We shall in a later chapter discuss certain rare characteristics of dreams; occasional manifestations in sleep of waking faculty heightened, or of faculty altogether new. We have now to consider ordinary dreams in their aspect as indications of the structure of our personality, and as agencies which tend to its modification.
In the first place, it should be borne in mind that the dreaming state, though I will not call it the normal form of mentation, is nevertheless the form which our mentation most readily and habitually a.s.sumes. Dreams of a kind are probably going on within us both by night and by day, unchecked by any degree of tension of waking thought. This view--theoretically probable--seems to me to be supported by one"s own actual experience in momentary dozes or even momentary lapses of attention. The condition of which one then becomes conscious is that of swarming fragments of thought or imagery, which have apparently been going on continuously, though one may become aware of them and then unaware at momentary intervals;--while one tries, for instance, to listen to a speech or to read a book aloud between sleep and waking.
This, then, is the kind of mentation from which our clearer and more coherent states may be supposed to develop. Waking life implies a fixation of attention on one thread of thought running through a tangled skein. In hysterical patients we see some cases where no such fixation is possible, and other cases where the fixation is involuntary, or follows a thread which it is not desirable to pursue.
There is, moreover, another peculiarity of dreams which has hardly attracted sufficient notice from psychologists, but which it is essential to review when we are dealing with fractionations of personality.[12] I allude to their _dramatic_ character. In dream, to begin with, we have an environment, a surrounding scene which we have not wittingly invented, but which we find, as it were, awaiting our entry. And in many cases our dream contains a _conversation_ in which we await with eagerness and hear with surprise the remarks of our interlocutor, who must, of course, all the time represent only another segment or stratum of ourselves. This duplication may become either painful or pleasant. A feverish dream may simulate the confusions of insanity--cases where the patient believes himself to be two persons at once, and the like. [See R. L. Stevenson"s dream, given in Appendix II.
A] These complications rarely cause the dreamer any surprise. One may even say that with the first touch of sleep the superficial unity of consciousness disappears, and that the dream world gives a truer representation than the waking world of the real fractionation or multiplicity existing beneath that delusive simplicity which the glare of waking consciousness imposes upon the mental field of view.
Bearing these a.n.a.logies in mind, we shall see that the development of somnambulism out of ordinary dream is no isolated oddity. It is parallel to the development of a secondary state from _idees fixes_ when these have pa.s.sed a certain pitch of intensity. The sleep-waking states which develop from sleep have the characteristics which we should expect from their largely subliminal origin. They are less coherent than waking secondary personalities, but richer in supernormal faculty. It is in connection with displays of such faculty--hyperaesthesia or telaesthesia--that they have been mainly observed, and that I shall, in a future chapter, have most need to deal with them. But there is also great interest simply in observing what fraction of the sleep-waker"s personality is able to hold intercourse with other minds. A trivial instance of such intercourse reduced to its lowest point has often recurred to me. When I was a boy another boy sleeping in the same room began to talk in his sleep. To some slight extent he could answer me; and the names and other words uttered--_Harry, the boat_, etc.--were appropriate to the day"s incidents, and would have been enough to prove to me, had I not otherwise known, who the boy was. But his few coherent remarks represented not facts but dreaming fancies--_the boat is waiting_, and so forth. This trivial jumble, I say, has since recurred to me as precisely parallel to many communications professing to come from disembodied spirits. There are other explanations, no doubt, but one explanation of such incoherent utterances would be that the spirit was speaking under conditions resembling those in which this sleeping boy spoke.
There are, of course, many stages above this. Spontaneous somnambulistic states become longer in duration, more coherent in content, and may gradually merge, as in the well-known case of Felida X. (see Appendix II. C) into a continuous or dimorphic new personality.
The transition which has now to be made is a very decided one. We have been dealing with a cla.s.s of secondary personalities consisting of elements _emotionally selected_ from the total or primary personality.
We have seen some special group of feelings grow to morbid intensity, until at last it dominates the sufferer"s mental being, either fitfully or continuously, but to such an extent that he is "a changed person,"
not precisely insane, but quite other than he was when in normal mental health. In such cases the new personality is of course dyed in the morbid emotion. It is a kind of dramatic impersonation, say, of jealousy, or of fear, like the case of "demoniacal possession," quoted from Dr. Janet in Appendix II. B. In other respects the severance between the new and the old self is not very profound. Dissociations of memory, for instance, are seldom beyond the reach of hypnotic suggestion. The cleavage has not gone down to the depths of the psychical being.
We must now go on to cases where the origin of the cleavage seems to us quite arbitrary, but where the cleavage itself seems even for that very reason to be more profound. It is no longer a question of some one morbidly exaggerated emotion, but rather of a sc.r.a.p of the personality taken at random and developing apart from the rest.
The commonest mode of origin for such secondary personalities is from some access of sleep-waking, which, instead of merging into sleep again, repeats and consolidates itself, until it acquires a chain of memories of its own, alternating with the primary chain.[13]
And now, as an ill.u.s.tration of a secondary condition purely degenerative, I may first mention _post-epileptic_ states, although they belong too definitely to pathology for full discussion here.
Post-epileptic conditions may run parallel to almost all the secondary phases which we have described. They may to all outward semblance closely resemble normality,--differing mainly by a lack of rational _purpose_, and perhaps by a recurrence to the habits and ideas of some earlier moment in the patient"s history. Such a condition resembles some hypnotic trances, and some fact.i.tious personalities as developed by automatic writing. Or, again, the post-epileptic state may resemble a suddenly developed _idee fixe_ triumphing over all restraint, and may prompt to serious crime, abhorrent to the normal, but premeditated in the morbid state. There could not, in fact, be a better example of the unchecked rule of middle-level centres;--no longer secretly controlled, as in hypnotic trance, by the higher-level centres,--which centres in the epileptic are in a state not merely of psychological abeyance, but of physiological exhaustion.[14]
The case of Ansel Bourne is interesting in this connection.[15] Subject from childhood to fits of deep depression, and presenting in later life symptoms suggestive of epilepsy, Ansel Bourne was struck down in his thirty-first year by what was supposed to be a severe sunstroke.
Connected with this event were circ.u.mstances which led to a profound religious conversion. At sixty-one years of age, being at that time an itinerant preacher, and living in the small town of Greene, in the State of Rhode Island, Ansel Bourne disappeared one morning, whilst apparently in his usual state of health, and remained undiscovered for a period of two months. At the end of this time he turned up at Norristown, Pennsylvania, where for the previous six weeks he had been keeping a small variety store under the name of A. J. Brown, appearing to his neighbours and customers as an ordinary normal person, but being, as it would seem, in a somnambulistic condition all the while. When he regained his ordinary waking consciousness, Ansel Bourne lost all memory of his actions while in his secondary state. In the year 1890, however, having been hypnotised by Professor James, he was able while in the trance state to give an account of his doings during the eight weeks that the Brown personality lasted.
In this case it is perhaps safest to regard the change of personality as _post-epileptic_, although I know of no recorded parallel to the length of time during which the influence of the attack must have continued.
The effect on mind and character would suit well enough with this hypothesis. The "Brown" personality showed the narrowness of interests and the uninquiring indifference which is common in such states. But on this theory the case shows one striking novelty, namely, the recall by the aid of hypnotism of the memory of the post-epileptic state. It is doubtful, I think, whether any definite post-epileptic memory had ever previously been recovered. On the other hand, it is doubtful whether serious recourse had ever been had at such times to hypnotic methods, whose increasing employment certainly differentiates the latter from the earlier cases of split personality in a very favourable way. And this application of hypnotism to post-epileptic states affords us possibly our best chance--I do not say of directly checking epilepsy, but of getting down to the obscure conditions which predispose to each attack.
Next we may mention two cases reported by Dr. Proust and M. Boeteau. Dr.
Proust"s patient,[16] Emile X., aged thirty-three, was a barrister in Paris. Although of good ability and education in cla.s.sical studies, both as a boy and at the university he was always nervous and over sensitive, showing signs, in fact, of _la grande hysterie_. During his attacks he apparently underwent no loss of consciousness, but would lose the memory of all his past life during a few minutes or a few days, and in this condition of secondary consciousness would lead an active and apparently normal life. From such a state he woke suddenly, and was entirely without memory of what had happened to him in this secondary state. This memory was, however, restored by hypnotism.
M. Boeteau"s patient, Marie M.,[17] had been subject to hysterical attacks since she was twelve years old. She became an out-patient at the Hopital Andral for these attacks: and on April 24, 1891, being then twenty-two years old, the house physician there advised her to enter the surgical ward at the Hotel-Dieu, as she would probably need an operation for an internal trouble. Greatly shocked by this news, she left the hospital at ten A.M., and lost consciousness. When she recovered consciousness she found herself in quite another hospital--that of Ste.
Anne--at six A.M. on April 27. She had been found wandering in the streets of Paris, in the evening of the day on which she left the Hopital Andral. On returning to herself, she could recollect absolutely nothing of what had pa.s.sed in the interval. While she was thus perplexed at her unexplained fatigue and footsoreness, and at the gap in her memory, M. Boeteau hypnotised her. She pa.s.sed with ease into the hypnotic state, and at once remembered the events which filled at least the earlier part of the gap in her primary consciousness.
These two cases belong to the same general type as Ansel Bourne"s. There does not seem, however, to be any definite evidence that the secondary state was connected with epileptic attacks. It was referred rather by the physicians who witnessed it to a functional derangement a.n.a.logous to hysteria, though it must be remembered that there are various forms of epilepsy which are not completely understood, and some of which may be overlooked by persons who are not familiar with the symptoms.
Another remarkable case is that of the Rev. Thomas C. Hanna,[18] in whom complete amnesia followed an accident. By means of a method which Dr.
Sidis (who studied the case) calls "hypnoidisation," he was able to prove that the patient had all his lost memories stored in his subliminal consciousness, and could temporarily recall them to the supraliminal. By degrees the two personalities which had developed since the accident were thus fused into one and the patient was completely cured.
For another case of the ambulatory type, like Ansel Bourne"s, but remarkable in that it was a.s.sociated with a definite physical lesion--an abscess in the ear--the cure of which was followed by the rapid return of the patient to his normal condition, see Dr. Drewry"s article in the _Medico-Legal Journal_ for June 1896 [228 A].
Again, in a case reported by Dr. David Skae,[19] the secondary state seems to owe its origin to a kind of tidal exhaustion of vitality, as though the repose of sleep were not enough to sustain the weakened personality, which lapsed on alternate days into exhaustion and incoherence.
The secondary personalities thus far dealt with have been the spontaneous results of some form of _misere psychologique_, of defective integration of the psychical being. But there are also cases where, the cohesion being thus released, a slight touch from without can effect dissociations which, however shallow and almost playful in their first inception, may stiffen by repet.i.tion into phases as marked and definite as those secondary states which spring up of themselves, that is to say, from self-suggestions which we cannot trace. In Professor Janet"s _L"Automatisme Psychologique_ the reader will find some instructive examples of these fict.i.tious secondary personalities [230 A and B].
Up to this point the secondary states which we have considered; however startling to old-fashioned ideas of personality, may, at any rate, be regarded as forms of mental derangement or decay--varieties on a theme already known. Now, however, we approach a group of cases to which it is difficult to make any such definition apply. They are cases where the secondary state is _not_ obviously a degeneration;--where it may even appear to be in some ways an _improvement_ on the primary; so that one is left wondering how it came about that the man either originally was what he was, or--being what he was--suddenly became something so very different. There has been a shake given to the kaleidoscope, and no one can say why either arrangement of the component pieces should have had the priority.
In the cla.s.sical case of Felida X. the second state is, as regards health and happiness, markedly superior to the first. (See Appendix II.
C.)
The old case of Mary Reynolds[20] is again remarkable in respect of the change of character involved. The deliverance from gloomy preoccupations--the childish insouciance of the secondary state--again ill.u.s.trates the difference between these _allotropic_ changes or reconstructions of personality and that mere predominance of a morbid factor which marked the cases of _idee fixe_ and hysteria. Observe, also, in Mary Reynolds"s case the tendency of the two states gradually to _coalesce_ apparently in a third phase likely to be preferable to either of the two already known.
We now come to spontaneous cases of multiple personality, of which Louis Vive"s is one of the best known. Louis Vive exhibited an extraordinary number and variety of phases of personality, affording an extreme example of dissociations dependent on _time-relations_, on the special epoch of life in which the subject was ordered to find himself.[21]
Among various conditions of his organism--all but one of them implying, or at least simulating, some grave central lesion--any given condition could be revived in a moment, and the whole gamut of changes rung on his nervous system as easily as if one were setting back or forward a continuous cinematograph. It is hard to frame a theory of memory which shall admit of these sudden reversions,--of playing fast and loose in this manner with the acc.u.mulated impressions of years.
Yet if Louis Vive"s case thus strangely intensifies the already puzzling notion of _ecmnesia_--as though the whole organism could be tricked into forgetting the events which had most deeply stamped it--what are we to say to Dr. Morton Prince"s case of "Sally Beauchamp,"[22] with its grotesque exaggeration of a subliminal self--a kind of hostile bedfellow which knows everything and remembers everything--which mocks the emotions and thwarts the projects of the ordinary reasonable self which can be seen and known? The case must be studied in full as it stands; its later developments may help to unravel the mysteries which its earlier stages have already woven.[23]
I quote in full in the text the next case, reported by Dr. R. Osgood Mason (in a paper ent.i.tled "Duplex Personality: its Relation to Hypnotism and to Lucidity," in the _Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation_, November 30th, 1895). Dr. Mason writes:--
Alma Z. was an unusually healthy and intellectual girl, a strong and attractive character, a leading spirit in whatever she undertook, whether in study, sport, or society. From overwork in school, and overtaxed strength in a case of sickness at home, her health was completely broken down, and after two years of great suffering suddenly a second personality appeared. In a peculiar child-like and Indian-like dialect she announced herself as "Twoey," and that she had come to help "Number One" in her suffering. The condition of "Number One" was at this time most deplorable; there was great pain, extreme debility, frequent attacks of syncope, insomnia, and a mercurial stomat.i.tis which had been kept up for months by way of medical treatment and which rendered it nearly impossible to take nourishment in any form.
"Twoey" was vivacious and cheerful, full of quaint and witty talk, never lost consciousness, and could take abundant nourishment, which she declared she _must_ do for the sake of "Number One." Her talk was most quaint and fascinating, but without a trace of the acquired knowledge of the primary personality. She gave frequent evidence of supranormal intelligence regarding events transpiring in the neighbourhood. It was at this time that the case came under my observation, and has remained so for the past ten years. Four years later, under depressing circ.u.mstances, a third personality made its appearance and announced itself as "The Boy." This personality was entirely distinct and different from either of the others. It remained the chief alternating personality for four years, when "Twoey" again returned.
All these personalities, though absolutely different and characteristic, were delightful each in its own way, and "Twoey"
especially was, and still is, the delight of the friends who are permitted to know her, whenever she makes her appearance; and this is always at times of unusual fatigue, mental excitement, or prostration; then she comes and remains days at a time. The original self retains her superiority when she is present, and the others are always perfectly devoted to her interest and comfort.
"Number One" has no personal knowledge of either of the other personalities, but she knows them well, and especially "Twoey,"
from the report of others and from characteristic letters which are often received from her; and "Number One" greatly enjoys the spicy, witty, and often useful messages which come to her through these letters and the report of friends.
Dr. Mason goes on to say:--
Here are three cases [the one just given, that of another patient of his own, and that of Felida X.] in which a second personality--perfectly sane, thoroughly practical, and perfectly in touch and harmony with its surroundings--came to the surface, so to speak, and a.s.sumed absolute control of the physical organisation for long periods of time together. During the stay of the second personality the primary or original self was entirely blotted out, and the time so occupied was a blank. In neither of the cases described had the primary self any knowledge of the second personality, except from the report of others or letters from the second self, left where they could be found on the return of the primary self to consciousness. The second personality, on the other hand, in each case, knew of the primary self, but only as another person--never as forming a part of, or in any way belonging to their own personalities. In the case of both Felida X. and Alma Z., there was always immediate and marked improvement in the physical condition when the second personality made its appearance.
The case of Mollie Fancher,[24] which, had it been observed and recorded with scientific accuracy, might have been one of the most instructive of all, seems to stand midway between the transformations of Louis Vive--each of them frankly himself at a different epoch of life--and the "pseudo-possessions" of imaginary spirits with which we shall in a later chapter have to deal.
The case of Anna Winsor[25] goes so far further in its suggestion of interference from without that it presents to us, at any rate, a contrast and even conflict between positive insanity on the part of the organism generally with wise and watchful sanity on the part of a single limb, with which that organism professes to have no longer any concern.
The last case[26] that I shall mention is that of Miss Mary Lurancy Vennum, the "Watseka Wonder."
The case briefly is one of alleged "possession," or "spirit-control."
The subject of the account, a girl nearly fourteen years old, living at Watseka, Illinois, became apparently controlled by the spirit of Mary Roff, a neighbour"s daughter, who had died at the age of eighteen years and nine months, when Lurancy Vennum was a child of about fifteen months old. The most extraordinary feature in the case was that the control by Mary Roff lasted almost continuously for a period of four months.
For the present we must consider this case as a duplication of personality--a pseudo-possession, if you will--determined in a hysterical child by the suggestion of friends, but at a later stage, and when some other wonders have become more familiar than now, we may find that this singular narrative has further lessons to teach us.
We have now briefly surveyed a series of disintegrations of personality ranging from the most trifling _idee fixe_ to actual alternations or permanent changes of the whole type of character. All these form a kind of continuous series, and ill.u.s.trate the structure of the personality in concordant ways. There do exist, it must be added, other forms of modified personality with which I shall not at present deal. Those are cases where some telepathic influence from outside has been at work, so that there is not merely dissociation of existing elements, but apparent introduction of a novel element. Such cases also pa.s.s through a long series, from small phenomena of motor automatism up to trance and so-called possession. But all this group I mention here merely in order to defer their discussion to later chapters.
The brief review already made will suffice to indicate the complex and separable nature of the elements of human personality. Of course a far fuller list might have been given; many phenomena of actual insanity would need to be cited in any complete conspectus. But hysteria is in some ways a better dissecting agent than any other where delicate psychical dissociations are concerned. Just as the microscopist stains a particular tissue for observation, so does hysteria stain with definiteness, as it were, particular synergies--definite complexes of thought and action--more manifestly than any grosser lesion, any more profound or persistent injury could do. Hysterical mutism, for instance (the observation is Charcot"s[27]), supplies almost the only cases where the faculty of vocal utterance is attacked in a quite isolated way. In aphasia dependent upon organic injury we generally find other word-memories attacked also,--elements of agraphy, of word-blindness, of word-deafness appear. In the hysteric the incapacity to speak may be the single symptom. So with anaesthesiae; we find in hysteria a separation of sensibility to heat and to pain, possibly even a separate subsistence of electrical sensibility. It is worth remarking here that it was during the hypnotic trance, which in delicacy of discriminating power resembles hysteria, that (so far as I can make out) the distinctness of the temperature-sense from the pain-sense was first observed. Esdaile, when removing tumours under mesmerism in Calcutta, noticed that patients, who were actually undergoing capital operations without a murmur, complained if a draught blew in upon them from an open window.
Nor is it only as a dissecting agent that hysteria can aid our research.
There are in hysteria frequent _acquisitions_ as well as _losses_ of faculty. It is not unusual to find great hyperaesthesia in certain special directions--of touch, hearing, perception of light, etc.--combined with hysterical loss of sensation of other kinds. This subject will be more conveniently treated along with the hyperaesthesia of the hypnotic trance. But I may note here that just such occasional quickenings of faculty were, in my view, almost certain to accompany that instability of psychical threshold which is the distinguishing characteristic of hysteria, since I hold that subliminal faculty habitually overpa.s.ses supraliminal. These also are a kind of capricious _idees fixes_; only the caprice in such cases raises what was previously submerged instead of exaggerating what was previously emergent.
And from this point it is that our inquiries must now take their fresh departure. We in this work are concerned with changes which are the _converse_ of hysterical changes. We are looking for integrations in lieu of disintegrations; for intensifications of control, widenings of faculty, instead of relaxation, scattering, or decay.
Suppose, then, that in a case of instability of the psychical threshold,--ready _permeability_, if you will, of the psychical diaphragm separating the supraliminal from the subliminal self,--the elements of emergence tend to increase and the elements of submergence to diminish. Suppose that the permeability depends upon the force of the uprushes from below the diaphragm rather than on the tendency to sink downwards from above it. We shall then reach the point where the vague name of _hysteria_ must give place to the vague name of _genius_. The uprushes from the subliminal self will now be the important feature; the down-draught from the supraliminal, if it still exists, will be trivial in comparison. The content of the uprush will be congruous with the train of voluntary thought; and the man of genius will be a man more capable than others of utilising for his waking purposes the subliminal region of his being.
Next in order to the uprushes of genius will come the uprushes of dream.
All men pa.s.s normally and healthily into a second phase of personality, alternating with the first. That is _sleep_, and sleep is characterised by those incoherent forms of subliminal uprush which we know as dreams.
It is here that our evidence for telepathy and telaesthesia will first present itself for discussion. Sleep will indicate the existence of submerged faculty of a rarer type than even that to which genius has already testified.