translation of Plutarch. by reading Amyot"s translation of Plutarch.31 The dates of his writing are derived from Villey"s study in The dates of his writing are derived from Villey"s study in Les Sources: Les Sources: see Frame, see Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 156. There has since been some disagreement about the dating. 156. There has since been some disagreement about the dating.32 "Each man is a good education to himself": II:6 331. Source is Pliny, "Each man is a good education to himself": II:6 331. Source is Pliny, Natural History Natural History XXII: 24. XXII: 24.33 "It is a th.o.r.n.y undertaking": II:6 331. "It is a th.o.r.n.y undertaking": II:6 331.34 "I meditate on any satisfaction," and having himself woken from sleep: III:13 1040. "I meditate on any satisfaction," and having himself woken from sleep: III:13 1040.35 Herac.l.i.tus, Fragment 50. Herac.l.i.tus, Herac.l.i.tus, Fragment 50. Herac.l.i.tus, The Art and Thought of Herac.l.i.tus The Art and Thought of Herac.l.i.tus, tr. and ed. C. H. Kahn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 53. Stream of consciousness: James, W., The The Principles of Psychology Principles of Psychology (New York: Henry Holt, 1890), I:239. (New York: Henry Holt, 1890), I:239.36 Montaigne quotes Herac.l.i.tus: II:12 554. "Now gently, now violently": II:1 291. Sand dunes: I:31 183. "A perpetual multiplication and vicissitude of forms": III:6 841. Montaigne quotes Herac.l.i.tus: II:12 554. "Now gently, now violently": II:1 291. Sand dunes: I:31 183. "A perpetual multiplication and vicissitude of forms": III:6 841. Branloire: Branloire: III:2 740. See Rigolot 203. On general sixteenth-century fascination with flux and metamorphosis: Jeanneret, III:2 740. See Rigolot 203. On general sixteenth-century fascination with flux and metamorphosis: Jeanneret, Perpetuum mobile Perpetuum mobile.37 Theories of s.e.x with lame women: III:11 963. Source for Aristotle is Theories of s.e.x with lame women: III:11 963. Source for Aristotle is Problemata Problemata X: 24, 893b. See Screech 1567. X: 24, 893b. See Screech 1567.38 "That our happiness must not be judged until after our death": I:19 646. Sources for Solon are Herodotus, "That our happiness must not be judged until after our death": I:19 646. Sources for Solon are Herodotus, Histories Histories I: 86, and Plutarch"s "Life of Solon," in I: 86, and Plutarch"s "Life of Solon," in Lives Lives, LVIII.39 "If my mind could gain a firm footing": III:2 740. "If my mind could gain a firm footing": III:2 740.40 "I do not portray being": III:2 740. "I do not portray being": III:2 740.41 "Observe, observe perpetually": Woolf, V., "Montaigne," 78. "Observe, observe perpetually": Woolf, V., "Montaigne," 78.42 Mynah birds: Huxley, A., Mynah birds: Huxley, A., Island Island (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962), 15. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962), 15.43 "It will cause no commotion" and "You must drink quickly": Seneca, "On the Shortness of Life," in "It will cause no commotion" and "You must drink quickly": Seneca, "On the Shortness of Life," in Dialogues and Letters Dialogues and Letters 689. 689.44 "A consciousness astonished at itself": Merleau-Ponty 322. Astonishment and fluidity: Burrow, C., "Frisks, skips and jumps" (a review of Ann Hartle"s "A consciousness astonished at itself": Merleau-Ponty 322. Astonishment and fluidity: Burrow, C., "Frisks, skips and jumps" (a review of Ann Hartle"s Michel de Montaigne), London Review of Books Michel de Montaigne), London Review of Books Nov. 6, 2003. Nov. 6, 2003.45 "I try to increase it in weight": III:13 1040. "I try to increase it in weight": III:13 1040.46 "When I walk alone" and "When I dance, I dance": III:13 1036. "When I walk alone" and "When I dance, I dance": III:13 1036.
3. Q. How to live? A. Be born
1 His birth: I:20 69, and Montaigne, His birth: I:20 69, and Montaigne, Le Livre de raison Le Livre de raison, entry for Feb. 28. On his nickname of Micheau: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 38. Eleven months: II:12 5078. "Does this sound strange?": 38. Eleven months: II:12 5078. "Does this sound strange?": Gargantua Gargantua, I:3, in Rabelais, The Complete Works The Complete Works 1214. 1214.2 Honesty: II:11 377. Kidney stones: II:37 701. Honesty: II:11 377. Kidney stones: II:37 701.3 "Most" of his ancestors: III:9 901. "Most" of his ancestors: III:9 901.4 Family and n.o.bility: Frame, Family and n.o.bility: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 78, Lazard 269; Supple 289. On Eyquem family: Cocula, A.-M., "Eyquem de Montaigne (famille)," and Balsamo, J., "Eyquem de Montaigne (genealogie ascendante)," in Desan, 78, Lazard 269; Supple 289. On Eyquem family: Cocula, A.-M., "Eyquem de Montaigne (famille)," and Balsamo, J., "Eyquem de Montaigne (genealogie ascendante)," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 3813. On the wine-growing business: Marcetteau-Paul. 3813. On the wine-growing business: Marcetteau-Paul.5 n.o.bility of the sword: Supple 278. n.o.bility of the sword: Supple 278.6 Born "in confiniis Burdigalensium et Petragorensium": Montaigne, Born "in confiniis Burdigalensium et Petragorensium": Montaigne, Le Livre de raison Le Livre de raison, entry for Feb. 28.7 Bordeaux background: Lazard 12; Frame, Bordeaux background: Lazard 12; Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 56. The English wine fleet: Knecht, 56. The English wine fleet: Knecht, Rise and Rise and Fall Fall 8. 8.8 Pierre"s way of signing doc.u.ments: see e.g. the entry on Montaigne"s birth in the family record book: Montaigne, Pierre"s way of signing doc.u.ments: see e.g. the entry on Montaigne"s birth in the family record book: Montaigne, Le Livre de raison Le Livre de raison, entry for Feb. 28. See Lacouture 32.9 "If others examined themselves attentively": III:9 931. "If others examined themselves attentively": III:9 931.10 Jewish ancestry: most biographers have surmised that his mother"s family was Jewish, with the main exception of Roger Trinquet (Trinquet, Jewish ancestry: most biographers have surmised that his mother"s family was Jewish, with the main exception of Roger Trinquet (Trinquet, La Jeunesse de Montaigne) La Jeunesse de Montaigne). See Lazard 41 and Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 1720. Montaigne on Jews: I:14 423, I:56 282, II:3 311. 1720. Montaigne on Jews: I:14 423, I:56 282, II:3 311.11 Montaigne"s parents" marriage, and his mother"s age: Frame, Montaigne"s parents" marriage, and his mother"s age: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 29. 29.12 Antoinette"s legal doc.u.ments, and Pierre"s wills: Lazard 45, and Frame, Antoinette"s legal doc.u.ments, and Pierre"s wills: Lazard 45, and Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 245. 245.13 She stayed until about 1587: this is based on the fact that, when she wrote her own will on April 19, 1597, she had apparently lived away from the castle for about ten years. Doc.u.ment of Aug. 31, 1568, and Antoinette"s will: both translated in Frame, She stayed until about 1587: this is based on the fact that, when she wrote her own will on April 19, 1597, she had apparently lived away from the castle for about ten years. Doc.u.ment of Aug. 31, 1568, and Antoinette"s will: both translated in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 247. 247.14 Montaigne"s indolence, and his father"s home improvements: III:9 8824. Also see II:17 6012. Montaigne"s indolence, and his father"s home improvements: III:9 8824. Also see II:17 6012.15 Montaigne"s father: Balsamo, J., "Eyquem de Montaigne, Pierre," in Desan, Montaigne"s father: Balsamo, J., "Eyquem de Montaigne, Pierre," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 3836. 3836.16 Brantome: P. de Bourdeilles, seigneur de Brantome, Brantome: P. de Bourdeilles, seigneur de Brantome, Oeuvres completes Oeuvres completes, ed. L. Lalanne (Paris, 186482), V: 923. Cited in Desan, P., "Ordre de Saint-Michel," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 734, and Supple 39. 734, and Supple 39.17 Pierre"s stories: I:14 14. Pierre"s stories: I:14 14.18 The effect of Italy on French soldiers: Lazard 32, 14; Frame, The effect of Italy on French soldiers: Lazard 32, 14; Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 10. 10.19 Montaigne"s description of his father: II:12 3001. Montaigne"s description of his father: II:12 3001.20 Stress of Pierre"s mayoralty: III:10 935. 48 "I want to sell some pearls": I:35 200. Stress of Pierre"s mayoralty: III:10 935. 48 "I want to sell some pearls": I:35 200.21 The neglected notebook and the Beuther The neglected notebook and the Beuther Ephemeris Ephemeris are both in the Bibliotheque munic.i.p.ale de Bordeaux. "I think I am a fool to have neglected it": I:35 201. A facsimile edition of the Beuther, with transcriptions, was published as Montaigne, are both in the Bibliotheque munic.i.p.ale de Bordeaux. "I think I am a fool to have neglected it": I:35 201. A facsimile edition of the Beuther, with transcriptions, was published as Montaigne, Le Livre de raison Le Livre de raison. See Desan, P., "Beuther," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 1005, which also discusses the neglected notebook. Montaigne"s dating and numbering errors include the age of his brother Arnaud when he died from the tennis accident (I:20 71; Frame, 1005, which also discusses the neglected notebook. Montaigne"s dating and numbering errors include the age of his brother Arnaud when he died from the tennis accident (I:20 71; Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 33), his own age when he married, (II:8 342), the date of his arrest in Paris in 1588, which he later corrected (Montaigne, 33), his own age when he married, (II:8 342), the date of his arrest in Paris in 1588, which he later corrected (Montaigne, Le Livre de raison Le Livre de raison, entries for July 10 and July 20), and the age of his first daughter when she died (Montaigne"s dedication to La Boetie"s translation of Plutarch"s Lettre de consolation Lettre de consolation, 1570).22 Half-finished jobs: III:9 882. Montaigne"s affectation of indifference: III:10 935. Half-finished jobs: III:9 882. Montaigne"s affectation of indifference: III:10 935.23 Pierre"s kidney-stone attacks: II:37 701; III:2 746. Pierre"s kidney-stone attacks: II:37 701; III:2 746.24 Pierre"s wills: Frame, Pierre"s wills: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 14. 14.25 "Completing some old bit of wall": III:9 882. "One should not try to surpa.s.s one"s father": Nietzsche, "Completing some old bit of wall": III:9 882. "One should not try to surpa.s.s one"s father": Nietzsche, The Gay Science The Gay Science 142 (s. 210). 142 (s. 210).26 Holy persons and oracles: II:12 387. Holy persons and oracles: II:12 387.27 Eyquems famous for their harmony: I:28 166. "Out of respect for the good reputation": this is quoted by Montaigne in his letter to his father, published in his edition of La Boetie, Eyquems famous for their harmony: I:28 166. "Out of respect for the good reputation": this is quoted by Montaigne in his letter to his father, published in his edition of La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.], and in Montaigne, [etc.], and in Montaigne, The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1285.28 Montaigne"s siblings: Balsamo, J., "Freres et soeurs de Montaigne", in Desan, Montaigne"s siblings: Balsamo, J., "Freres et soeurs de Montaigne", in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 41921. 41921.29 Montaigne sent out to peasant family: III:13 1028; Montaigne"s ordinariness made him extraordinary: II:17 584. Montaigne sent out to peasant family: III:13 1028; Montaigne"s ordinariness made him extraordinary: II:17 584.30 Let your children "be formed by fortune": III:13 1028. Let your children "be formed by fortune": III:13 1028.31 Horst: Banderier, G., "Precepteur de Montaigne," in Desan, Horst: Banderier, G., "Precepteur de Montaigne," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 813. 813.32 "My father and mother," "without artificial means," and compliments from teachers: I:26 1567. "My father and mother," "without artificial means," and compliments from teachers: I:26 1567.33 Moderns inferior because they learned Latin artificially: I:26 156. Moderns inferior because they learned Latin artificially: I:26 156.34 "We volleyed our conjugations," but little later knowledge of Greek: I:26 157. See also II:4 318. "We volleyed our conjugations," but little later knowledge of Greek: I:26 157. See also II:4 318.35 Woken by musical instrument: I:26 157. Only twice struck with rod, and "wisdom and tact": II:8 341. Woken by musical instrument: I:26 157. Only twice struck with rod, and "wisdom and tact": II:8 341.36 Erasmus: Erasmus, D., Erasmus: Erasmus, D., De pueris statim ac liberaliter inst.i.tuendis declamatio De pueris statim ac liberaliter inst.i.tuendis declamatio (Basel: H. Froben, 1529). "All the inquiries a man can make": I:26 1567. (Basel: H. Froben, 1529). "All the inquiries a man can make": I:26 1567.37 Decline through lack of practice: II:17 588; Latin exclamation: III:2 746. Decline through lack of practice: II:17 588; Latin exclamation: III:2 746.38 Ephemeral quality of French gave him freedom: III:9 913. Ephemeral quality of French gave him freedom: III:9 913.39 Latin commune: etienne Tabourot, sieur des Accords, Latin commune: etienne Tabourot, sieur des Accords, Les Bigarrures Les Bigarrures (Rouen: J. Bauchu, 1591), Book IV, ff. 14rv. Experiments were also tried by Robert Estienne and Francois de La Tremouille. See Lazard 578. (Rouen: J. Bauchu, 1591), Book IV, ff. 14rv. Experiments were also tried by Robert Estienne and Francois de La Tremouille. See Lazard 578.40 Montaigne"s advice on education: I:26 13550. Montaigne"s advice on education: I:26 13550.41 "There is no one who": III:2 746. "There is no one who": III:2 746.42 Montaigne blames his father for changing his mind: I:26 157. On other possibilities: Lacouture 1921. Montaigne blames his father for changing his mind: I:26 157. On other possibilities: Lacouture 1921.43 Bordeaux in Montaigne"s time: Cocula, A.-M., "Bordeaux," in Desan, Bordeaux in Montaigne"s time: Cocula, A.-M., "Bordeaux," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 1235. 1235.44 College de Guyenne: Hoffmann, G., "etude & education de Montaigne," in Desan, College de Guyenne: Hoffmann, G., "etude & education de Montaigne," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 3579. Curriculum from Elie Vinet, 3579. Curriculum from Elie Vinet, Schola aquitanica Schola aquitanica (1583). On the school regime: Lazard 623; Trinquet; Porteau, P., (1583). On the school regime: Lazard 623; Trinquet; Porteau, P., Montaigne et la vie pedagogique de son temps Montaigne et la vie pedagogique de son temps (Paris: Droz, 1935). Montaigne says he lost his Latin at school: I:26 158. (Paris: Droz, 1935). Montaigne says he lost his Latin at school: I:26 158.45 Montaigne"s acting: I:26 159. Montaigne"s acting: I:26 159.46 Gouvea: Gorris Camos, R., "Gouvea, Andre," in Desan, Gouvea: Gorris Camos, R., "Gouvea, Andre," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 43840. 61 The salt-tax uprising: Knecht, 43840. 61 The salt-tax uprising: Knecht, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall 21011, 246. Closing of the College: Nakam, 21011, 246. Closing of the College: Nakam, Montaigne et son temps Montaigne et son temps 85. 85.47 Killing of Moneins: I:24 11516. Killing of Moneins: I:24 11516.48 On Montmorency, the "pacification," and Bordeaux"s loss of privileges: Knecht, On Montmorency, the "pacification," and Bordeaux"s loss of privileges: Knecht, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall 2467, Nakam, 2467, Nakam, Montaigne et son temps Montaigne et son temps 812. 812.
4. Q. How to live? A. Read a lot, forget most of what you read, and be slow-witted
1 Montaigne"s reading, and not being discouraged by the tutor: I:26 158. For hypotheses on who this tutor was, see Hoffmann, G., "etude & education de Montaigne," in Desan, Montaigne"s reading, and not being discouraged by the tutor: I:26 158. For hypotheses on who this tutor was, see Hoffmann, G., "etude & education de Montaigne," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 3579. 3579.2 Montaigne"s discovery of Ovid: I:26 158. On Ovid and Montaigne, see Rigolot, and McKinley, M., "Ovide," in Desan, Montaigne"s discovery of Ovid: I:26 158. On Ovid and Montaigne, see Rigolot, and McKinley, M., "Ovide," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 7445. 7445.3 Montaigne"s early discoveries, and "but, for all that, it was still school": I:26 158. Montaigne"s early discoveries, and "but, for all that, it was still school": I:26 158.4 Thrill of Ovid wore off: II:10 361. But still emulated style: II:35 6889. Villey found 72 references to Ovid in the Thrill of Ovid wore off: II:10 361. But still emulated style: II:35 6889. Villey found 72 references to Ovid in the Essays: Essays: Villey, Villey, Les Sources Les Sources I:2056. See Rigolot 2246. Virgil could be brushed up a little: II:10 362. I:2056. See Rigolot 2246. Virgil could be brushed up a little: II:10 362.5 The "diversity and truth" of man, and "the variety of the ways he is put together": II:10 367. Tacitus: III:8 8734. The "diversity and truth" of man, and "the variety of the ways he is put together": II:10 367. Tacitus: III:8 8734.6 Montaigne on Plutarch: "He is so universal": III:5 809. He is "full of Montaigne on Plutarch: "He is so universal": III:5 809. He is "full of things": things": II:10 364. "Not so bad after all!" and flies on mirrors: Plutarch, "On Tranquillity of Mind," II:10 364. "Not so bad after all!" and flies on mirrors: Plutarch, "On Tranquillity of Mind," Moralia Moralia VI, 467C and 473E, Loeb edn VI: 183, 219. Plutarch points where we are to go if we like: I:26 140. "I think I know him even into his soul": II:31 657. It does not matter how long a person one loves has been dead: III:9 927. Montaigne admired the two celebrated French translations of Plutarch by Jacques Amyot: Plutarch, VI, 467C and 473E, Loeb edn VI: 183, 219. Plutarch points where we are to go if we like: I:26 140. "I think I know him even into his soul": II:31 657. It does not matter how long a person one loves has been dead: III:9 927. Montaigne admired the two celebrated French translations of Plutarch by Jacques Amyot: Plutarch, Vies des hommes ill.u.s.tres Vies des hommes ill.u.s.tres (Paris: M. de Vascosan, 1559), and (Paris: M. de Vascosan, 1559), and Oeuvres morales Oeuvres morales (Paris: M. de Vascosan, 1572), both tr. J. Amyot. See Guerrier, O., "Amyot, Jacques," in Desan, (Paris: M. de Vascosan, 1572), both tr. J. Amyot. See Guerrier, O., "Amyot, Jacques," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 334. 334.7 On Montaigne"s library: Sayce 256. The collection was dispersed after his death; attempts have since been made to reconstruct a list. See Villey, On Montaigne"s library: Sayce 256. The collection was dispersed after his death; attempts have since been made to reconstruct a list. See Villey, Les Sources Les Sources I:27383; Desan, P., "Bibliotheque," in Desan, I:27383; Desan, P., "Bibliotheque," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 10811. 10811.8 Petrarch, Erasmus and Machiavelli: Friedrich 42. Machiavelli"s letter is cited in Hale 190. Cicero: II:10 365; Virgil: II:10 362. Petrarch, Erasmus and Machiavelli: Friedrich 42. Machiavelli"s letter is cited in Hale 190. Cicero: II:10 365; Virgil: II:10 362.9 "I leaf through now one book" and "Actually I use them": III:3 7612. "We who have little contact": III:8 873. "If I encounter difficulties": II:10 361. "I leaf through now one book" and "Actually I use them": III:3 7612. "We who have little contact": III:8 873. "If I encounter difficulties": II:10 361.10 Lucretius: Screech, M.A., Lucretius: Screech, M.A., Montaigne"s Annotated Copy of Lucretius Montaigne"s Annotated Copy of Lucretius (Geneva: Droz, 1998). (Geneva: Droz, 1998).11 "Gentleness and freedom": I:26 157. "Gentleness and freedom": I:26 157.12 "Memory is a wonderfully useful tool": II:17 598. "There is no man": I:9 25. "Memory is a wonderfully useful tool": II:17 598. "There is no man": I:9 25.13 Wishing he could remember ideas and dreams: III:5 811. "I"m full of cracks": II:17 600. Source is Terence, Wishing he could remember ideas and dreams: III:5 811. "I"m full of cracks": II:17 600. Source is Terence, The Eunuch The Eunuch, I:105.14 Lyncestes: III:9 893. Source is Quintius Curtius Rufus, Lyncestes: III:9 893. Source is Quintius Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great History of Alexander the Great VII:1. 89. VII:1. 89.15 Montaigne on public speaking: III:9 8934. Montaigne on public speaking: III:9 8934.16 Tupinamba: I:31 193. La Boetie"s death: Montaigne"s letter to his father, in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, Tupinamba: I:31 193. La Boetie"s death: Montaigne"s letter to his father, in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.], and in Montaigne, [etc.], and in Montaigne, The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 12767.17 Irritation that people did not believe him: I:9 25. On his ability to remember quotations, see Friedrich 31, 338. Baudier: from a prose commentary attached to his Latin verses, "To the n.o.ble heroine Marie de Gournay," Baudier, D., Irritation that people did not believe him: I:9 25. On his ability to remember quotations, see Friedrich 31, 338. Baudier: from a prose commentary attached to his Latin verses, "To the n.o.ble heroine Marie de Gournay," Baudier, D., Poemata Poemata (Leyden, 1607), 35965. Cited Millet 1518, and Villey, (Leyden, 1607), 35965. Cited Millet 1518, and Villey, Montaigne devant la posterite Montaigne devant la posterite 845. Malebranche: Malebranche 1878. 845. Malebranche: Malebranche 1878.18 A bad memory implies honesty: I:92 67; II:17 598. It keeps anecdotes brief: I:9 26. It makes for good judgment: I:9 25. It prevents petty resentments: I:9 27. A bad memory implies honesty: I:92 67; II:17 598. It keeps anecdotes brief: I:9 26. It makes for good judgment: I:9 25. It prevents petty resentments: I:9 27.19 Stewart: Stewart, D., Stewart: Stewart, D., Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, in Collected Works Collected Works, ed. W. Hamilton (Edinburgh: T. Constable, 185460), II:3701.20 "I have to solicit it nonchalantly": II:17 598. The effort to remember makes one forget: III:5 811. The effort to forget makes one remember: II:12 443. "I have to solicit it nonchalantly": II:17 598. The effort to remember makes one forget: III:5 811. The effort to forget makes one remember: II:12 443.21 "What I do easily and naturally": II:17 599. "So sluggish, lax, and drowsy": I:26 157. "What I do easily and naturally": II:17 599. "So sluggish, lax, and drowsy": I:26 157.22 "There is no subtlety so empty": II:17 6001. "Tardy understanding": I:26 157. "There is no subtlety so empty": II:17 6001. "Tardy understanding": I:26 157.23 What he grasped he grasped firmly: II:17 600. "What I saw, I saw well.": II:10 31. "Bold ideas": I:26 157. What he grasped he grasped firmly: II:17 600. "What I saw, I saw well.": II:10 31. "Bold ideas": I:26 157.24 Nadolny, S., Nadolny, S., Die Entdeckung der Langsamkeit Die Entdeckung der Langsamkeit (Munchen: Piper, 1983), translated by R. Freedman as (Munchen: Piper, 1983), translated by R. Freedman as The Discovery of Slowness The Discovery of Slowness (New York: Viking, 1987). On the Slow Movement, see (New York: Viking, 1987). On the Slow Movement, see See also Honore, C., In Praise of Slow In Praise of Slow (London: Orion, 2005). There is a World Inst.i.tute of Slowness: (London: Orion, 2005). There is a World Inst.i.tute of Slowness: "I am nearly always in place": III:2 746. "Incapable of submitting": I:26 159. "I am nearly always in place": III:2 746. "Incapable of submitting": I:26 159.26 "I know not which of the two": III:13 1034. "I know not which of the two": III:13 1034.27 "I remember that from my tenderest childhood": II:17 582. Only "sprinkled": II:17 584. "I remember that from my tenderest childhood": II:17 582. Only "sprinkled": II:17 584.28 "Where smallness dwells" and "Where is the master?": III:17 590. Lack of respect because of height: II:17 58990. Horseback ploy: III:13 1025. "Where smallness dwells" and "Where is the master?": III:17 590. Lack of respect because of height: II:17 58990. Horseback ploy: III:13 1025.29 Strong, solid build: II:17 590. Leaning on stick: II:25 633. Dressing in black and white: I:36 204. Cloak: I:26 155. Strong, solid build: II:17 590. Leaning on stick: II:25 633. Dressing in black and white: I:36 204. Cloak: I:26 155.30 La Boetie"s poem: this is the second of two poems to Montaigne included in Montaigne"s edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Boetie"s poem: this is the second of two poems to Montaigne included in Montaigne"s edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.], ff. 102r103r ("Ad Belotium et Montanum") and 103v105r ("Ad Michaelem Montanum"). They have been published in [etc.], ff. 102r103r ("Ad Belotium et Montanum") and 103v105r ("Ad Michaelem Montanum"). They have been published in Montaigne Studies Montaigne Studies 3, no. 1, (1991) with an English translation by R. D. Cottrell (1647). 3, no. 1, (1991) with an English translation by R. D. Cottrell (1647).31 Toulouse: Montaigne says he met the physician Simon Thomas there (I:21 82) and mentions its Martin Guerre trial, though he does not say that he attended it in person: III:11 959. Paris: III:9 903. Toulouse: Montaigne says he met the physician Simon Thomas there (I:21 82) and mentions its Martin Guerre trial, though he does not say that he attended it in person: III:11 959. Paris: III:9 903.32 Montaigne"s magistracy: see Almqvist, K., "Magistrature," in Desan, Montaigne"s magistracy: see Almqvist, K., "Magistrature," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 61922. On early years in Perigueux and the transfer to Bordeaux: Frame, 61922. On early years in Perigueux and the transfer to Bordeaux: Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 4651, including Frame"s translation of the report of Montaigne"s speech. 4651, including Frame"s translation of the report of Montaigne"s speech.33 Montaigne"s job: five of Montaigne"s interpretations have survived. See Lazard 89. Montaigne"s job: five of Montaigne"s interpretations have survived. See Lazard 89.34 "It is more of a job": III:13 996. Judge Bridlegoose: "It is more of a job": III:13 996. Judge Bridlegoose: Tiers livre Tiers livre, chaps 3944, in Rabelais, The Complete Works The Complete Works. Tossing dice: 457.35 Cases of injustice: III:13 998. Montaigne on the law: see Tournon, A., "Justice and the Law," in Langer (ed.), Cases of injustice: III:13 998. Montaigne on the law: see Tournon, A., "Justice and the Law," in Langer (ed.), Cambridge Companion Cambridge Companion 96117, and "Droit," in Desan, 96117, and "Droit," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 2846. On other contemporary critics of the law, see Sutcliffe, F., "Montaigne and the European legal system," in Cameron (ed.), 2846. On other contemporary critics of the law, see Sutcliffe, F., "Montaigne and the European legal system," in Cameron (ed.), Montaigne and his Age Montaigne and his Age 3947. 3947.36 Fallibility of judges: II:12 514. Fallibility of laws: III:13 1000. Fallibility of judges: II:12 514. Fallibility of laws: III:13 1000.37 Trips to Paris: Montaigne is known to have made several between 1559 and 1561. See Lazard 91, 107. Trips to Paris: Montaigne is known to have made several between 1559 and 1561. See Lazard 91, 107.38 Henri II "could never call by his right name": I:46 244. Henri II "could never call by his right name": I:46 244.39 On the French political and religious background in the 1550s and 1560s: see Holt; Knecht, On the French political and religious background in the 1550s and 1560s: see Holt; Knecht, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall and and The French Civil Wars; The French Civil Wars; Nakam, Nakam, Montaigne et son temps Montaigne et son temps.40 "It is folly": Michel de L"Hopital cited in Knecht, "It is folly": Michel de L"Hopital cited in Knecht, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall 338. "Everyone considers his own G.o.d" and 338. "Everyone considers his own G.o.d" and "Un roi, une foi, une loi": "Un roi, une foi, une loi": Elliott, J. H., Elliott, J. H., Europe Divided 15591598 Europe Divided 15591598 (London: Fontana, 1968), 934, the former a quotation from Pedro Cornejo"s (London: Fontana, 1968), 934, the former a quotation from Pedro Cornejo"s Compenio y breve relacion de la Liga Compenio y breve relacion de la Liga (Brussels, 1591), f. 6. (Brussels, 1591), f. 6.41 "A great fear": Knecht, "A great fear": Knecht, Rise and Fall Rise and Fall 349. Va.s.sy and the outbreak of war: ibid., 3525. 349. Va.s.sy and the outbreak of war: ibid., 3525.42 Pasquier to M. de Fonssomme, Spring 1562: Pasquier, E., Pasquier to M. de Fonssomme, Spring 1562: Pasquier, E., Lettres historiques Lettres historiques 98100. Cited Holt 50. 98100. Cited Holt 50.43 "I do not believe that G.o.d": II:23 6289. "I do not believe that G.o.d": II:23 6289.44 Monluc"s stories: Monluc 24672. More wheels and stakes ordered: Nakam, Monluc"s stories: Monluc 24672. More wheels and stakes ordered: Nakam, Montaigne et son temps Montaigne et son temps 144. 144.45 Montaigne on Monluc: II:8 348. Montaigne on Monluc: II:8 348.46 The d"Escars plot and Montaigne"s response: see Frame, The d"Escars plot and Montaigne"s response: see Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 535; which also translates the report of Montaigne"s speech, from Payen, J.-F., 535; which also translates the report of Montaigne"s speech, from Payen, J.-F., Recherches sur Montaigne. Doc.u.ments inedits Recherches sur Montaigne. Doc.u.ments inedits, no. 4 (Techener, 1856), 20. Montaigne"s admiration for the Lagebaton faction: II:17 609.47 "By my nature I am subject to sudden outbursts": III:5 824. The response is discussed in Frame, "By my nature I am subject to sudden outbursts": III:5 824. The response is discussed in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 525. 525.
5. Q. How to live? A. Survive love and loss
1 La Boetie: see Cocula; and Magnien, M., La Boetie: see Cocula; and Magnien, M., Montaigne Studies Montaigne Studies 11 (1999) is mostly devoted to La Boetie. 11 (1999) is mostly devoted to La Boetie.2 "So entire and so perfect": I:28 165. "So taken with each other": I:28 169. "So entire and so perfect": I:28 165. "So taken with each other": I:28 169.3 La Boetie"s poem was included in Montaigne"s edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Boetie"s poem was included in Montaigne"s edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.], ff. 103v105r ("Ad Michaelem Montanum"). It has been published in [etc.], ff. 103v105r ("Ad Michaelem Montanum"). It has been published in Montaigne Studies Montaigne Studies 3, no. 1, (1991), with an English translation by Robert D. Cottrell (1647), and is also translated in Frame, 3, no. 1, (1991), with an English translation by Robert D. Cottrell (1647), and is also translated in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 75. 75.4 Wills plunging and losing themselves: I:28 170. On the question of love and friendship, see Schachter, M. D., ""That friendship which possesses the soul": Montaigne loves La Boetie," Wills plunging and losing themselves: I:28 170. On the question of love and friendship, see Schachter, M. D., ""That friendship which possesses the soul": Montaigne loves La Boetie," Journal of h.o.m.os.e.xuality Journal of h.o.m.os.e.xuality no. 41 34 (2001) 521, and Beck, W.J., "Montaigne face a la h.o.m.os.e.xualite," no. 41 34 (2001) 521, and Beck, W.J., "Montaigne face a la h.o.m.os.e.xualite," BSAM BSAM 6e ser. 910 (janjuin 1982), 4150. 6e ser. 910 (janjuin 1982), 4150.5 Ugliness: III:12 986. See Desan, P., "Laid-Laideur" in Desan, Ugliness: III:12 986. See Desan, P., "Laid-Laideur" in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 561. Socrates and Alcibiades: Plato, 561. Socrates and Alcibiades: Plato, Symposium Symposium 102 (216ab). 102 (216ab).6 "Our souls mingle," "If you press me," and "Our friendship has no other model": I:28 169. "Many a time I should be glad": Plato, "Our souls mingle," "If you press me," and "Our friendship has no other model": I:28 169. "Many a time I should be glad": Plato, Symposium Symposium 102 (216ab). 102 (216ab).7 Montaigne on the Montaigne on the Voluntary Servitude: Voluntary Servitude: I:28 175. The original ma.n.u.script has never been located, and is known only through copies made of it, of which that by Henri de Mesmes is thought most reliable. It is the basis for most modern editions, including the English translation used here, by D. L. Schaefer: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude" (see "Sources"). Rimbaud of political sociology: Lacouture 86. See Magnien, M., "Discours de la servitude volontaire," in Desan, I:28 175. The original ma.n.u.script has never been located, and is known only through copies made of it, of which that by Henri de Mesmes is thought most reliable. It is the basis for most modern editions, including the English translation used here, by D. L. Schaefer: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude" (see "Sources"). Rimbaud of political sociology: Lacouture 86. See Magnien, M., "Discours de la servitude volontaire," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 2726. 2726.8 Nero and Julius Caesar: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 21011. Tyranny as mysterious as love: ibid. 194. "A million men serving miserably": ibid. 192. Nero and Julius Caesar: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 21011. Tyranny as mysterious as love: ibid. 194. "A million men serving miserably": ibid. 192.9 "You see, love": Colonel Abdullah Nasur, interviewed for "You see, love": Colonel Abdullah Nasur, interviewed for The Man Who Ate His Archbishop"s Liver The Man Who Ate His Archbishop"s Liver, Channel 4 (UK), March 12, 2004. Thanks to Elizabeth C. Jones for this quotation.10 "A deep forgetfulness of freedom," and power of habit: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude", 201. "A deep forgetfulness of freedom," and power of habit: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude", 201.11 A few freed by study of history: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 2056. A few freed by study of history: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 2056.12 Aims of La Boetie: see Smith, 53. Aims of La Boetie: see Smith, 53.13 "Contr"un," in "Contr"un," in Reveille-matin des Francois Reveille-matin des Francois (1574) and Goulart, S., (1574) and Goulart, S., Memoires de l"estat de France sous Charles IX Memoires de l"estat de France sous Charles IX (1577, and 2nd edn 1579). It would also be included in a work called (1577, and 2nd edn 1579). It would also be included in a work called Vive description de la tyrannie Vive description de la tyrannie. See Magnien, M., "Discours de la servitude volontaire," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 2734, and Smith, M., introduction to his edition of La Boetie, 2734, and Smith, M., introduction to his edition of La Boetie, De la Servitude volontaire De la Servitude volontaire (1987), 246. (1987), 246.14 Anti-Dictator: Anti-Dictator: La Boetie, La Boetie, Anti-Dictator Anti-Dictator, tr. H. Kurz (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942). Later such editions include a publication of the Kurz translation as The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (New York: Free Life Editions, 1975), with an introduction by libertarian Murray Rothbard, reissued as (New York: Free Life Editions, 1975), with an introduction by libertarian Murray Rothbard, reissued as The Politics of Obedience and etienne de la Boetie The Politics of Obedience and etienne de la Boetie (Montreal, New York & London: Black Rose Books, 2007); and (Montreal, New York & London: Black Rose Books, 2007); and The Will to Bondage The Will to Bondage, ed. W. Flygare, with an introduction by James J. Martin (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1974), which combines the Protestant French edition of 1577 with an anonymous English translation of 1735.15 "Anonymous, low-visibility, one-man revolution": Martin, James J., introduction to La Boetie, "Anonymous, low-visibility, one-man revolution": Martin, James J., introduction to La Boetie, The Will to Bondage The Will to Bondage, ed. W. Flygare (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1974), ix.16 Opposing female suffrage: Spooner, L., "Against woman suffrage," Opposing female suffrage: Spooner, L., "Against woman suffrage," New Age New Age, Feb. 24, 1877. This and other texts are available on The idea that one can bring about a revolution by not voting has inspired a novel by the Portuguese writer Jose Saramago, Seeing Seeing, tr. M. Jull Costa (London: Vintage, 2007).17 "It seemed to me": Emerson, 92. "It seemed to me": Emerson, 92.18 All Montaigne"s remarks on the All Montaigne"s remarks on the Voluntary Servitude Voluntary Servitude I:28 1756. I:28 1756.19 Montaigne"s revelation of its authorship: see Magnien, M., "Discours de la servitude volontaire," in Desan, Montaigne"s revelation of its authorship: see Magnien, M., "Discours de la servitude volontaire," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 2745. 2745.20 "In exchange for this serious work": I:28 176. "These verses may be seen elsewhere": I:29 177. The 29 sonnets, translated into English by R. P. Runyon, can be seen in Schaefer (ed.), "In exchange for this serious work": I:28 176. "These verses may be seen elsewhere": I:29 177. The 29 sonnets, translated into English by R. P. Runyon, can be seen in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude Freedom over Servitude 22335. 22335.21 Pleiade poets: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 214. "But to return to our purpose": ibid. 208. "But to return from where": ibid. 215. Pleiade poets: La Boetie, "Of Voluntary Servitude," 214. "But to return to our purpose": ibid. 208. "But to return from where": ibid. 215.22 Attribution to Montaigne: Armaingaud, A., "Montaigne et La Boetie," Attribution to Montaigne: Armaingaud, A., "Montaigne et La Boetie," Revue politique et parlementaire Revue politique et parlementaire 13 (mars 1906), 499522 and (mai 1906), 32248, later developed in his 13 (mars 1906), 499522 and (mai 1906), 32248, later developed in his Montaigne pamphletaire: l"enigme du "Contr"Un" Montaigne pamphletaire: l"enigme du "Contr"Un" (Paris: Hachette, 1910). Schaefer, D. L., "Montaigne and La Boetie" in Schaefer (ed.), (Paris: Hachette, 1910). Schaefer, D. L., "Montaigne and La Boetie" in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude Freedom over Servitude 130, esp. 911; and his 130, esp. 911; and his Political Philosophy of Montaigne Political Philosophy of Montaigne. On Schaefer, see Supple, J., "Davis Lewis Schaefer: Armaingaud rides again," in Cameron and Willett (eds), Le Visage changeant Le Visage changeant (25975). Martin, D., "Montaigne, author of (25975). Martin, D., "Montaigne, author of On Voluntary Servitude," On Voluntary Servitude," in Schaefer (ed.), in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude Freedom over Servitude 12788 (flute: 137). 12788 (flute: 137).23 Impotence trick: I:21 834. Montaigne"s honesty: I:9 2530. His dull-wittedness in games: II:17 6001. Impotence trick: I:21 834. Montaigne"s honesty: I:9 2530. His dull-wittedness in games: II:17 6001.24 Montaigne on La Boetie: Travel Journal, in Montaigne on La Boetie: Travel Journal, in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1207.25 Montaigne"s letter to his father was published in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, Montaigne"s letter to his father was published in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.]; also in [etc.]; also in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 127688, from which all following quotations are taken.26 "His mind was modeled": I:28 176. "His mind was modeled": I:28 176.27 Montaigne and La Boetie"s disagreement about the experience of dying: II:6 327. Montaigne and La Boetie"s disagreement about the experience of dying: II:6 327.28 "Nothing but dark and dreary night": I:28 174. "I was overcome": "Travel Journal," in "Nothing but dark and dreary night": I:28 174. "I was overcome": "Travel Journal," in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1207 (entry for May 11, 1581). "I have missed such a man extremely" and "No pleasure has any savor": III:9 917.29 Seneca on replacing friends: Seneca, Seneca on replacing friends: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 9. Loeb edn I:45. "Some worthy man": III:9 911. "Is it not a stupid humor": III:3 755.30 "Joined and glued": I:39 216. "Joined and glued": I:39 216.31 Inscription to La Boetie: a conjectural reconstruction was included in the Thibaudet edition of Montaigne"s works (Montaigne, Inscription to La Boetie: a conjectural reconstruction was included in the Thibaudet edition of Montaigne"s works (Montaigne, Oeuvres completes Oeuvres completes, Paris: Pleiade, 1962). English versions are found in Starobinski, Montaigne in Motion Montaigne in Motion tr. Goldhammer 311 (n.32) (used here) and Frame, tr. Goldhammer 311 (n.32) (used here) and Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 80. 80.32 Find an admirable man: Seneca, Find an admirable man: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 12. Loeb edn I:63. Live for others, and for a friend: ibid. Letter 48, I:315.33 "He is still lodged in me": Montaigne, dedicatory epistle (to Henri de Mesmes) in his edition of La Boetie"s works, La Boetie, "He is still lodged in me": Montaigne, dedicatory epistle (to Henri de Mesmes) in his edition of La Boetie"s works, La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc.], in [etc.], in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1291.
6. Q. How to live? A. Use little tricks
1 On the combination of the h.e.l.lenistic philosophies in Montaigne and in general, see Hadot. On the combination of the h.e.l.lenistic philosophies in Montaigne and in general, see Hadot.2 Translations of Translations of eudaimonia eudaimonia and and ataraxia: ataraxia: Nussbaum 15, except Nussbaum 15, except ataraxia ataraxia as "freedom from disturbance and anxiety," which comes from Popkin xv. as "freedom from disturbance and anxiety," which comes from Popkin xv.3 Pacuvius: Seneca, Pacuvius: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 12. Loeb edn I:71. Lucretius"s two possibilities, cited by Montaigne: I:20 78. Source is Lucretius, De rerum natura De rerum natura III: 93842. III: 93842.4 Pretend you never had it: Plutarch, "In consolation to his wife," Pretend you never had it: Plutarch, "In consolation to his wife," Moralia Moralia. Loeb edn VII:610. Pretend you have lost it: Plutarch, "On Tranquillity of Mind," Moralia Moralia. Loeb edn VI: 46970.5 Seeing the world as it is: Seneca, Seeing the world as it is: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 78. Loeb edn II:199.6 Questions asked all of a sudden: Epictetus, Questions asked all of a sudden: Epictetus, Discourses Discourses II:16 23 and III:8 15, cited Hadot 85. Living "appropriately": III:13 1037. II:16 23 and III:8 15, cited Hadot 85. Living "appropriately": III:13 1037.7 "How good it is": Marcus Aurelius, "How good it is": Marcus Aurelius, Meditations Meditations, tr. M. Hammond (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2006), 47 (VI:13). Flying up to the heavens: ibid. 120 (XII:24).8 "Place before your mind"s eye": Seneca, "Place before your mind"s eye": Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 99. Loeb edn III: 135.9 Eternal recurrence: This idea found in Nemesius Eternal recurrence: This idea found in Nemesius De natura hominis De natura hominis x.x.xVII: 1478, Plato, x.x.xVII: 1478, Plato, Timaeus Timaeus 39d, and Cicero, 39d, and Cicero, De natura deorum De natura deorum II:20. See White, Michael J., "Stoic natural philosophy (physics and cosmology)," in Inwood, B. (ed.), II:20. See White, Michael J., "Stoic natural philosophy (physics and cosmology)," in Inwood, B. (ed.), Cambridge Companion to the Stoics Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 12452, and Barnes, J., "La Doctrine du retour eternel," in (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 12452, and Barnes, J., "La Doctrine du retour eternel," in Les Stoiciens et leur logique. Actes du colloque de Chantilly 1822 septembre 1976 Les Stoiciens et leur logique. Actes du colloque de Chantilly 1822 septembre 1976 (Paris, 1978), 320. The idea was developed further by Friedrich Nietzsche: see e.g. Nietzsche, (Paris, 1978), 320. The idea was developed further by Friedrich Nietzsche: see e.g. Nietzsche, The Gay Science The Gay Science, s. 341, and Stambaugh, J., Nietzsche"s Thought of Eternal Return Nietzsche"s Thought of Eternal Return (Washington, DC: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology & University Press of America, 1988). (Washington, DC: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology & University Press of America, 1988).10 "Do not seek": Epictetus, "Do not seek": Epictetus, Manual Manual VIII: as cited and translated in Hadot 136. VIII: as cited and translated in Hadot 136.11 "If I had to live over again": III:2 7512. "If I had to live over again": III:2 7512.12 Seneca"s asthma attacks: Seneca, Seneca"s asthma attacks: Seneca, Letters to Lucilius Letters to Lucilius, Letter 54. Loeb edn I:3635.13 Lycas and Thrasylaus: II:12 444. Lycas story from Erasmus, Lycas and Thrasylaus: II:12 444. Lycas story from Erasmus, Adages Adages no. 1981: "In nihil sapiendo iucundissima vita." Thrasylaus story from Aelian, no. 1981: "In nihil sapiendo iucundissima vita." Thrasylaus story from Aelian, Various Histories Various Histories IV: 25. IV: 25.14 "A painful notion": III:4 770. "A painful notion": III:4 770.15 Consoling the widow: III:4 765. Consoling the widow: III:4 765.16 "I was once afflicted": III:4 769. "I was once afflicted": III:4 769.17 "I let the pa.s.sion alone": III:4 769. "I let the pa.s.sion alone": III:4 769.18 "Gently sidestep": III:5 775. "Gently sidestep": III:5 775.19 Zaleucus: I:43 239. Source is Diodorus Siculus, Zaleucus: I:43 239. Source is Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica Bibliotheca historica XII: V: 21. XII: V: 21.20 "Don"t bother your head": III:12 979. "Our thoughts are always elsewhere" and "barely brushing the crust": III:4 768. "Don"t bother your head": III:12 979. "Our thoughts are always elsewhere" and "barely brushing the crust": III:4 768.21 Pasquier to A. M. de Pelge, 1619, in Pasquier, Pasquier to A. M. de Pelge, 1619, in Pasquier, Choix de lettres Choix de lettres 456, as translated in Frame, 456, as translated in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 283. Raemond, 283. Raemond, Erreur populaire Erreur populaire 159. Expilly, C., sonnet in Goulart edition of Montaigne"s 159. Expilly, C., sonnet in Goulart edition of Montaigne"s Essais Essais (1595), and in (1595), and in Poemes Poemes (Paris: A. L"Angelier, 1596), cited in Boase, (Paris: A. L"Angelier, 1596), cited in Boase, Fortunes Fortunes 10. 10.22 "We are, I know not how, double within ourselves": II:16 570. The idea of an internalized La Boetie was first explored by Michel Butor in "We are, I know not how, double within ourselves": II:16 570. The idea of an internalized La Boetie was first explored by Michel Butor in Essais sur les Essais sur les Essais (1968). Essais (1968).23 Montaigne might have published letters instead: I:40 225. Master/slave relationship: Wilden, A., "Par divers Moyens on arrive a pareille fin: a reading of Montaigne," Montaigne might have published letters instead: I:40 225. Master/slave relationship: Wilden, A., "Par divers Moyens on arrive a pareille fin: a reading of Montaigne," Modern Language Notes Modern Language Notes 83 (1968), 57797, esp. 590. 83 (1968), 57797, esp. 590.24 "a.s.siduously collected": Montaigne"s dedicatory epistle to La Boetie"s "Vers francois" in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, "a.s.siduously collected": Montaigne"s dedicatory epistle to La Boetie"s "Vers francois" in his edition of La Boetie"s works: La Boetie, La Mesnagerie La Mesnagerie [etc]. The epistle is in [etc]. The epistle is in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1298.25 Sebond translation: II:12 3878. The original was Sebond, R. de, Sebond translation: II:12 3878. The original was Sebond, R. de, Theologia naturalis, sive liber creaturarum Theologia naturalis, sive liber creaturarum (Deventer: R. Pafraet, 1484); translated by Montaigne as Sebond, (Deventer: R. Pafraet, 1484); translated by Montaigne as Sebond, Theologie naturelle Theologie naturelle (Paris: G. Chaudiere, 1569). On Sebond, see Habert, M., "Sebond, Raimond," in Desan, (Paris: G. Chaudiere, 1569). On Sebond, see Habert, M., "Sebond, Raimond," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 898900. 898900.26 "Being by chance at leisure": II:12 388. On the time he took, see Montaigne"s dedicatory epistle to his father, in "Being by chance at leisure": II:12 388. On the time he took, see Montaigne"s dedicatory epistle to his father, in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1289.27 "Apology for Raymond Sebond": II:12 386556. Marguerite de Valois apparently asked Montaigne to write it some time around 157879, after reading his translation. See E. Naya, "Apologie de Raimond Sebond," in Desan, "Apology for Raymond Sebond": II:12 386556. Marguerite de Valois apparently asked Montaigne to write it some time around 157879, after reading his translation. See E. Naya, "Apologie de Raimond Sebond," in Desan, Dictionnaire Dictionnaire 504, esp. 51. On this work in general, see Blum, C. (ed.), 504, esp. 51. On this work in general, see Blum, C. (ed.), Montaigne: Apologie de Raymond Sebond: de la Montaigne: Apologie de Raymond Sebond: de la " "Theologia" a la " "Theologie" (Paris: H. Champion, 1990). (Paris: H. Champion, 1990).28 "As the rope": Cons, L., "As the rope": Cons, L., Anthologie litteraire de la Renaissance francaise Anthologie litteraire de la Renaissance francaise (New York: Holt, 1931), 143, as translated in Frame, (New York: Holt, 1931), 143, as translated in Frame, Montaigne Montaigne 170. 170.
7. Q. How to live? A. Question everything
1 Estienne: he tells this story in the introduction to his edition of s.e.xtus Empiricus, Estienne: he tells this story in the introduction to his edition of s.e.xtus Empiricus, s.e.xti Philosophi Pyrrhoniarum Hypotyposeon libri III s.e.xti Philosophi Pyrrhoniarum Hypotyposeon libri III, ed. H. Estienne. ([Geneva]: H. Stepha.n.u.s, 1562), 45. Hervet"s encounter is related in Popkin 334.2 "I hold back": II:12 454. On Pyrrhonian Skepticism as transmitted to and by Montaigne, see Bailey; Popkin; and Nussbaum. "I hold back": II:12 454. On Pyrrhonian Skepticism as transmitted to and by Montaigne, see Bailey; Popkin; and Nussbaum.3 Grains of sand: Bailey 212. Grains of sand: Bailey 212.4 Three statements of the Three statements of the epokhe: epokhe: s.e.xtus Empiricus, s.e.xtus Empiricus, Outlines of Skepticism Outlines of Skepticism 4951 (Book I: 196, 197, and 202 respectively). 4951 (Book I: 196, 197, and 202 respectively).5 "If you postulate": II:12 452. "If you postulate": II:12 452.6 Moore, T., Moore, T., Poetical Works Poetical Works, ed. A. D. G.o.dley (London: H. Frowde, Oxford University Press, 1910), 278.7 Stories about Pyrrho: II:29 6478. Source for all these stories, both of his indifference and of his failure to maintain it, is Diogenes Laertius, Stories about Pyrrho: II:29 6478. Source for all these stories, both of his indifference and of his failure to maintain it, is Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers X:524. X:524.8 "He did not want to make himself a stump," and "regimenting, arranging, and fixing truth": II:12 454. "He did not want to make himself a stump," and "regimenting, arranging, and fixing truth": II:12 454.9 Montaigne"s medals or Montaigne"s medals or jetons: jetons: one copy survives in a private collection. His own description of it: II:12 477. See Demonet, M.-L., one copy survives in a private collection. His own description of it: II:12 477. See Demonet, M.-L., A Plaisir: semiotique et skepticisme chez Montaigne A Plaisir: semiotique et skepticisme chez Montaigne (Orleans: Editions Paradigme, 2002), esp. 3577. (Orleans: Editions Paradigme, 2002), esp. 3577.10 "Soften and moderate": III:11 959. The puniness of knowledge and the astoundingness of the world: III:6 841. "Una.s.sumingness" and "Deep need to be surprised": Friedrich 132, 130. "Soften and moderate": III:11 959. The puniness of knowledge and the astoundingness of the world: III:6 841. "Una.s.sumingness" and "Deep need to be surprised": Friedrich 132, 130.11 "My footing is so unsteady": II:12 51617. On his changing opinions: II:12 514. "My footing is so unsteady": II:12 51617. On his changing opinions: II:12 514.12 Effects of fever, medicine, or a cold: II:12 51516. Socrates raving: II:2 302 and II:12 500. "All philosophy...raving mad" and "The philosophers, it seems to me": II:12 501. Effects of fever, medicine, or a cold: II:12 51516. Socrates raving: II:2 302 and II:12 500. "All philosophy...raving mad" and "The philosophers, it seems to me": II:12 501.13 Animals see colors differently: II:12 550. We may need eight or ten senses: II:12 5412. We may be cut off by our nature from seeing things as they are: II:12 553. Animals see colors differently: II:12 550. We may need eight or ten senses: II:12 5412. We may be cut off by our nature from seeing things as they are: II:12 553.14 "We, and our judgment": II:12 553. "We, and our judgment": II:12 553.15 "Become wise at our own expense": II:12 514. "Become wise at our own expense": II:12 514.16 "We must really strain our soul": III:13 1034. Taking pleasure in memory lapses: III:13 1002. "We must really strain our soul": III:13 1034. Taking pleasure in memory lapses: III:13 1002.17 On the Church"s approval of Pyrrhonian Skepticism: Popkin 36, 34. On the Church"s approval of Pyrrhonian Skepticism: Popkin 36, 34.18 "An extraordinary infusion": II:12 390. Church had the right to police his thoughts: I:56 278. "An extraordinary infusion": II:12 390. Church had the right to police his thoughts: I:56 278.19 "Otherwise I could not keep myself": II:12 521. "Otherwise I could not keep myself": II:12 521.20 Cats hypnotizing birds: in Montaigne"s time, an interest in such powers of the "imagination" often coincided with disbelief in witches and demons, for it provided an alternative explanation for strange phenomena. "I plunge head down": III:9 902. This pa.s.sage was criticized in Arnauld, A. and Nicole, P., Cats hypnotizing birds: in Montaigne"s time, an interest in such powers of the "imagination" often coincided with disbelief in witches and demons, for it provided an alternative explanation for strange phenomena. "I plunge head down": III:9 902. This pa.s.sage was criticized in Arnauld, A. and Nicole, P., La Logique ou l"art de penser La Logique ou l"art de penser (Paris: C. Savreux, 1662). See Friedrich 287. "Don"t crucify people": Quint 74. (Paris: C. Savreux, 1662). See Friedrich 287. "Don"t crucify people": Quint 74.21 Inquisition: "Travel Journal," in Inquisition: "Travel Journal," in The Complete Works The Complete Works, tr. D. Frame, 1166. On providence, see Poppi, A., "Fate, fortune, providence, and human freedom," in Schmitt, C. et al. (eds), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 64167.22 Fortification against heresy: Raemond, Fortification against heresy: Raemon