Philadelphia, 1853, vol. 3.
The "Observations" are introductory to a series of vocabularies collected in northern California, and treat of the method employed in collecting them and of the difficulties encountered. They also contain notes on the tribes speaking the several languages as well as on the area covered. There is comparatively little of a cla.s.sificatory nature, though in one instance the name Quoratem is proposed as a proper one for the family "should it be held one."
1854. Latham (Robert Gordon).
On the languages of New California. In Proceedings of the Philological Society of London for 1852 and 1853. London, 1854, vol. 6.
Read before the Philological Society, May 13, 1853. A number of languages are examined in this paper for the purpose of determining the stocks to which they belong and the mutual affinities of the latter.
Among the languages mentioned are the Saintskla, Umkwa, Lutuami, Paduca, Athabascan, Dieguno, and a number of the Mission languages.
1855. Lane (William Carr).
Letter on affinities of dialects in New Mexico. In Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, 1855, vol. 5.
The letter forms half a page of printed matter. The gist of the communication is in effect that the author has heard it said that the Indians of certain pueblos speak three different languages, which he has heard called, respectively, (1) Chu-cha-cas and Kes-whaw-hay; (2) E-nagh-magh; (3) Tay-waugh. This can hardly be called a cla.s.sification, though the arrangement of the pueblos indicated by Lane is quoted at length by Keane in the Appendix to Stanford"s Compendium.
1856. Latham (Robert Gordon).
On the languages of Northern, Western, and Central America. In Transactions of the Philological Society of London, for 1856. London [1857?].
[Transcriber"s Note: Bracketed date in original text.]
This paper was read before the Philological Society May 9, 1856, and is stated to be "a supplement to two well known contributions to American philology by the late A. Gallatin."
So far as cla.s.sification of North American languages goes, this is perhaps the most important paper of Latham"s, as in it a number of new names are proposed for linguistic groups, such as Copeh for the Sacramento River tribes, Ehnik for the Karok tribes, Mariposa Group and Mendocino Group for the Yokut and Pomo tribes respectively, Moquelumne for the Mutsun, Pujuni for the Meidoo, Weitspek for the Eurocs.
1856. Turner (William Wadden).
Report upon the Indian tribes, by Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Thomas Ewbank, esq., and Prof. William W. Turner, Washington, D.C., 1855. In Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Washington, 1856, vol. 3. part 3.
Chapter V of the above report is headed "Vocabularies of North American Languages," and is by Turner, as is stated in a foot-note. Though the t.i.tle page of Part III is dated 1855, the chapter by Turner was not issued till 1856, the date of the full volume, as is stated by Turner on page 84. The following are the vocabularies given, with their arrangement in families:
I. Delaware. } II. Shawnee. } Algonkin.
III. Choctaw.
IV. Kichai. } V. Hueco. } p.a.w.nee?
VI. Caddo.
VII. Comanche. } VIII. Chemehuevi. } Shoshonee.
IX. Cahuillo. } X. Kioway.
XI. Navajo. } XII. Pinal Leno. } Apache.
XIII. Kiwomi. } XIV. Cochitemi. } Keres.
XV. Acoma. } XVI. Zuni.
XVII. Pima.
XVIII. Cuchan. } XIX. Coco-Maricopa. } XX. Mojave. } Yuma.
XXI. Diegeno. }
Several of the family names, viz, Keres, Kiowa, Yuma, and Zuni, have been adopted under the rules formulated above.
1858. Buschmann (Johann Carl Eduard).
Die Volker und Sprachen Neu-Mexiko"s und der Westseite des britischen Nordamerika"s, dargestellt von Hrn. Buschmann. In Abhandlungen (aus dem Jahre 1857) der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1858.
This work contains a historic review of early discoveries in New Mexico and of the tribes living therein, with such vocabularies as were available at the time. On pages 315-414 the tribes of British America, from about lat.i.tude 54 to 60, are similarly treated, the various discoveries being reviewed; also those on the North Pacific coast. Much of the material should have been inserted in the volume of 1859 (which was prepared in 1854), to which cross reference is frequently made, and to which it stands in the nature of a supplement.
1859. Buschmann (Johann Carl Eduard).
Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nordlichen Mexico und hoheren amerikanischen Norden. Zugleich eine Musterung der Volker und Sprachen des nordlichen Mexico"s und der Westseite Nordamerika"s von Guadalaxara an bis zum Eismeer. In Abhandlungen aus dem Jahre 1854 der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1859.
The above, forming a second supplemental volume of the Transactions for 1854, is an extensive compilation of much previous literature treating of the Indian tribes from the Arctic Ocean southward to Guadalajara, and bears specially upon the Aztec language and its traces in the languages of the numerous tribes scattered along the Pacific Ocean and inland to the high plains. A large number of vocabularies and a vast amount of linguistic material are here brought together and arranged in a comprehensive manner to aid in the study attempted. In his cla.s.sification of the tribes east of the Rocky Mountains, Buschmann largely followed Gallatin. His treatment of those not included in Gallatin"s paper is in the main original. Many of the results obtained may have been considered bold at the time of publication, but recent philological investigations give evidence of the value of many of the author"s conclusions.
1859. Kane (Paul).
Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America from Canada to Vancouver"s Island and Oregon through the Hudson"s Bay Company"s territory and back again. London, 1859.
The interesting account of the author"s travels among the Indians, chiefly in the Northwest, and of their habits, is followed by a four page supplement, giving the names, locations, and census of the tribes of the Northwest coast. They are cla.s.sified by language into Chymseyan, including the Na.s.s, Chymseyans, Skeena and Saba.s.sas Indians, of whom twenty-one tribes are given; Ha-eelb-zuk or Ballabola, including the Milbank Sound Indians, with nine tribes; Klen-ekate, including twenty tribes; Hai-dai, including the Kygargey and Queen Charlotte"s Island Indians, nineteen tribes being enumerated; and Qua-colth, with twenty-nine tribes. No statement of the origin of these tables is given, and they reappear, with no explanation, in Schoolcraft"s Indian Tribes, volume V, pp. 487-489.
In his Queen Charlotte Islands, 1870, Dawson publishes the part of this table relating to the Haida, with the statement that he received it from Dr. W. F. Tolmie. The census was made in 1836-"41 by the late Mr. John Work, who doubtless was the author of the more complete tables published by Kane and Schoolcraft.
1862. Latham (Robert Gordon).
Elements of comparative philology. London, 1862.
The object of this volume is, as the author states in his preface, "to lay before the reader the chief facts and the chief trains of reasoning in Comparative Philology." Among the great ma.s.s of material acc.u.mulated for the purpose a share is devoted to the languages of North America.
The remarks under these are often taken verbatim from the author"s earlier papers, to which reference has been made above, and the family names and cla.s.sification set forth in them are substantially repeated.
1862. Hayden (Ferdinand Vandeveer).
Contributions to the ethnography and philology of the Indian tribes of the Missouri Valley. Philadelphia, 1862.
This is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Missouri River tribes, made at a time when the information concerning them was none too precise. The tribes treated of are cla.s.sified as follows:
I. Knisteneaux, or Crees. } II. Blackfeet. } Algonkin Group, A.
III. Shyennes. } IV. Arapohos. } Arapoho Group, B.
V. Atsinas. } VI. p.a.w.nees. } p.a.w.nee Group, C.
VII. Arikaras. } VIII. Dakotas. } IX. a.s.siniboins. } X. Crows. } XI. Minnitarees. } Dakota Group, D.
XII. Mandans. } XIII. Omahas. } XIV. Iowas. }
1864. Orozco y Berra (Manuel).
Geografia de las Lenguas y Carta Etnografica de Mexico Precedidas de un ensayo de clasificacion de las mismas lenguas y de apuntes para las inmigraciones de las tribus. Mexico, 1864.
The work is divided into three parts. (1) Tentative cla.s.sification of the languages of Mexico; (2) notes on the immigration of the tribes of Mexico; (3) geography of the languages of Mexico.
The author states that he has no knowledge whatever of the languages he treats of. All he attempts to do is to summarize the opinions of others.
His authorities were (1) writers on native grammars; (2) missionaries; (3) persons who are reputed to be versed in such matters. He professes to have used his own judgment only when these authorities left him free to do so.
His stated method in compiling the ethnographic map was to place before him the map of a certain department, examine all his authorities bearing on that department, and to mark with a distinctive color all localities said to belong to a particular language. When this was done he drew a boundary line around the area of that language. Examination of the map shows that he has partly expressed on it the cla.s.sification of languages as given in the first part of his text, and partly limited himself to indicating the geographic boundaries of languages, without, however, giving the boundaries of all the languages mentioned in his lists.
1865. Pimentel (Francisco).